Is alcohol a cofactor of HIV and AIDS? Evidence from immunological and behavioral studies

The authors aim to critically examine empirical research on the effects of alcohol on HIV and AIDS from the immunological and behavioral fields. In vitro immunological studies demonstrate that social drinking increases the susceptibility of human cells to HIV infection. Animal studies show that acute and chronic alcohol ingestion increases rare of progression from retrovirus to clinical illness. In humans with HIV, no experimental evidence shows that alcohol is a cofactor of AIDS. Findings from behavioral studies show that a link between social drinking and risk of HIV is weak. No experimental evidence demonstrates that chronic drinking influences rate and course of disease progression to AIDS in humans who are HIV+. It is premature to promote the role of alcohol as a cofactor in HIV and AIDS.

Deaths from Alzheimer's disease, dementia and senility in England: (NEoLCIN)

Care homes will face particular challenges in responding to the inevitable rise in dementia, including Alzheimer’s, according to a report published by the National End of Life Care Intelligence Network (NEoLCIN). It says commissioners and providers across adult health and social care will be faced with meeting the needs of more people dying with these conditions as the population ages. It confirms that, unlike other conditions, most people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, die in care homes.Of those who died with one of these conditions recorded as the main underlying cause of death, some 59% died in a nursing or residential home compared to 32% in hospital. That contrasts sharply with the figure for deaths overall: nationally 58% of us die in hospital and only 16% in care homes.The report also shows that people who die from cardiovascular disease, cancer or respiratory illness are significantly more likely to die in a care home if dementia including Alzheimer’s is a contributory factor in their death.Download Deaths from Alzheimer’s disease, dementia and senility in England from the NEoLCIN website

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure in a Swiss city general population: the CoLaus study.

BACKGROUND: This study is aimed to assess the prevalence of awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure (HBP) and associated factors in a Swiss city. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study of 6182 participants (52.5% women) aged 35-75 years living in Lausanne, Switzerland. METHODS: HBP was defined as blood pressure >/=140/90 mmHg or current antihypertensive medication. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HBP was 36% (95% confidence interval: 35-38%). Among participants with HBP, 63% were aware of it. Among participants aware of HBP, 78% were treated, and among those treated, 48% were controlled (BP <140/90 mmHg). In multivariate analysis, HBP prevalence was associated with older age, male sex, low educational level, high alcohol intake, awareness of diabetes or dyslipidaemia, obesity and parental history of myocardial infarction. HBP awareness was associated with older age, female sex, awareness of diabetes or dyslipidaemia, obesity and parental history of myocardial infarction. HBP control was associated with younger age, higher educational level and no alcohol intake. Alone or in combination, sartans were the most often prescribed antihypertensive medication category (41%), followed by diuretics, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers. Only 31% of participants treated for HBP were taking >/=2 antihypertensive medications. CONCLUSION: Although more than half of all participants with HBP were aware and more than three-quarters of them received a pharmacological treatment, less than half of those treated were adequately controlled.

Prevalence of hyperuricemia and relation of serum uric acid with cardiovascular risk factors in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of hyperuricemia has rarely been investigated in developing countries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia and the association between uric acid levels and the various cardiovascular risk factors in a developing country with high average blood pressures (the Seychelles, Indian Ocean, population mainly of African origin). METHODS: This cross-sectional health examination survey was based on a population random sample from the Seychelles. It included 1011 subjects aged 25 to 64 years. Blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, total and HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum uric acid were measured. Data were analyzed using scatterplot smoothing techniques and gender-specific linear regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of a serum uric acid level >420 micromol/L in men was 35.2% and the prevalence of a serum uric acid level >360 micromol/L was 8.7% in women. Serum uric acid was strongly related to serum triglycerides in men as well as in women (r = 0.73 in men and r = 0.59 in women, p < 0.001). Uric acid levels were also significantly associated but to a lesser degree with age, BMI, blood pressure, alcohol and the use of antihypertensive therapy. In a regression model, triglycerides, age, BMI, antihypertensive therapy and alcohol consumption accounted for about 50% (R2) of the serum uric acid variations in men as well as in women. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the prevalence of hyperuricemia can be high in a developing country such as the Seychelles. Besides alcohol consumption and the use of antihypertensive therapy, mainly diuretics, serum uric acid is markedly associated with parameters of the metabolic syndrome, in particular serum triglycerides. Considering the growing incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome worldwide and the potential link between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular complications, more emphasis should be put on the evolving prevalence of hyperuricemia in developing countries.

