Transient Momentum and Enthalpy Transfer in Packed Beds at High Reynolds Numbers

An experimental study for transient temperature response and pressure drop in a randomly packed bed at high Reynolds numbers is presented.The packed bed is used as a compact heat exchanger along with a solid-propellant gas generator, to generate room-temperature gases for use in control actuation, air bottle pressurization, etc. Packed beds of lengths 200 and 300 mm were characterized for packing-sphere-based Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.8 x 10(4) to 8.5 x 10(4).The solid packing used in the bed consisted of phi 9.5 mm steel spheres. The bed-to-particle diameter ratio was with the average packed-bed porosity around 0.43. The inlet flow temperature was unsteady and a mesh of spheres was used at either end to eliminate flow entrance and exit effects. Gas temperature and pressure were measured at the entry, exit,and at three axial locations along centerline in the packed beds. The solid packing temperature was measured at three axial locations in the packed bed. A correlation based on the ratio of pressure drop and inlet-flow momentum (Euler number) exhibited an asymptotically decreasing trend with increasing Reynolds number. Axial conduction across the packed bed was found to he negligible in the investigated Reynolds number range. The enthalpy absorption rate to solid packing from hot gases is plotted as a function of a nondimensional time constant for different Reynolds numbers. A longer packed bed had high enthalpy absorption rate at Reynolds number similar to 10(4), which decreased at Reynolds number similar to 10(5). The enthalpy absorption plots can be used for estimating enthalpy drop across packed bed with different material, but for a geometrically similar packing.

Vacuum heating in the interaction of ultrashort, relativistically strong laser pulses with solid targets

An analytical fluid model for vacuum heating during the oblique incidence by an ultrashort ultraintense p-polarized laser on a solid-density plasma is proposed. The steepening of an originally smooth electron density profile as the electrons are pushed inward by the laser is included self-consistently. It is shown that the electrons being pulled out and then returned to the plasma at the interface layer by the wave field can lead to a phenomenon like wave breaking since the front part of the returning electrons always move slower than the trailing part. This can lead to heating of the plasma at the expense of the wave energy. An estimate for the efficiency of laser energy absorption by the vacuum heating is given. It is also found that for the incident laser intensity parameter, a(L)> 0.5, the absorption rate peaks at an incident angle 45 degrees-52 degrees and it reaches a maximum of 30% at a(L)approximate to 1.5.

Imbibition dynamics of nano-particulate ink-jet drops on micro-porous media

Ink-jet printing of nano-metallic colloidal fluids on to porous media such as coated papers has become a viable method to produce conductive tracks for low-cost, disposable printed electronic devices. However, the formation of well-defined and functional tracks on an absorbing surface is controlled by the drop imbibition dynamics in addition to the well-studied post-impact drop spreading behavior. This study represents the first investigation of the real-time imbibition of ink-jet deposited nano-Cu colloid drops on to coated paper substrates. In addition, the same ink was deposited on to a non-porous polymer surface as a control substrate. By using high-speed video imaging to capture the deposition of ink-jet drops, the time-scales of drop spreading and imbibition were quantified and compared with model predictions. The influences of the coating pore size on the bulk absorption rate and nano-Cu particle distribution have also been studied.

