Ecology and natural history of Akodon lindberghi (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) in southeastern Brazil

We studied the ecology and natural history of the globally threatened and poorly known Akodon lindberghi Hershkovitz, 1990 in Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC) and Juiz de Fora (JF), southeastern Brazil. From November 1998 to September 2001 a total of 131 individuals were captured in wire-cage live-traps and 52 by pitfalls traps. They were all marked and released at the site. The largest abundances were registered during the dry season, and most of the captures occurred in open habitats. The mean body mass of the two populations was significantly different (18.1 g at PNSC versus 13.1 g at JF; H = 46.2678, g.l.=2, p<0.001). In PNSC, individuals were reproductively active from August to February, and juveniles were present from May to August. The results suggest that the changes in vegetation structure caused by deforestation and intensive agricultural activities could increase the predation rate, affecting the mean body mass of the population.

Estudo do roedor Akodon arviculoides, Wagner, 1842 (Cricetidae): importância nos focos pestosos no Brasil

Relata-se a ocorrência do roedor Akodon arviculoides (Wagner, 1842) no foco pestoso do Agreste pernambucano, sua capacidade de sobrevivência, reprodução e o desenvolvimento no cativeiro, a susceptibilidade à infecção pela Yersinia pestis e a importãncia desse roedor nos focos pestosos do Brasil.

Detection of the first incidence of Akodon paranaensis naturally infected with the Jabora virus strain (Hantavirus) in Brazil

We characterised hantaviruses circulating in different Akodon rodent species collected in midwestern Santa Catarina (SC), southern Brazil, where the Jabora hantavirus (JABV) strain was first identified in Akodon montensis. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses based on a partial S segment indicated that, in SC, Akodon paranaensis and A. montensis carried the same type of hantavirus. Additionally, we conducted the first genomic characterisation of the complete S segment from the Brazilian JABV strain. This is the first report of A. paranaensis infected with the JABV.

Bringing the target to the cursor: proxy targets for older adults

Studies in the literature have proposed techniques to facilitate pointing in graphical user interfaces through the use of proxy targets. Proxy targets effectively bring the target to the cursor, thereby reducing the distance that the cursor must travel. This paper describes a study which aims to provide an initial understanding of how older adults respond to proxy targets, and compares older with younger users. We found that users in both age groups adjusted to the proxy targets without difficulty, and there was no indication in the cursor trajectories that users were confused about which target, i.e. the original versus the proxy, was to be selected. In terms of times, preliminary results show that for younger users, proxies did not provide any benefits over direct selection, while for older users, times were increased with proxy targets. A full analysis of the movement times, error rates, throughput and subjective feedback is currently underway.

Cursor relocation techniques to help older adults find 'lost' cursors

Older adult computer users often lose track of the mouse cursor and so resort to methods such as mouse shaking or searching the screen to find the cursor again. Hence, this paper describes how a standard optical mouse was modified to include a touch sensor, activated by releasing and touching the mouse, which automatically centers the mouse cursor to the screen, potentially making it easier to find a 'lost' cursor. Six older adult computer users and six younger computer users were asked to compare the touch sensitive mouse with cursor centering with two alternative techniques for locating the mouse cursor: manually shaking the mouse and using the Windows sonar facility. The time taken to click on a target following a distractor task was recorded, and results show that centering the mouse was the fastest to use, with a 35% improvement over shaking the mouse. Five out of six older participants ranked the touch sensitive mouse with cursor centering as the easiest to use.

The use of cursor measures for motion-impaired computer users

“Point and click” interactions remain one of the key features of graphical user interfaces (GUIs). People with motion-impairments, however, can often have difficulty with accurate control of standard pointing devices. This paper discusses work that aims to reveal the nature of these difficulties through analyses that consider the cursor’s path of movement. A range of cursor measures was applied, and a number of them were found to be significant in capturing the differences between able-bodied users and motion-impaired users, as well as the differences between a haptic force feedback condition and a control condition. The cursor measures found in the literature, however, do not make up a comprehensive list, but provide a starting point for analysing cursor movements more completely. Six new cursor characteristics for motion-impaired users are introduced to capture aspects of cursor movement different from those already proposed.

Using cursor measures to determine appropriate computer input assistance for motion-impaired users

People with motion-impairments can often have difficulty with accurate control of standard pointing devices for computer input. The nature of the difficulties may vary, so to be most effective, methods of assisting cursor control must be suited to each user's needs. The work presented here involves a study of cursor trajectories as a means of assessing the requirements of motion-impaired computer users. A new cursor characteristic is proposed that attempts to capture difficulties with moving the cursor in a smooth trajectory. A study was conducted to see if haptic tunnels could improve performance in "point and click" tasks. Results indicate that the tunnels reduced times to target for those users identified by the new characteristic as having the most difficulty moving in a smooth trajectory. This suggests that cursor characteristics have potential applications in performing assessments of a user's cursor control capabilities which can then be used to determine appropriate methods of assistance.

