Comparison of spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units typing and IS6110-RFLP in a study of genotypic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Delhi, North India

The aim of the present study was to compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods - spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) typing - with the gold-standard IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in 101 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to determine the genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis clinical isolates from Delhi, North India. Spoligotyping resulted in 49 patterns (14 clusters); the largest cluster was composed of Spoligotype International Types (SITs)26 [Central-Asian (CAS)1-Delhi lineage], followed by SIT11 [East-African-Indian (EAI) 3-Indian lineage]. A large number of isolates (75%) belonged to genotypic lineages, such as CAS, EAI and Manu, with a high specificity for the Indian subcontinent, emphasising the complex diversity of the phylogenetically coherent M. tuberculosis in North India. MIRU typing, using 11 discriminatory loci, was able to distinguish between all but two strains based on individual patterns. IS6110-RFLP analysis (n = 80 strains) resulted in 67 unique isolates and four clusters containing 13 strains. MIRUs discriminated all 13 strains, whereas spoligotyping discriminated 11 strains. Our results validate the use of PCR-based molecular typing of M. tuberculosis using repetitive elements in Indian isolates and demonstrate the usefulness of MIRUs for discriminating low-IS6110-copy isolates, which accounted for more than one-fifth of the strains in the present study.

Genetic structure of a linear population of Beta vulgaris ssp maritima (sea beet) revealed by isozyme and RFLP analysis

Knowledge of the genetic structure of plant populations is necessary for the understanding of the dynamics of major ecological processes. It also has applications in conservation biology and risk assessment for genetically modified crops. This paper reports the genetic structure of a linear population of sea beet, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (the wild relative of sugar beet), on Furzey Island, Poole Harbour. The relative spatial positions of the plants were accurately mapped and the plants were scored for variation at isozyme and RFLP loci. Structure was analysed by repeated subdivision of the population to find the average size of a randomly mating group. Estimates of F-ST between randomly mating units were then made, and gave patterns consistent with the structure of the population being determined largely by founder effects. The implications of these results for the monitoring of transgene spread in wild sea beet populations are discussed.

PCR-RAPD and PCR-RFLP polymorphisms detected in Anopheles cruzii (Diptera, Culicidae)

The aim of the present study was to examine genetic variability in populations of An. cruzii by employing PCR-RAPD and PCR-RFLP markers. All analyses were carried out using individuals of the F1 generation of wild caught females obtained in Santa Catarina State (Florianópolis and São Francisco do Sul), Paraná State (Morretes, Paranaguá and Guaratuba) and São Paulo State (Cananéia). In the PCR-RAPD experiments, seven primers were used for comparisons within and among populations. The restriction profile of the ITS2 including a fragment of both 5.8S and 28S regions of the rDNA was obtained with the enzymes BstUI, HaeIII, TaqI, HhaI, Sau96I, HinfI, HincII and NruI. The PCR-RAPD method detected a large number of polymorphic bands. Genetic distance among populations of An. cruzii varied from 0,0214 to 0,0673, suggesting that all individuals used in the analyses belong to a single species. The number of migrants per generation (Nm) was 4.3, showing the existence of gene flow among populations. The restriction profile of the ITS2, 5.8S and 28S gene regions was similar in all An. cruzii samples, whereas the results obtained by using HhaI and NruI are indicative that the individuals analyzed have nucleotide sequences distinct from those of An. cruzii samples from Peruíbe and Juquiazinho deposited in GenBank.

PCR detection of the pKM.19/ScrfI RFLP (D7S23), a marker closely linked to the cystic fibrosis mutation

Source: Description: pKM-19 is a 1.0 kb EcoRI human genomic fragment inserted in pUC13, that detects a Scrfl (CC/NGG) RFLP (1, 2). We report here the primer sequences suitable for the detection of this RFLP by PCR...

