Contrasting behaviour of cadmium and zinc in a soil–plant–arthropod system

This study investigates the transfer of Cd and Zn from a soil amended with sewage sludge at rates up to 100 t ha(-1) through a multi-trophic system consisting of barley, the aphid Sitobion avenae and the larvae of the lacewing Chrysoperla carnae. Results show marked differences in the transfer of the two metals. Cadmium was freely accumulated in barley roots, but accumulation in the shoot was restricted to a concentration of around 0.22 mg kg(-1) (dry weight). This limited the transfer of Cd to higher trophic levels and resulted in no significant accumulation of Cd in S. avenae or in C. carnae. Zinc transfer in the system was largely unrestricted, resulting in significant accumulation in roots and shoots, in S. avenae and in C. carnae. Cadmium biomagnification occurred in lacewing pupae, with concentrations up to 3.6 times greater than in aphids. S. avenae biomagnified Zn by a factor of ca. 2.5 at low sludge amendment rates, but biomagnification decreased to a factor of 1.4 at the highest amendment rate. Biomagnification of Zn did not occur in C. carnae, but concentrations were up to 3.5 time higher than in soil. Results are discussed in light of the mechanisms regulating transfer of the two metals in the system.

Componentes da resistência quantitativa à ferrugem da folha em linhagens recombinantes de aveia

A ferrugem da folha da aveia, causada pelo fungo Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, é responsável por grandes decréscimos na produção, afetando tanto o rendimento como a qualidade de grãos. O controle através do uso de cultivares com resistência qualitativa tem se mostrado pouco efetivo em termos de durabilidade. Neste sentido, a resistência quantitativa pode ser uma alternativa de controle viável, em busca de uma resistência mais durável, já que exerce menor pressão de seleção sobre a população patogênica. A resistência quantitativa reduz a taxa de progresso da doença, pela combinação dos diversos componentes que a condicionam, como: longo período latente, curto período infeccioso, baixa eficiência de infecção e pústulas de comprimento reduzido. Não se sabe ao certo o papel individual de cada um destes componentes sobre o progresso da doença no campo, bem como, o número de genes que determinam estas características. Assim, este trabalho visou caracterizar os componentes da resistência quantitativa (período latente, período infeccioso, comprimento de pústulas e ASCPD) à ferrugem da folha da aveia, em planta adulta e plântulas, tanto em condições controladas como em condições de campo. Para tanto foram utilizadas 83 linhagens recombinantes F6:10 de aveia branca, oriundas do cruzamento de um pai suscetível (UFRGS 7) com um pai com resistência quantitativa (UFRGS 910906). As linhagens apresentaram variabilidade para as características avaliadas, exceto para comprimento de pústulas em planta adulta. Os componentes da resistência apresentaram distribuição normal, exceto o comprimento de pústulas em planta adulta e o período de latência em plântulas. Isto sugere a presença de vários genes de pequeno efeito atuando na expressão dos mesmos, não se enquadrando em nenhum modelo de poucos genes. Os resultados sugerem que a resistência quantitativa à ferrugem da folha da aveia é resultado da ação conjunta de todos os componentes que a condicionam, e não de apenas um deles. Ainda, mecanismos diferenciados parecem estar atuando em cada genótipo na expressão desta característica.

Evaluation of the microbial diversity of denitrifying bacteria in batch reactor

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Microbial ecology of biotechnological processes

The investigation of phylogenetic diversity and functionality of complex microbial communities in relation to changes in the environmental conditions represents a major challenge of microbial ecology research. Nowadays, particular attention is paid to microbial communities occurring at environmental sites contaminated by recalcitrant and toxic organic compounds. Extended research has evidenced that such communities evolve some metabolic abilities leading to the partial degradation or complete mineralization of the contaminants. Determination of such biodegradation potential can be the starting point for the development of cost effective biotechnological processes for the bioremediation of contaminated matrices. This work showed how metagenomics-based microbial ecology investigations supported the choice or the development of three different bioremediation strategies. First, PCR-DGGE and PCR-cloning approaches served the molecular characterization of microbial communities enriched through sequential development stages of an aerobic cometabolic process for the treatment of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons inside an immobilized-biomass packed bed bioreactor (PBR). In this case the analyses revealed homogeneous growth and structure of immobilized communities throughout the PBR and the occurrence of dominant microbial phylotypes of the genera Rhodococcus, Comamonas and Acidovorax, which probably drive the biodegradation process. The same molecular approaches were employed to characterize sludge microbial communities selected and enriched during the treatment of municipal wastewater coupled with the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Known PHA-accumulating microorganisms identified were affiliated with the genera Zooglea, Acidovorax and Hydrogenophaga. Finally, the molecular investigation concerned communities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil subjected to rhizoremediation with willow roots or fertilization-based treatments. The metabolic ability to biodegrade naphthalene, as a representative model for PAH, was assessed by means of stable isotope probing in combination with high-throughput sequencing analysis. The phylogenetic diversity of microbial populations able to derive carbon from naphthalene was evaluated as a function of the type of treatment.

Cromosomal location of four genes encoding Class III peroxidases in wheat

In a previous work, deduced amino acid sequences from twenty wheat peroxidase genes were assigned to seven groups designated as TaPrx108 to TaPrx114. Some of these apoplastic peroxidases have previously shown to play different roles in the plant defense responses to infection by the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae. In the present study, PCR marker analysis using Sears’s aneuploid wheat lines cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ was used to locate four genes encoding peroxidase isozymes. The TaPrx111-A, TaPrx112-D and TaPrx113-F genes were located on the short arm of chromosome 2B and the TaPrx109-C on the long arm of chromosome 1B. These results would agree with the synteny between wheat and rice chromosomes previously established in other studies.

Development of PCR-based markers for detection of Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli in fibrovascular fluid of infected sugarcane plants

DNA of Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx), the causal agent of ratoon stunting disease of sugarcane, was detected in the fibrovascular fluid of sugarcane plants using random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR-based amplification using two 10-mer oligonucleotide primers. The primers OPC-02 and OPC-11 produced Lxx-specific markers of approximately 800 bp and 1000 bp, respectively. A cloned DNA fragment from the 800 bp PCR product (pSKC2-800) hybridised to a single genomic DNA fragment from Lxx when used as a probe in Southern hybridisation. This cloned fragment did not hybridise to L. xyli subsp. cynodontis (Lxc), or L. xyli-like bacteria isolated from grasses in Australia, indicating the usefulness of this DNA fragment as a specific probe for Lxx. A cloned fragment from the 1000 bp PCR product ( pSKC11-1000) hybridised to three genomic fragments in Lxx isolates, one genomic fragment in two of the four isolates of L. xyli-like bacteria, and in two of the four isolates of Lxc isolated from the USA. These results indicate that L. xyli-like bacteria are more likely to be related to Lxc than Lxx. These probes did not hybridise to the DNA from strains of the species of Clavibacter, Rathayibacter, Acidovorax, Ralstonia, Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas tested. Two oligonucleotide primers (21-mer) designed from the pSKC2-800 sequences specifically amplified template DNA from Lxx and detected as few as 5 x 10(4) cells/mL in fibrovascular fluid from sugarcane plants infected with Lxx.

Aphid resistance in brazilian hexaploid wheat does not correlate with levels of the benzoxazinoid natural product DIMBOA.

2016

Trofobiose: uma revolução no uso de agrotóxicos.

1989