Role of high normal gamma-glutamyltransferase level in identifying heavy alcohol use in young men.

The objective of the current study was to determine the predictive value of high normal gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level as an indication of heavy drinking in young men. In a sample of 577 men attending a one-day army recruitment process mandatory for all Swiss men at age 19 years, GGT level was evaluated as the dependent variable for each of eight dichotomous classifications of individuals on the basis of meeting cut-off criteria for five indexes of alcohol use, two indexes of alcohol-related problems, and one index of body mass. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of GGT level in identifying subjects as either heavy drinkers or being overweight were determined. Compared with findings for their counterparts, GGT level was higher in subjects reporting consumption of more than 14 drinks per week (20.5 +/- 7.81 vs. 18.9 +/- 7.60, P <.05), in those reporting being drunk at least once during the past 30 days (20.3 +/- 7.80 vs. 18.3 +/- 7.43, P <.001), and in individuals with body mass indexes >or=25 kg/m(2) (25.8 +/- 10.84 vs. 18.3 +/- 6.59, P <.001). At a GGT level cut-off of 20 U/l, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of either being a heavy drinker or overweight were 48.2%, 70.2%, 67.7%, and 51.2%, respectively. Exclusion of subjects with body mass indexes of >or=25 kg/m(2) revealed similar results. High normal GGT level in young men is indicative of heavy alcohol use or being overweight; when present, subjects should be screened further for potential concomitant drinking problems.

Erreurs innées du métabolisme: transition enfant-adulte [Inborn errors of metabolism: transition from childhood to adulthood].

Les erreurs innées du métabolisme (EIM) sont dues à des mutations de gènes codant pour des enzymes du métabolisme et sont classées selon trois grands groupes de maladies: 1) intoxications; 2) déficit énergétique et 3) déficit de synthèse ou catabolisme des maladies complexes. Le progrès thérapeutique des vingt dernières années a permis d'améliorer le pronostic des enfants atteints d'EIM. Ces enfants grandissent et doivent être pris en charge à l'adolescence et à l'âge adulte par des équipes spécialisées. Cette médecine métabolique pour adultes est une discipline relativement nouvelle avec une information limitée chez l'adulte. Les recommandations pédiatriques sont extrapolées à la prise en charge des adultes tout en intégrant les différentes étapes de vie (indépendance sociale, grossesse, vieillissement et éventuelles complications tardives). Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are due to mutations of genes coding for enzymes of intermediary metabolism and are classified into 3 broad categories: 1) intoxication, 2) energy defect and 3) cellular organelles synthesis or catabolism defect. Improvements of therapy over these last 20 years has improved prognosis of children with IEM. These children grow up and should have their transition to specialized adult care. Adult patients with IEM are a relatively new phenomenon with currently only limited knowledge. Extrapolated pediatric guidelines are applied to the adult population taking into account adult life stages (social independence, pregnancy, aging process and potential long-term complications).

