Farm labor in Germany, 1810-1945; its historical development within the frameork of agricultural and social policy.

Bibliography: p. 357-378.

Rural England; being an account of agricultural and social researches carried out in the years 1901 & 1902,

First edition.

Exemption from the Fair Labor Standards Act, agriculture, agricultural services and related industries /

"March 1981."

Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act : report (to accompany H.R. 7102) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office).

"September 28, 1982."

The Brentwood plan for agricultural labor : an interview /

Includes index.

Admission of foreign agricultural workers. Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-first Congress, first session, on S. 272, to facilitate the admission of certain foreign workers desiring to perform agricultural work in the United States. July 12, 1949.

Pat McCarran, chairman.

Consolidation of Labor's enforcement responsibilities for the H-2A program could better protect U.S. agricultural workers.

"Report number: 08-98-004-03-321."

Impact of PL 94-566 on agricultural employers and UI trust funds in selected states.

"Prepared by G. Joachim [i.e. Joachim G.] Elterich and Linda Graham"--Prelim. p.

Impact of extension of coverage to agricultural workers under PL 94-566, their characteristics and economic welfare.

"Prepared by G. Joachim [i.e. Joachim G.] Elterich and Linda Graham"--Prelim. p.

Request for Public Comment on the South Carolina Agricultural Outreach Plan Program Year 2013

This public notice invites public comment regarding the US Department of Labor required annual Agricultural Outreach Plan The AOP describes the activities planned for providing services to the agricultural community both migrant and seasonal farmworkers and agricultural employers.

Government decisions before and during the First World War and the living standards in Germany during a drastic natural experiment

The First World War hit Germany severely, particularly the agricultural sector, because the outbreak came unexpected and its duration exceeded all expectations. Many resources necessary for agricultural production were required by the war economy and led to shortages and shrinking supplies. Many agricultural laborers were drafted and the blockade imposed by the allies prevented Germany from a great deal of imports. As a consequence, the nutritional situation was devastating, particularly after 1916, and hit all groups of the German society. The period under observation provides one of most drastic natural experiments in the 20th century. This study uses anthropometric data from German soldiers who served in the Second World War to trace living standards between the 1900s and the 1920s. In contrast to other approaches, this paper is able to distinguish between social groups by occupation, religious denominatio\n, regional origin, and city size. The results suggest that although all social strata were hit by famine conditions, the height of farmers, urban citizens, Catholics, and especially individuals born in the highly integrated food-import regions along the coast and the banks of the Rhine declined most.

Production under glass : working conditions and class-consciousness of the Niagara greenhouse workers

This study applies a Marxist theoretical paradigm to examine the working conditions of greenhouse workers in the Niagara Region, and the range of factors that bear upon the formation of their class-consciousness. The Niagara greenhouse industry represents one of the most developed horticultural regions in Canada and plays a prominent role in the local economy. The industry generates substantial revenues and employs a significant number of people, yet the greenhouse workers are paid one of the lowest rates in the region. Being classified as agricultural workers, the greenhouse employees are exempted from many provisions of federal and provincial labour regulations. Under the current provincial statutes, agricultural workers in Ontario are denied the right to organize and bargain collectively. Except for a few technical and managerial positions, the greenhouse industry employs mostly low-skilled workers who are subjected to poor working conditions that stem from the employer's attempts to adapt to larger structural imperatives of the capitalist economy. While subjected to these poor working conditions, the greenhouse workers are also affected by objectively alienated social relations and by ruling class ideological domination and hegemony. These two sets of factors arise from the inherent conflict of interests between wage-labour and capital but also militate against the development of class-consciousness. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 greenhouse workers to examine the role played by their material circumstances in the formulation of their social and political views as well as the extent to which they are aware of their class location and class interests. The hegemonic notions of 'common sense' acted as impediments to formation of classconsciousness. The greenhouse workers have virtually no opportunities to access alternative perspectives that would address the issues associated with exploitation in production and offer solutions leading to 'social justice'. Fonnidable challenges confront any organized political body seeking to improve the conditions of the working people.

Transmission of West Nile virus in the Niagara Region among a population at risk for exposure