六盘山不同森林群落地被物的持水特性

在森林生态系统中,地被物由林下枯落物、苔藓层以及表层土壤的根系组成(Kosugiet al.,2001;程金花等,2003)。在动物、微生物以及环境温湿度的作用下,地被物不断分解,补充了土壤养分含量(刘洋等,2006)。地被物在地表形成一层结构疏松的毡层,不仅能够减小雨水对地面的冲击,阻滞和分散降水,还增加了地表粗糙度,能够阻滞地表径流,吸收和储存降水,促使水分缓慢入渗,在防止土壤侵蚀和保持水土方面发挥了重要作用(张洪江等,2003)。此外,研究还发现,地被物层能够减少土壤蒸发(Schaapet al.,1997),缓解表层土温变化,影响冬季土壤的冻结过程(Sharratt,1997),同时又是林下种子萌发和幼苗更新的制约因素之一(班勇等,1995)。目前,国内外地被物研究主要集中于枯落物的凋落动态(张冀等,2001;杨玉盛等,2001;郑征等,2005)、苔藓层和枯落物的持水特性(Naethet al.,1991;薛立等,2005;叶吉等,2004;Zhanget al.,2006)、枯落物分解及养分归还(王瑾等,2001;Chandiniet al.,2002;魏晶等,2004;邵玉琴等,2004)、枯落...

The oxidative demethylation of 24-membered hexa-aza macrocyclic bicopper(I) complex - The mimicking for monooxygenase

By [2 + 2] Schiff base condensation of 5 - bromo - 2 - methoxylbenzene - 1,3 - dicarboxaldehyde with diethylenetriamine, a new hexaaza 24 - membered macrocyclic ligand was obtained,which formed a macrocyclic binuclear copper(I) complex in the presence of [Cu . (CH3CN)(4)]ClO4. When the copper(I) complex was oxidized in air or oxygen, a new macrocyclic binuclear copper( II) complex was obtained. The copper( II.) complex was characterized by several methods and its oxidized products was characterized by H-1 NMR. The results show that during oxidation, a methoxyl group in the ligand ring broke; and the phenoxy - and water - bridged Cu(II) complex formed. In oxidation of monooxygenase such as ligninase, oxidative demethylation also happened. Therefore this work mimicked this process for the first time by using macrocyclic complex. The quantity of absorbed oxygen and the absorption rate of oxygen were determined.

Prophylactic ranitidine treatment in critically ill children - a population pharmacokinetic study

Aims: To characterize the population pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in critically ill children and to determine the influence of various clinical and demographic factors on its disposition. Methods: Data were collected prospectively from 78 paediatric patients (n = 248 plasma samples) who received oral or intravenous ranitidine for prophylaxis against stress ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding or the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Plasma samples were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the data were subjected to population pharmacokinetic analysis using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. Results: A one-compartment model best described the plasma concentration profile, with an exponential structure for interindividual errors and a proportional structure for intra-individual error. After backward stepwise elimination, the final model showed a significant decrease in objective function value (-12.618; P <0.001) compared with the weight-corrected base model. Final parameter estimates for the population were 32.1lh for total clearance and 285l for volume of distribution, both allometrically modelled for a 70kg adult. Final estimates for absorption rate constant and bioavailability were 1.31h and 27.5%, respectively. No significant relationship was found between age and weight-corrected ranitidine pharmacokinetic parameters in the final model, with the covariate for cardiac failure or surgery being shown to reduce clearance significantly by a factor of 0.46. Conclusions: Currently, ranitidine dose recommendations are based on children's weights. However, our findings suggest that a dosing scheme that takes into consideration both weight and cardiac failure/surgery would be more appropriate in order to avoid administration of higher or more frequent doses than necessary.

Evaluation of La1−xSrxMnO3 (0 ≤ x < 0.4) synthesised via a modified sol–gel method as mediators for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

A range of lanthanum strontium manganates (La1−xSrxMnO3–LSMO) where 0 ≤ x < 0.4 were prepared using a modified peroxide sol–gel synthesis method. The magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) clusters obtained for each of the materials were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and infra-red (IR) spectroscopy in order to confirm the crystalline phases, crystallite size and cluster morphology. The magnetic properties of the materials were assessed using the Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) to evaluate the magnetic susceptibility, Curie temperature (Tc) and static hysteretic losses. Induction heating experiments also provided an insight into the magnetocaloric effect for each material. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the materials was evaluated experimentally and via numerical simulations. The magnetic properties and heating data were linked with the crystalline structure to make predictions with respect to the best LSMO composition for mild hyperthermia (41 °C ≤ T ≤ 46 °C). La0.65Sr0.35MnO3, with crystallite diameter of 82.4 nm, (agglomerate size of ∼10 μm), Tc of 89 °C and SAR of 56 W gMn−1 at a concentration 10 mg mL−1 gave the optimal induction heating results (Tmax of 46.7 °C) and was therefore deemed as most suitable for the purposes of mild hyperthermia, vide infra.

