890 resultados para Agentes oxidantes


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Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - IQ

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The esthetics of the teeth is not a privilege of our days, because concerns in that effect have been reported since 1860. Faced with an endodontically treated tooth that presents any type of color change, professionals can use intracoronary bleaching, which is more conservative attempt to restore the normal color of teeth. Bleaching aims to remove pigments by oxidizing agents and for that, various techniques were developed. Among the risks of tooth whitening the external resorption is the most severe, which occurs when the whitening penetrates through the dentin tubules to the periodontal ligament and initiates an inflammatory response. To prevent external resorption is required to place an intracoronal bleaching barrier. It is important to know the time between the bleaching treatment for restoring procedure for getting a good sealing to prevent microleakage. This study aims to review the literature about the different types of bleaching agents and their risks.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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In this work the influence of variations in the borohydrate reduction method on the properties of PtRu/C electrocatalysts was investigated. The electrocatalysts were prepared using 1:1 ; 2:1; 5:1; 50:1 and 250:1 molar ratios of NaBH4 to metals. The reduction was also performed by dripping or by fast addition of the solution. The results showed that PtRu nanoparticles obtained by fast addition had the smallest crystallite sizes. It was also noted that the catalytic activity increased as the borohydrate:metal molar ratio increased. The PtRu/C electrocatalyst (50:1) obtained by fast addition presented the best catalytic activity for ethanol electro-oxidation.

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Este trabalho apresenta as propriedades morfológicas, físicas e químicas do diamante da região do Alto Araguaia, situada na borda norte da Bacia do Paraná. Os cristais estudados provém dos garimpos dos rios Garças, Araguaia, Caiapó e seus tributários menores. As dimensões dos cristais embora variáveis concentram-se no intervalo 2-15 mm. Ao contrário do que se observa no Alto Paranaíba, são raros os achados de grande porte. Os fragmentos de clivagem são abundantes, indicando transporte prolongado. Cerca de metade dos indivíduos cristalinos são incolores, sendo os demais castanhos, amarelos, verdes e cinzas. Outras cores como rosa e violeta ocorrem excepcionalmente. A morfologia dos cristais é complexa e variada, caracterizando-se pelo acentuado predomínio do hábito rombododecaédrico, grande número de geminados de contato e ausência de formas cúbicas. As faces exibem grau variável de curvatura e diversos padrões de microestruturas resultantes da dissolução provocada por agentes oxidantes. O ataque parece ocorrer durante a colocação do kimberlito, quando o alívio de pressão eleva a temperatura favorecendo a corrosão. As microestruturas mais freqüentes são degraus, colinas e micro-discos em (110), depressões triangulares eqüiláteras em (111), e depressões quadráticas em (100). Alguns diamantes contém inclusões cristalinas, sendo as mais comuns olivina (forsterita), granada (piropo) e o próprio diamante. Esses minerais apresentam-se geralmente idiomorfos e circundados por anomalias ópticas (birrefringência anômala), evidenciando o caráter epigenético dessas inclusões. Anàlogamente ao que ocorre nos kimberlitos africanos e siberianos, essas inclusões são minerais característicos de altas pressões e temperaturas, sendo a olivina a variedade mais freqüente, seguida pelo diamante e granada. Essa é uma evidência de que o diamante do Alto Araguaia provém de matrizes ultrabásicas (kimberlíticas). As inclusões negras (carvões) são extremamente comuns e parecem constituir defeitos do retículo cristalino (clivagens internas, deslocamentos estruturais), resultando talvez de impactos sofridos pelos cristais durante as diversas fases de transporte. O comportamento ao infravermelho indica que a maior parte dos cristais (85%) contém impurezas de nitrogênio (tipo I), sob forma de placas submicroscópicas paralelas a (100) (tipo Ia), ou átomos dispersos no retículo cristalino (tipo Ib). Os espécimes desprovidos de nitrogênio (tipo II) são relativamente raros (6%), sendo os demais intermediários (9%) entre I e II. Além do nitrogênio, os espectros infravermelhos revelaram que alguns diamantes contém hidrogênio. A presença deste elemento juntamente com o carbono e nitrogênio, sugere uma derivação a partir de sedimentos ricos em matéria orgânica, os quais teriam sido incorporados ao magma kimberlítico por correntes de convecção subcrostais. Outras impurezas menores (elementos traços) são: Al, Ca, Si, Mg, Fe, Cu, Cr e Co. Estes elementos são os mesmos encontrados nos diamantes dos kimberlitos africanos. Observado sob luz ultravioleta, 36% dos cristais exibem cores de fluorescência, sendo as mais comuns o azul e verde, e mais raramente amarelo e castanho. Entre as variedades fluorescentes, 27% são também fosforescentes, sendo a cor mais comum o azul. Não foi observada nenhuma relação entre o comportamento luminescente e as demais propriedades estudadas. O peso específico varia entre 3,500 a 3,530. As principais causas dessa variação são as impurezas de nitrogênio, as inclusões minerais e alguns defeitos cristalinos. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam claramente que as propriedades do diamante do Alto araguaia são semelhantes às dos diamantes africanos e siberianos, originários de matrizes kimberlíticas. Nenhum dado foi obtido que sugerisse uma origem \"sui generis\" para o material estudado. Em relação à localização das possíveis chaminés dispersoras dos cristais, duas alternativas se apresentam: 1) poderiam estar relacionadas ao magmatismo Neocretáceo, responsável por numerosos focos vulcânicos próximos à área; ou 2) ligadas a episódios mais antigos ocorridos no Pré-Cambriano. Em qualquer das alternativas, poderiam estar recobertas por sedimentos mais recentes ou alteradas superficialmente, sendo que, no caso de uma idade pré-cambriana, há ainda a possibilidade destas matrizes terem sido totalmente destruídas.