Le potentiel des outils Internet pour inciter les jeunes adultes à voter et à s’intéresser à la politique

Ce mémoire porte sur l’efficacité des campagnes sociales sur Internet afin d’encourager les jeunes adultes à voter. La constatation du déclin de la participation électorale des jeunes adultes nous a poussés à vouloir comprendre quels sont les enjeux qui touchent à cette problématique et comment les campagnes sociales incitatives au vote peuvent répondre à un certain besoin. La campagne électorale des élections générales canadiennes du 2 mai 2011, durant laquelle plusieurs outils Internet ont été développés pour inciter la population à voter, le plus connu étant la Boussole électorale, a constitué un contexte clé pour nous permettre d’explorer le sujet. À l’aide des théories sur l’influence des médias et de celles de la persuasion, nous allons mieux comprendre les possibilités qu’offre le Web pour la mobilisation sociale. Deux cueillettes de données ont été faites, soit une première quantitative par questionnaire pour voir le niveau de pénétration de ces outils Internet ainsi que leur appréciation, soit une deuxième qualitative par groupe de discussion afin d’approfondir la problématique de la désaffection politique et d’analyser la pertinence des campagnes sociales incitatives au vote. La mise en commun des résultats nous a permis de comprendre, entre autres, que les campagnes sociales sur Internet peuvent constituer un outil de conscientisation politique dans certaines circonstances et qu’elles peuvent bénéficier des réseaux sociaux comme Facebook et Twitter. Toutefois, le besoin d’éducation civique demeure une solution récurrente lorsqu’on parle d’encourager les jeunes adultes à voter.

Hierarquia, igualdade e diferença : lutas por reconhecimento no sul do Brasil

Este estudo busca investigar as lógicas da ação em cooperativas de produção e associações de catadores de lixo no bojo de processos de reestruturação econômica que não somente precarizam as condições de emprego, mas também implicam em processos de desassalariamento da força de trabalho. Tomando como perspectiva analítica a sociologia da experiência de François Dubet, decompomos as lógicas da ação de trabalhadores com inserção social distinta, ou seja, um primeiro grupo caracterizado por uma cultura operária e sindical e um segundo grupo caracterizado por um processo de dissociação em relação ao mundo do trabalho formal. Neste sentido, procurou-se investigar: a) as formas de inserção e integração sociais configuradas pelas relações de solidariedade, b) a dimensão da racionalidade estratégica de cada grupo traduzida nas lutas por reconhecimento, e, c) os processos de subjetivação expressos na afirmação identitária de cada coletivo de trabalhadores. Ou seja, quais as condições de possibilidade da ruptura com as hierarquias que organizam e estruturam o universo de coletivos de trabalhadores com origens sociais tão diversas quando confrontados com o princípio meta-social da igualdade? Noutras palavras, quando compelidos com a necessidade de organizar uma cooperativa ou associação, enquanto alternativa palpável de subsistência, os trabalhadores se deparam com um contexto bem diverso da situação de assalariamento. Com efeito, a experiência associativa irá implicar que a adesão à cooperativa ou associação deve ser livre e voluntária e que a gestão e os processos de deliberação devem ser democráticos. A partir da pesquisa de campo verificou-se um processo de subjetivação marcado por estratégias distintas nas cooperativas e associações: enquanto nas cooperativas a adesão dos trabalhadores era caracterizada por uma certa ambivalência entre o compromisso com o projeto de construção da cooperativa e uma postura pautada por um certo pragmatismo tipificado por um campo de possíveis restrito no tocante as alternativas de inserção social, nas associações de catadores de lixo verificou-se um processo de ruptura com os padrões de sociabilidade primária acentuadamente hierarquizados a partir da participação das mulheres nas associações, bem como um efetivo compromisso com o projeto associativo. Na esfera da ação coletiva, a constituição de cooperativas a partir de empresas em situação falimentar revelou uma nova estratégia sindical marcada por uma ação defensiva ante os processos de reestruturação econômica que eliminam postos de trabalho. Já, na ação coletiva das associações constatou-se um movimento de luta pelo reconhecimento de direitos e recuperação da cidadania. Tal movimento é caracterizado por uma lógica do respeito possuindo uma dupla inflexão, ou seja, por um lado busca romper no âmbito da esfera privada com a dominação masculina expressa num código de honra, cuja conseqüência mais dramática se traduz na violência doméstica, e por outro lado se constata um movimento em direção à esfera pública a partir da articulação de uma associação com um movimento social traduzindo desta maneira a reivindicação pelo reconhecimento da dignidade de indivíduos sujeitos a todo tipo de reconhecimento recusado.