A study of cursor trajectories of motion-impaired users

This paper describes a study of the cursor trajectories of motion-impaired users in "point and click" interactions. A characteristic of cursor movement is proposed that aims to capture the spatial distribution of cursor movement about a target. This characteristic indicates that users often exhibit increased cursor movement in the vicinity of the target, have more difficulty performing the "clicking" part of the interaction as compared to the navigation part, and tend to navigate directly toward the target during the middle portion of the cursor trajectory. The implications of these characteristic behaviours on interface design are discussed.

Cursor relocation techniques to help older adults find ‘lost’ cursors

Older adult computer users often lose track of the mouse cursor and so resort to methods such as shaking the mouse or searching the entire screen to find the cursor again. Hence, this paper describes how a standard optical mouse was modified to include a touch sensor, activated by releasing and touching the mouse, which automatically centers the mouse cursor to the screen, potentially making it easier to find a ‘lost’ cursor. Six older adult computer users and six younger computer users were asked to compare the touch sensitive mouse with cursor centering with two alternative techniques for locating the mouse cursor: manually shaking the mouse and using the Windows sonar facility. The time taken to click on a target after a distractor task was recorded, and results show that centering the mouse was the fastest to use, with a 35% improvement over shaking the mouse. Five out of six older participants ranked the touch sensitive mouse with cursor centering as the easiest to use.

A assembléia de pequenos mamíferos da floresta paludosa do faxinal, Torres-RS : sua relação com a borda e o roedor Akodon montensis (Rodentia, Muridae) como potencial dispersor de sementes endozoocóricas

Embora a assembléia de pequenos mamíferos desempenhe diferentes e importantes papéis na dinâmica das florestas, o conhecimento sobre a riqueza e o papel ecológico desempenhado pelas espécies nas restingas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul é ainda limitado, tendo-se poucas informações ecológicas sobre quem são esses animais nos diferentes fragmentos de florestas e como é sua relação espacial em ambientes de borda. Apesar da relevância, poucos estudos buscaram verificar se a assembléia de pequenos mamíferos em fragmentos florestais é sensível aos efeitos de borda, qual a extensão da borda para esses animais e se ela varia em diferentes estações do ano. No extremo norte da planície costeira do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em um fragmento de floresta paludosa, denominada “Faxinal”, o presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar qual a riqueza e sucesso de captura de pequenos mamíferos, como é sua relação com a distância da beira do fragmento e se essa relação varia entre as estações do ano. Nos meses amostrais de janeiro (verão), abril (outono) e agosto (inverno) de 2004 foram colocadas armadilhas de arame de dois tamanhos nos estratos terrestre e arbustivo, em um gradeado com seis transecções paralelas que cobriram parte de formação florestal (3,17ha) e parte de campestre (0,31ha). A distância dos postos de captura do gradeado à beira mais próxima da floresta foram agrupadas em seis classes (1: 0-30m; 2: 31-70m; 3: 71-100; 4: 101-120; 5: 121-131; 6: 131-160m, no solo e 1: 0-20m; 2: 40-71m; 3: 80-100m; 4: 101-120m; 5: 121-131m; 6: 132-160m, no estrato arbustivo) para verificar se os dados de sucesso de captura das espécies de pequenos mamíferos diferem entre os fatores distância da beira e períodos amostrais (estações do ano). Onze espécies de pequenos mamíferos foram capturadas somente na parte florestada do gradeado (sucesso de captura total de 15,49%), sendo que maior riqueza, número de indivíduos e de capturas foram de roedores e no estrato terrestre. As espécies mais capturadas foram Akodon montensis (154 indivíduos), Oligoryzomys nigripes (34 indivíduos), Brucepattersonius iheringi (19 indivíduos), Oryzomys angouya (12 indivíduos) e Micoureus cf. demerarae (8 indivíduos) e Didelphis albiventris (7 indivíduos). O mês amostral de inverno foi aquele que apresentou maior riqueza, maior sucesso de captura e maior biomassa. As análises demonstraram relação significativa entre o sucesso de captura do conjunto das espécies de pequenos mamíferos capturadas no solo e a distância da beira, cuja relação esteve fortemente associada à estação do ano. A estrutura e/ou composição da assembléia diferiram entre as duas primeiras classes de distância, que por sua vez diferiram das demais. Isso indica que a assembléia de pequenos mamíferos, capturada no solo, é sensível à beira da floresta e que a sensibilidade varia conforme a estação do ano. Por outro lado, quando avaliada individualmente a relação para a espécie dominante Akodon montensis, o sucesso de captura do roedor não evidenciou com nitidez diferença entre as classes de distância, mas houve diferença entre os períodos amostrais, sendo o mês amostral com menor média de temperatura anual aquele com maior número de indivíduos e de capturas. Além disso, por Akodon montensis ter sido a espécie mais comum e abundante em todos períodos amostrais e em todos os pontos do gradeado, coletou-se 249 amostras fecais para investigar a capacidade dessa espécie em realizar dispersão endozoocórica As amostras coletadas foram analisadas sob lupa para verificar se existiam sementes intactas e, quando colocadas em experimento de germinação, se seriam capazes de germinar. O registro de sementes inteiras nas fezes de Akodon montensis e o tratamento dado às sementes, de não comprometer a capacidade de germinação, permite que a espécie seja, ao menos em parte, considerada legítima e efetiva dispersora de Ficus organensis e de Piper cf. solmisianum