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studies using UV as a source of DNA damage. However, even though unrepaired UV-induced DNA damages are related to mutagenesis, cell death and tumorigenesis, they do not explain phenotypes such as neurodegeneration and internal tumors observed in patients with syndromes like Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne Syndrome (CS) that are associated with NER deficiency. Recent evidences point to a role of NER in the repair of 8-oxodG, a typical substrate of Base Excision Repair (BER). Since deficiencies in BER result in genomic instability, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, it was investigated in this research the impact of XPC deficiency on BER functions in human cells. It was analyzed both the expression and the cellular localization of APE1, OGG1 e PARP-1, the mainly BER enzymes, in different NER-deficient human fibroblasts. The endogenous levels of these enzymes are reduced in XPC deficient cells. Surprisingly, XP-C fibroblasts were more resistant to oxidative agents than the other NER deficient fibroblasts, despite presenting the highest of 8-oxodG. Furthermore, subtle changes in the nuclear and mitochondrial localization of APE1 were detected in XP-C fibroblasts. To confirm the impact of XPC deficiency in the regulation of APE1 and OGG1 expression and activity, we constructed a XPC-complemented cell line. Although the XPC complementation was only partial, we found that XPC-complemented cells presented increased levels of OGG1 than XPC-deficient cells. The extracts from XPC-complemented cells also presented an elevated OGG1 enzimatic activity. However, it was not observed changes in APE1 expression and activity in the XPCcomplemented cells. In addition, we found that full-length APE1 (37 kDa) and OGG1- α are in the mitochondria of XPC-deficient fibroblasts and XPC-complemented fibroblasts before and after induction of oxidative stress. On the other hand, the expression of APE1 and PARP-1 are not altered in brain and liver of XPC knockout mice. However, XPC deficiency changed the APE1 localization in hypoccampus and hypothalamus. We also observed a physical interaction between XPC and APE1 proteins in human cells. In conclusion, the data suggest that XPC protein has a role in the regulation of OGG1 expression and activity in human cells and is involved mainly in the regulation of APE1 localization in mice. Aditionally, the response of NER deficient cells under oxidative stress may not be only associated to the NER deficiency per se, but it may include the new functions of NER enzymes in regulation of expression and cell localization of BER proteins

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The production of water has become one of the most important wastes in the petroleum industry, specifically in the up stream segment. The treatment of this kind of effluents is complex and normally requires high costs. In this context, the electrochemical treatment emerges as an alternative methodology for treating the wastewaters. It employs electrochemical reactions to increase the capability and efficiency of the traditional chemical treatments for associated produced water. The use of electrochemical reactors can be effective with small changes in traditional treatments, generally not representing a significant additional surface area for new equipments (due to the high cost of square meter on offshore platforms) and also it can use almost the same equipments, in continuous or batch flow, without others high costs investments. Electrochemical treatment causes low environmental impact, because the process uses electrons as reagent and generates small amount of wastes. In this work, it was studied two types of electrochemical reactors: eletroflocculation and eletroflotation, with the aim of removing of Cu2+, Zn2+, phenol and BTEX mixture of produced water. In eletroflocculation, an electrical potential was applied to an aqueous solution containing NaCl. For this, it was used iron electrodes, which promote the dissolution of metal ions, generating Fe2+ and gases which, in appropriate pH, promote also clotting-flocculation reactions, removing Cu2+ and Zn2+. In eletroflotation, a carbon steel cathode and a DSA type anode (Ti/TiO2-RuO2-SnO2) were used in a NaCl solution. It was applied an electrical current, producing strong oxidant agents as Cl2 and HOCl, increasing the degradation rate of BTEX and phenol. Under different flow rates, the Zn2+ was removed by electrodeposition or by ZnOH formation, due the increasing of pH during the reaction. To better understand the electrochemical process, a statistical protocol factor (22) with central point was conducted to analyze the sensitivity of operating parameters on removing Zn2+ by eletroflotation, confirming that the current density affected the process negatively and the flow rate positively. For economical viability of these two electrochemical treatments, the energy consumption was calculated, taking in account the kWh given by ANEEL. The treatment cost obtained were quite attractive in comparison with the current treatments used in Rio Grande do Norte state. In addition, it could still be reduced for the case of using other alternative energy source such as solar, wind or gas generated directly from the Petrochemical Plant or offshore platforms

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)