Temporal SNR characteristics in segmented 3D-EPI at 7T.

Three-dimensional segmented echo planar imaging (3D-EPI) is a promising approach for high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging, as it provides an increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at similar temporal resolution to traditional multislice 2D-EPI readouts. Recently, the 3D-EPI technique has become more frequently used and it is important to better understand its implications for fMRI. In this study, the temporal SNR characteristics of 3D-EPI with varying numbers of segments are studied. It is shown that, in humans, the temporal variance increases with the number of segments used to form the EPI acquisition and that for segmented acquisitions, the maximum available temporal SNR is reduced compared to single shot acquisitions. This reduction with increased segmentation is not found in phantom data and thus likely due to physiological processes. When operating in the thermal noise dominated regime, fMRI experiments with a motor task revealed that the 3D variant outperforms the 2D-EPI in terms of temporal SNR and sensitivity to detect activated brain regions. Thus, the theoretical SNR advantage of a segmented 3D-EPI sequence for fMRI only exists in a low SNR situation. However, other advantages of 3D-EPI, such as the application of parallel imaging techniques in two dimensions and the low specific absorption rate requirements, may encourage the use of the 3D-EPI sequence for fMRI in situations with higher SNR.

Dielectric Studies of Corn Syrup for Applications in Microwave Breast Imaging

Permittivity and conductivity studies of corn syrup in various concentrations are performed using coaxial cavity perturbation technique over a frequency range of 250 MHz–3000 MHz. The results are utilized to estimate relaxation time and dipole moments of the samples. The stability of the material over the variations of time is studied. The measured specific absorption rate of the material complies with the microwave power absorption rate of biological tissues. This suggests the feasibility of using corn syrup as a suitable, cost effective coupling medium for microwave breast imaging. The material can also be used as an efficient breast phantom in microwave breast imaging studies.

Design and Development of data mining models for the predictions of manpower placement in the technical Domain

Data mining is one of the hottest research areas nowadays as it has got wide variety of applications in common man’s life to make the world a better place to live. It is all about finding interesting hidden patterns in a huge history data base. As an example, from a sales data base, one can find an interesting pattern like “people who buy magazines tend to buy news papers also” using data mining. Now in the sales point of view the advantage is that one can place these things together in the shop to increase sales. In this research work, data mining is effectively applied to a domain called placement chance prediction, since taking wise career decision is so crucial for anybody for sure. In India technical manpower analysis is carried out by an organization named National Technical Manpower Information System (NTMIS), established in 1983-84 by India's Ministry of Education & Culture. The NTMIS comprises of a lead centre in the IAMR, New Delhi, and 21 nodal centres located at different parts of the country. The Kerala State Nodal Centre is located at Cochin University of Science and Technology. In Nodal Centre, they collect placement information by sending postal questionnaire to passed out students on a regular basis. From this raw data available in the nodal centre, a history data base was prepared. Each record in this data base includes entrance rank ranges, reservation, Sector, Sex, and a particular engineering. From each such combination of attributes from the history data base of student records, corresponding placement chances is computed and stored in the history data base. From this data, various popular data mining models are built and tested. These models can be used to predict the most suitable branch for a particular new student with one of the above combination of criteria. Also a detailed performance comparison of the various data mining models is done.This research work proposes to use a combination of data mining models namely a hybrid stacking ensemble for better predictions. A strategy to predict the overall absorption rate for various branches as well as the time it takes for all the students of a particular branch to get placed etc are also proposed. Finally, this research work puts forward a new data mining algorithm namely C 4.5 * stat for numeric data sets which has been proved to have competent accuracy over standard benchmarking data sets called UCI data sets. It also proposes an optimization strategy called parameter tuning to improve the standard C 4.5 algorithm. As a summary this research work passes through all four dimensions for a typical data mining research work, namely application to a domain, development of classifier models, optimization and ensemble methods.