Differential/combined effect of water contamination with cadmium and nickel on tissues of rats

The contamination of water by metal compounds is a worldwide environmental problem. Concentrations of metals are widely related to biochemical values which are used in disease diagnosis due to environmental toxicity. The acute combined effects of cadmium and nickel on biochemical parameters were determined and compared with those of Cd2+ or Ni2+ alone in rats. Male adult rats were given drinking solutions of CdCl2 [Cd(II) cation, 100 mg/liter] or NiSO4 [Ni(II) cation, 100 mg/liter]. For the combined treatment, the animals (Ni+Cd) received both Ni(II)) cation (100 mg/liter) and Cd(II) cation (100 mg/liter). Nickel treatment induced increased alanine transaminase (ALT) activity and hepatotoxicity, but not renal injury. In contrast, cadmium exposure produced hepatic, renal and myocardial damage, characterized by increased creatinine, total and direct bilirubin concentrations and increased ALT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. The combined effect Ni-Cd is less toxic than cadmium alone, suggesting antagonism between these toxicants. The toxicity of nickel and cadmium, alone and in combination, decreased Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and increased lipoperoxide formation. (C) 1998 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contabilidad regulatoria, sustentabilidad financiera y gestión mancomunada: temas relevantes en servicios de agua y saneamiento

Incluye Bibliografía

Progress in Monitoring alcohol consumption and alcohhol abuse by phosphatidylethanol

For early diagnosis and therapy of alcohol-related disorders, alcohol biomarkers are highly valuable. Concerning specificity, indirect markers can be influenced by nonethanol-related factors, whereas direct markers are only formed after ethanol consumption. Sensitivity of the direct markers depends on cutoffs of analytical methods, material for analysis and plays an important role for their utilization in different fields of application. Until recently, the biomarker phosphatidylethanol has been used to differentiate between social drinking and alcohol abuse. After method optimization, the detection limit could be lowered and phosphatidylethanol became sensitive enough to even detect the consumption of low amounts of alcohol. This perspective gives a summary of most common alcohol biomarkers and summarizes new developments for monitoring alcohol consumption habits.

La tensión entre las acciones reivindicativas y la proyección política de los sectores populares : Un estudio sobre los límites y las posibilidades de politización de las experiencias recientes de organización popular. El caso del Movimiento de Trabajadores Desocupados de Lanús

El presente plan se propone indagar sobre los procesos de politización de las prácticas y los vínculos sociales de los sectores populares organizados en torno a colectivos de trabajadores desocupados, a partir de las transformaciones políticas y sociales acontecidas en los últimos años. Buena parte de las expectativas y demandas de cambio social suscitadas recientemente se habían depositado en las experiencias de los movimientos piqueteros, en tanto agentes capaces de encarnar prácticas renovadas de organización política y alternativas colectivas de cambio social. Desde su irrupción pública, sin embargo, la literatura académica había advertido sobre las contradicciones que atravesaban a este movimiento social. Una de las dificultades más importantes radicaba en los inconvenientes encontrados por las organizaciones de desocupados para articular políticamente las demandas de subsistencia de sus bases sociales. En el marco de esta propuesta, se interpreta que estas dificultades dan cuenta de una tensión constitutiva que atraviesa al conjunto del movimiento. Esta tensión se expresa en el vínculo problemático entre las dimensiones reivindicativas y las dimensiones políticas de las experiencias piqueteras. En tal sentido, se pretende realizar un balance y una actualización crítica de las alternativas emergentes de construcción política popular, desde la trayectoria de una de las organizaciones de desocupados señaladas como caso ejemplar de renovación política y social. Se tratará, por tanto, de abordar las respuestas articuladas por esta organización a la tensión entre las cuestiones reivindicativas y las cuestiones políticas, en el contexto de las mutaciones producidas recientemente en el escenario político, especialmente a partir de la asunción del gobierno de Néstor Kirchner en el año 2003.