A linkage map of spring turnip rape based on RFLP and RAPD markers

Selostus: RAPD- ja RFLP-markkereista koostuva rypsin kytkentäkartta

Genetic diversity and relationship in American and African oil palm as revealed by RFLP and AFLP molecular markers

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity, its organization and the genetic relationships within oil palm (Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés, from America, and E. guineensis (Jacq.), from Africa) germplasm using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). In complement to a previous RFLP study on 241 E. oleifera accessions, 38 E. guineensis accessions were analyzed using the same 37 cDNA probes. These accessions covered a large part of the geographical distribution areas of these species in America and Africa. In addition, AFLP analysis was performed on a sub-set of 40 accessions of E. oleifera and 22 of E. guineensis using three pairs of enzyme/primer combinations. Data were subjected to Factorial Analysis of Correspondence (FAC) and cluster analysis, with parameters of genetic diversity being also studied. Results appeared congruent between RFLP and AFLP. In the E. oleifera, AFLP confirmed the strong structure of genetic diversity revealed by RFLP, according to geographical origin of the studied material, with the identification of the same four distinct genetic groups: Brazil, French Guyana/Surinam, Peru, north of Colombia/Central America. Both markers revealed that genetic divergence between the two species is of the same magnitude as that among provenances of E. oleifera. This finding is in discrepancy with the supposed early tertiary separation of the two species.

Molecular identification of an endemic Alpine mammal, Apodemus alpicola, using a PCR-based RFLP method

The ability of a PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the cytochrome b (mtDNA) to distinguish Apodemus alpicola from two other Apodemus species was investigated. The partial sequencing of the cytochrome b allowed the identification of one enzyme as being potentially diagnostic. This was supported by an analysis of 131 specimens previously identified using morphometric and/or allozymic data, indicating that the PCR-based RFLP method provides a rapid and reliable tool for distinguishing A. alpicola from its two co-occurring congenerics. The method is applicable to samples taken in the field for ecological studies, and could easily be adapted to the identification of museum samples.

Caracterización de Cryphonectria hypovirus (CHV) mediante patrones RFLP en cepas hipovirulentas de Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr de Cataluña

La detecció de soques hipovirulentes a Catalunya ha fet necessari l'estudi genètic de Cryphonectria hypovirus. Mitjançant mostrejos, es van obtenir les soques hipovirulentes i es va comprovar el seu caràcter hipovirulent mitjançant l'extracció del dsRNA. Mitjançant RT-PCR i RFLP es va estudiar la diversitat genètica de les poblacions de Cryphonectria hypovirus. En aquest estudi s'ha observat que la hipovirulència a Catalunya és encara un fenomen localitzat. D'altra banda, s'ha obervat certa diversitat genètica del hipovirus, fet que suggereix que C. hypovirus va ser introduït a Catalunya reiterades vegades. Aquestes reiterades introduccions de C. hypovirus també s'han observat a nivell parcel•lari. La majoria de les mostres pertanyen al subtipus CHV1-I, la qual cosa significa que és d'esperar un increment de la presència del hipovirus a les masses, en ser aquest subtipus el més adequat per dispersar en el medi. S'han detectat altres soques amb patrons RFLP encara no descrits, que podrien pertànyer a altres subtipus. Per tant, s'hauria de fer un estudi genètic més detallat d'aquestes mostres. D'altra banda, hi ha certa diversitat de GCVs associada a les soques amb l'hipovirus. Aquest fet podria suggerir que els GCVs presents a Catalunya tenen una bona capacitat per transmetre el virus o bé seria una altra evidència que C. hypovirus ha estat introduït reiteradament a Catalunya. Finalment s'ha detectat una zona especialment interessant amb diversitat de hipovirus i amb hipovirus encara no descrits, així com soques que podrien pertànyer a CHV1-E. Això suggereix que a la zona podria haver encara més diversitat del hipovirus i per tant podria ser interessant realitzar-hi nous mostreigs.

Identificação de Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis através de PCR-RFLP do gene recA

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis foi proposta como o principal agente causal da canela preta da batata (Solanum tuberosum) no Brasil. Com o objetivo de identificar essa subespécie, oligonucleotídeos iniciadores foram selecionados a partir de regiões heterólogas do gene recA existentes entre P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis ATCC BAA-41 e outras pectobactérias disponíveis no GenBank e P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum BAB1. No entanto, os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores apresentaram baixa especificidade. O produto da PCR do gene recA, um fragmento de ± 730 pb, de 38 estirpes de P. chrysanthemi e das diferentes subespécies de P. carotovorum, foi digerido com as endonucleases de restrição TasI e HhaI. Estas enzimas foram selecionadas com base na seqüência do gene recA das estirpes P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis ATCC BAA-416 (581 pb) e P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum BAB1 (626 pb). A análise do PCR-RFLP com as enzimas TasI e HhaI gerou sete e 12 padrões, respectivamente. A combinação dos resultados permitiu a separação em 13 grupos distintos e a discriminação de P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis.