Development and Investigations of Mobile Antennas for less Radiation Hazards

Antennas, the key element in wireless communication devices had undergone amazing developments especially in the direction of compactness and safety aspects. In the last two decades, the use of the cellular phones has become the most popular mode of communication across the globe. At the same time, the concerns about the radiation effects have increased in the general public. The main concern of this thesis is to develop a mobile antenna which gives reduced RF interference to the user. The reduction of the power absorbed by the user can tremendously avoid any possible health hazards. The radiation characteristic of a monopole antenna is modified with good radiation characteristics suitable for a mobile handset. The modification is implemented by using different resonating structures which provides reduced radiation along one direction. The direction of less radiation can be changed by modifying the planar antenna structure to a ground folded antenna. This modified structure with excellent radiation characteristic is suitable for modern wireless handheld devices with less user RF interference. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is an important parameter for mobile handset. The SAR is estimated for the newly developed antenna for different conditions and discussed in this thesis.

Applying Data mining using Statistical Techniques for Career Selection

For years, choosing the right career by monitoring the trends and scope for different career paths have been a requirement for all youngsters all over the world. In this paper we provide a scientific, data mining based method for job absorption rate prediction and predicting the waiting time needed for 100% placement, for different engineering courses in India. This will help the students in India in a great deal in deciding the right discipline for them for a bright future. Information about passed out students are obtained from the NTMIS ( National technical manpower information system ) NODAL center in Kochi, India residing in Cochin University of science and technology

Efeitos de variáveis abióticas na composição química de Gelidium Crinale (Gelidiaceae, Rhodophyta) em cultivo unialgal