La tensión entre las acciones reivindicativas y la proyección política de los sectores populares : Un estudio sobre los límites y las posibilidades de politización de las experiencias recientes de organización popular. El caso del Movimiento de Trabajadores Desocupados de Lanús

El presente plan se propone indagar sobre los procesos de politización de las prácticas y los vínculos sociales de los sectores populares organizados en torno a colectivos de trabajadores desocupados, a partir de las transformaciones políticas y sociales acontecidas en los últimos años. Buena parte de las expectativas y demandas de cambio social suscitadas recientemente se habían depositado en las experiencias de los movimientos piqueteros, en tanto agentes capaces de encarnar prácticas renovadas de organización política y alternativas colectivas de cambio social. Desde su irrupción pública, sin embargo, la literatura académica había advertido sobre las contradicciones que atravesaban a este movimiento social. Una de las dificultades más importantes radicaba en los inconvenientes encontrados por las organizaciones de desocupados para articular políticamente las demandas de subsistencia de sus bases sociales. En el marco de esta propuesta, se interpreta que estas dificultades dan cuenta de una tensión constitutiva que atraviesa al conjunto del movimiento. Esta tensión se expresa en el vínculo problemático entre las dimensiones reivindicativas y las dimensiones políticas de las experiencias piqueteras. En tal sentido, se pretende realizar un balance y una actualización crítica de las alternativas emergentes de construcción política popular, desde la trayectoria de una de las organizaciones de desocupados señaladas como caso ejemplar de renovación política y social. Se tratará, por tanto, de abordar las respuestas articuladas por esta organización a la tensión entre las cuestiones reivindicativas y las cuestiones políticas, en el contexto de las mutaciones producidas recientemente en el escenario político, especialmente a partir de la asunción del gobierno de Néstor Kirchner en el año 2003.

La tensión entre las acciones reivindicativas y la proyección política de los sectores populares : Un estudio sobre los límites y las posibilidades de politización de las experiencias recientes de organización popular. El caso del Movimiento de Trabajadores Desocupados de Lanús

El presente plan se propone indagar sobre los procesos de politización de las prácticas y los vínculos sociales de los sectores populares organizados en torno a colectivos de trabajadores desocupados, a partir de las transformaciones políticas y sociales acontecidas en los últimos años. Buena parte de las expectativas y demandas de cambio social suscitadas recientemente se habían depositado en las experiencias de los movimientos piqueteros, en tanto agentes capaces de encarnar prácticas renovadas de organización política y alternativas colectivas de cambio social. Desde su irrupción pública, sin embargo, la literatura académica había advertido sobre las contradicciones que atravesaban a este movimiento social. Una de las dificultades más importantes radicaba en los inconvenientes encontrados por las organizaciones de desocupados para articular políticamente las demandas de subsistencia de sus bases sociales. En el marco de esta propuesta, se interpreta que estas dificultades dan cuenta de una tensión constitutiva que atraviesa al conjunto del movimiento. Esta tensión se expresa en el vínculo problemático entre las dimensiones reivindicativas y las dimensiones políticas de las experiencias piqueteras. En tal sentido, se pretende realizar un balance y una actualización crítica de las alternativas emergentes de construcción política popular, desde la trayectoria de una de las organizaciones de desocupados señaladas como caso ejemplar de renovación política y social. Se tratará, por tanto, de abordar las respuestas articuladas por esta organización a la tensión entre las cuestiones reivindicativas y las cuestiones políticas, en el contexto de las mutaciones producidas recientemente en el escenario político, especialmente a partir de la asunción del gobierno de Néstor Kirchner en el año 2003.

An analysis of public information and education countermeasures: 1975, final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.