Background. West Nile Virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is one of an increasing number of infectious diseases that have been emerging or re-emerging in the last two decades. Since the arrival ofWNV to Canada to present date, the Niagara Region has only reported 30 clinical cases, a small number compared to the hundreds reported in other regions of similar conditions. Moreover, the last reported human case in Niagara was in 2006. As it has been demonstrated that the majority of WNV infections are asymptomatic, the question remains whether the lack of clinical cases in Niagara truly reflects the lack of transmission to humans or if infections are still occurring but are mostly asymptomatic. Objectives. The general objective of this study was to establish whether or not active WNV transmission could be detected in a human population residing in Niagara for the 2007 transmission season. To fullfil this objective, a cross-sectional seroprevalence study was designed to investigate for the presence of anti-WNV antibodies in a sample of Mexican migrant agricultural workers employed in farms registered with the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP). Due to the Mexican origin of the study participants, three specific research objectives were proposed: a) determine the seroprevalence ofanti-WNV antibodies as well as anti-Dengue virus antibodies (a closely related virus prevalent in Mexico and likely to confound WNV serology); b) analyze risk factors associated with WNV and Dengue virus seropositivity; and c) assess the awareness of study participants about WNV infection as well as their understanding of the mode of transmission and clinical importance of the infection. Methodology: After obtaining ethics clearance from Brock University, farms were visited and workers invited to participate. Due to time constraints, only a small number of farms were enrolled with a resulting convenience and non-randomized study sample. Workers' demographic and epidemiological data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and blood samples were drawn to determine serum anti-WNV and anti- Dengue antibodies with a commercial ELISA. All positive samples were sent to the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba for confirmation with the Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT). Data was analyzed with Stata 10.0. Antibody determinations were reported as seroprevalence proportions for both WNV and Dengue. Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors that may be associated with seropositivity and awareness was reported as a proportion of the number of individuals possessing awareness over the total number of participants. Results and Discussion. In total 92 participants working in 5 farms completed the study. Using the commercial ELISA, seropositivity was as follows: 2.2% for WNV IgM, 20.7% for WNV IgG, and 17.1 % for Dengue IgG. Possible cross-reactivity was demonstrated in 15/20 (75.0%) samples that were positive for both WNV IgG and Dengue IgG. Confirmatory testing with the PRNT demonstrated that none of the WNV ELISA positive samples had antibodies to WNV but 13 samples tested positive for anti-Dengue antibodies (14.1 % Dengue sereoprevalence). The findings showed that the ELISA performance was very poor for assessing anti-WNV antibodies in individuals previously exposed to Dengue virus. However, the ELISA had better sensitivity and specificity for assessing anti-Dengue antibodies. Whereas statistical analysis could not be done for WNV seropositivity, as all samples were PRNT negative, logistic regression demonstrated several risk factors for Dengue exposure_ The first year coming to Canada appeared to be significantly associated with increased exposure to Dengue while lower socio-economic housing and the presence of a water basin in the yard in Mexico appeared to be significantly associated with a decreased exposure to Dengue_ These seemingly contradictory results illustrate that in mobile populations such as migrant workers, risk factors for exposure to Dengue are not easily identified and more research is needed. Assessing the awareness of WNV and its clinical importance showed that only 23% of participants had some knowledge of WNV, of which 76% knew that the infection was mosquito-borne and 47% recognized fever as a symptom. The identified lack of understanding and awareness was not surprising since WNV is not a visible disease in Mexico. Since WNV persists in an enzootic cycle in Niagara and the occurrence of future outbreaks is unpredictable, the agricultural workers remain at risk for transmission. Therefore it important they receive sufficient health education regarding WNV before leaving Mexico and during their stay in Canada. Conclusions. Human transmission of WNV could not be proven among the study participants even when due to their occupation they are at high risk for mosquito bites. The limitations of the study sample do not permit generalizable conclusions, however, the study findings are consistent with the absence of clinical cases in the Niagara Region, so it is likely that human transmission is indeed neglible or absent. As evidenced by our WNV serology results, PRNT must be utilized as a confirmatory test since false positivity occurs frequently. This is especially true when previous exposure to Dengue virus is likely.

Vilas rurais no processo de transformação do espaço rural no município de Paranavaí

Pós-graduação em Geografia - FCT

A reprodução sócio-econômica e produtiva do campesinato no Sudeste paraense: o Assentamento Palmares II, Parauapebas/PA

O Sudeste Paraense foi palco de um dos maiores e mais incisivos processos de ocupação e colonização da região amazônica em sua totalidade. O elevado contingente migrante camponês ao longo de todo século XX, em especial, nas décadas dos anos de 1970, 1980 e 1990, concorreu diretamente com outras estratégias postas e pensadas para a colonização da região, como a agropecuária de grande porte e extensiva, mineração e projetos de geração de energia. Diante de uma complexidade ímpar no agrário regional, esse cenário é marcado até a atualidade por elevada conflitividade, posicionando claramente a região no debate acadêmico como sendo uma fronteira. A partir de meados dos anos 1990, os conflitos e disputas ganham novos contornos com a criação de Projetos de Assentamentos e a implementação de uma série de políticas voltadas ao atendimento da agricultura familiar, o que possibilita de certa forma pensar em novos tipos de conflitos e possibilidades de reprodução social e econômica dos camponeses assentados. O presente trabalho, dentro desse novo contexto, trata especificamente das possibilidades atuais de reprodução social e econômica do campesinato no assentamento Palmares II, município de Parauapebas/PA, buscando compreender os possíveis fatores que vem permitindo ou não a ruptura com a tese do ciclo e fronteira e em contraposição permitindo certa estabilização aos camponeses assentados. Para além de evidenciar e comprovar a existência de novas trajetórias dos sistemas de produção postas em prática pelos agricultores do assentamento em questão, o trabalho pretende indicar quais fatores econômicos, políticos, sociais têm sido importantes para a continuidade e possibilidade das estratégias de reprodução camponesa.