Os efeitos individuais e interativos dos parâmetros ambientais físicos e químicos, como temperatura, intensidade luminosa, salinidade e concentração de fósforo inorgânico dissolvido na água do mar, na produção de proteínas, carboidratos, acúmulo de fósforo tecidual e taxa de absorção do fósforo inorgânico disponível no meio de cultura em Gelidium crinale (Turner) Lamouroux, foram investigados durante um período de sete dias de cultivo laboratorial, em condições controladas. A ação dos parâmetros abióticos foi analisada de três maneiras diferentes. A primeira avaliação integrou a ação de temperatura, intensidade luminosa e fósforo inorgânico dissolvido, mantendo-se fixa a salinidade em 25 ups, onde se constatou que em todos os componentes químicos algais ocorreram interações de terceira ordem. O incremento de 2,28 a 2,67 % nos teores de proteínas foram obtidos à temperatura de 25 °C e 12 μmol m-2 s-1 de intensidade luminosa, diminuindo com a elevação da intensidade luminosa para 40 μmol m-2 s-1. Para carboidratos, ocorreram interações significativas entre os três parâmetros, com um aumento de 6,85 % sendo registrado a 25 °C de temperatura, 24 μmol m-2 s-1 de intensidade luminosa e 10,0 μM de fósforo inorgânico. O aumento máximo na taxa de fósforo tecidual (0,56 %) ocorreu em talos cultivados nas menores temperatura e intensidade luminosa e na maior concentração de fósforo inorgânico dissolvido. Com relação à intensidade luminosa, foi observada uma correlação negativa entre proteínas e carboidratos. A segunda avaliação estabeleceu a ação independente e sinérgica de temperatura, salinidade e fósforo inorgânico disponível no meio de cultivo, fixando-se a intensidade luminosa em 24 μmol m-2s-1. A maior produção de proteínas ocorreu em cultivos onde a temperatura foi de 25 °C, com uma concentração de 5,0 e 10,0 μM de fósforo inorgânico dissolvido e salinidade entre 15 e 20 ups, cujos valores médios do incremento variaram entre 2,62 a 2,83 % peso seco de alga, resultando em uma interação de terceira ordem altamente significativa. Para carboidratos a elevação de 6,85 % em sua concentração está associada à maior temperatura (25 °C), maior salinidade (25 ups) e maior quantidade de fósforo inorgânico disponível no meio de cultivo (10,0 μM). Contudo, não foi observada uma interação de terceira ordem através da análise estatística. Para esta biomolécula observaram-se interações de segunda ordem altamente significativa (P < 0,005) entre temperatura e diferentes concentrações de fósforo inorgânico e entre temperatura e salinidade (P < 0,000). O acúmulo de fósforo nos talos da alga foi menor durante os cultivos em que a salinidade foi de 25 ups,nas temperaturas de 20 e 25 °C e concentração de fósforo disponível de 2,5 μM, com percentuais entre 0,08 a 0,11 % em peso de cinzas. O maior incremento ocorreu na menor temperatura, associada à baixa salinidade e alta concentração de fósforo inorgânico no meio. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson revelou correlações positivas, altamente significativas (P < 0,001) entre teor de proteína, temperatura e disponibilidade de fósforo inorgânico no meio de cultivo. Para carboidratos, as correlações foram positivas com os três parâmetros abióticos. Para fósforo tecidual somente com o fósforo inorgânico disponível no cultivo foi que ocorreu uma relação positiva; com os outros dois parâmetros esta correlação foi negativa. Entre os componentes químicos encontrados nas algas, proteínas e carboidratos apresentaram uma relação positiva, porém fósforo tecidual apresentou uma correlação negativa com ambos, embora com proteínas esta relação não tenha sido significativa. A terceira avaliação estudou a ação individual e o sinergismo entre os parâmetros ambientais, temperatura, intensidade luminosa e salinidade, a uma concentração fixa de fósforo inorgânico disponível no meio de cultivo (10,0 μM), sobre a composição química, bem como na taxa de absorção de fósforo inorgânico disponível. Observou-se a ocorrência de interações de terceira ordem em todos as variáveis estudadas. O teor de proteínas apresentou um aumento de 3,72 % durante o período de cultivo, passando de 20,63 % antes do cultivo, para 24,35 % após o término do experimento, principalmente nas condições de 25 °C de temperatura, 12 μmol m-2s-1 de intensidade luminosa e 15 ups de salinidade. Para carboidratos, nas condições de baixa intensidade luminosa (12 μmol m-2s- 1), a uma temperatura de 20 °C e salinidades de 10 e 15 ups, foram registrados valores inferiores à amostra controle, caracterizando um consumo desta biomolécula por parte das algas. Nestas mesmas condições ambientais, foram registrados os maiores teores de fósforo tecidual, variando entre 0,86 a 1,09 % do peso das cinzas. As maiores taxas de absorção do fósforo do meio ocorreram na salinidade de 25 ups e 25 °C de temperatura, diminuindo da intensidade luminosa de 12 μmol m-2s-1 para 40 μmol m-2s-1. As maiores concentrações de fósforo inorgânico residual na água do meio de cultivo ocorreram nas salinidades de 10 e 15 ups, em todas as intensidade luminosas e temperaturas estudadas. Através do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, observou-se que os teores de proteínas apresentaram uma forte correlação negativa com a intensidade luminosa e positiva com a temperatura e salinidade, embora com esta última não tenha sido significativa. Para carboidratos, as correlações com os parâmetros abióticos foram todas positivas. Correlações negativa e positiva, não significativas, foram observadas entre esta biomolécula e o teor de proteínas e a taxa de absorção de fósforo disponível no meio, respectivamente. Por outro lado, com fósforo tecidual, ocorreu uma correlação negativa, altamente significativa. Este estudo mostra o estado fisiológico de Gelidium crinale e contribui para o estabelecimento das melhores condições de cultivo para produção de proteína, carboidrato e fósforo tecidual e indicação do uso racional de nutrientes, fornecendo informações para a otimização de processos de maricultura, tanto em termos de cultivo bem sucedido de algas, quanto de redução no impacto sobre o ambiente.

Efeito da adição de feldspato e/ou resíduo de caulin em formulações à base de argila ilítica

The red pottery industry in Piauí state is well developed and stands out at the national context for the technical quality of its products. The floor and wall tile industry, however, is little developed since the state has only one company that produces red clay-based ceramic tiles. This thesis aims at using the predominantly illitic basic mass of the above mentioned industry, with the addition of feldspar and/or kaolin residue in order to obtain products of higher technical quality. Kaolin residue consists basically of kaolinite, muscovite mica and quartz; the feldspar used was potassic. In this experiment, basic mass (MB) was used for experimental control and fifteen formulations codified as follows: F2, F4, F8, F16, F32, FR2, FR4, FR8, FR16, FR32, R2, R4, R8, R16 and R32. All raw materials were dry-milled, classified, formulated and then humidified to 10% water. Thereafter, test samples were produced by unixial pressing process in a rectangular steel matrix (60.0 x 20.0 x 5.0) mm3 at (25 MPa). They were fired at four temperatures: 1080°C, 1120°C, 1160°C, with a heating rate of 10°C/min during up to 10 min in an electric oven, and the last one in an industrial oven with a peak of 1140°C, aim ing to confirm the results found in laboratory and, finally, technological tests were performed: MEA, RL, AA, PA, TRF and PF. The results revealed that the residue under study can be considered a raw material with large potential in the industry of red clay-based ceramic tiles, since the results found both in laboratory and in the industry have shown that the test samples produced from the formulations with up to 4% feldspar and those produced with up to 8% feldspar and residue permitted a reduction in the water absorption rate and an increase in the mechanical resistance while those samples produced with up to 4% residue had an increase in the mechanical resistance when compared to those produced from the basic mass and that the formulation with 2% feldspar and residue presented the best technological properties, lowering the sintering temperature down to 1120°C

Caracterização biométrica e acúmulo de nutrientes em porta-enxertos de caramboleira cultivada em solução nutritiva

O conhecimento sobre o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes em hipobiotos de caramboleira permite melhor eficiência da adubação na produção de hipobiotos (porta-enxertos). Objetivou-se determinar o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes em hipobiotos de caramboleira cultivada em solução nutritiva. O experimento constituiu de cinco tratamentos, referentes aos tempos de coleta 25; 50; 75; 100 e 125 dias após o transplantio, dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em seis repetições. As plantas utilizadas foram obtidas de sementes de frutos de caramboleira 'Malásia', cultivadas em vasos com solução nutritiva. Nos diferentes órgãos dos hipobiotos (folhas, caule e raízes), avaliou-se o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes e os índices nutricionais, a cada 25 dias. O ponto de enxertia (6 mm) foi atingido aos 110 dias após o transplantio. A ordem decrescente dos nutrientes acumulados em cada hipobioto produzido é de (em mg por planta): N = 634; K = 368; Ca = 152; Mg = 106; S = 98; P = 88 (em µg por planta) de: Fe = 2.963; Mn = 2.165; B = 722; Zn =780, e Cu = 96. O acúmulo médio de nutrientes é maior nas folhas > caule = raízes. O período de maior exigência de nutrientes pelos hipobiotos é compreendido entre 25-75 dias após o transplantio. As diferentes taxas de acumulação líquida dos nutrientes, nas diferentes partes da caramboleira, nem sempre acompanham a taxa de acumulação de nutrientes do respectivo órgão.