Uso de RFLP-PCR para a detecção de isolados de Venturia inaequalis resistentes ao cresoxim metílico do Sul do Brasil

O principal mecanismo que confere resistência do fungo Venturia inaequalis aos inibidores de oxidação (quinol QoIs) é a ocorrência de mutações no gene citocromo b CYTB (G143A). O objetivo do trabalho foi a implementação da metodologia RFLP-PCR para caracterizar a reação de isolados de V. inaequalis à presença de Qols. Foram utilizados sete isolados monospóricos de V. inaequalis, coletados em pomares comerciais de Santa Catarina e cedidos pela Estação Experimental da EPAGRI de São Joaquim, Santa Catarina. Os isolados foram classificados como sensíveis ou resistentes após crescimento em meio BDA contendo 10 µg.mL-1 de cresoxim metílico. Para determinação da presença da mutação G143A foram utilizados os marcadores específicos ViCytB-5F e ViCytB-6071R. O DNA dos isolados foi amplificado em reação de PCR e separado em gel de agarose 1,5%. Os fragmentos foram então digeridos com a enzima de restrição Fnu4HI identificadora da mutação e os produtos da digestão foram analisados por eletroforese num gel de agarose 1,0%. Os genótipos revelados estavam associados ao fenótipo estabelecido pelo crescimento dos isolados em presença do fungicida, mostrando que 6 isolados já apresentavam o alelo de resistência. O uso de técnicas de RFLP-PCR permitiram uma avaliação rápida e confiável na detecção da resistência de V. inaequalisao cresoxim metílico.

Genetic grouping of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in Brazil based on RT-PCR/RFLP analysis of the S1 gene

Twelve Brazilian isolates and one reference vaccine strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were propagated in embryonating chicken eggs. The entire S1 glycoprotein gene of these viruses was analysed by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT-PCR-RFLP), using the restriction enzymes HaeIII, XcmI and BstyI. The RFLP patterns led to the classification of these isolates into five distinct genotypes: A, B, C, D and Massachusetts. Five of twelve isolates were grouped in Massachusetts genotype and the remaining seven viruses were classified into four distinct genotypes: A (2), B (2), C (2) or D (1). Such genotyping classification agreed with previous immunological analysis for most of these viruses, highlighting the occurrence of a relevant variability among the IBV strains that are circulating in Brazilian commercial poultry flocks.

Identification of new flagellin-encoding fliC genes in Escherichia coli isolated from domestic animals using RFLP-PCR and sequencing methods

Identification of Escherichia coli requires knowledge regarding the prevalent serotypes and virulence factors profiles allows the classification in pathogenic/non-pathogenic. However, some of these bacteria do not express flagellar antigen invitro. In this case the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) and sequencing of the fliC may be suitable for the identification of antigens by replacing the traditional serology. We studied 17 samples of E. coli isolated from animals and presenting antigen H nontypeable (HNT). The H antigens were characterized by PCR-RFLP and sequencing of fliC gene. Three new flagellin genes were identified, for which specific antisera were obtained. The PCR-RFLP was shown to be faster than the serotyping H antigen in E. coli, provided information on some characteristics of these antigens and indicated the presence of new genes fliC.

A search for RFLP markers to identify genes for aluminum tolerance in maize

The objective of this study was to identify restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers linked to QTLs that control aluminum (Al) tolerance in maize. The strategy used was bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and the genetic material utilized was an F2 population derived from a cross between the Al-susceptible inbred line L53 and Al-tolerant inbred line L1327. Both lines were developed at the National Maize and Sorghum Research Center - CNPMS/EMBRAPA. The F2 population of 1554 individuals was evaluated in a nutrient solution containing a toxic concentration of Al and relative seminal root length (RSRL) was used as a phenotypic measure of tolerance. The RSRL frequency distribution was continuous, but skewed towards Al-susceptible individuals. Seedlings of the F2 population which scored the highest and the lowest RSRL values were transplanted to the field and subsequently selfed to obtain F3 families. Thirty F3 families (15 Al-susceptible and 15 Al-tolerant) were evaluated in nutrient solution, using an incomplete block design, to identify those with the smallest variances for aluminum tolerance and susceptibility. Six Al-susceptible and five Al-tolerant F3 families were chosen to construct one pool of Al-susceptible individuals, and another of Al-tolerant, herein referred as "bulks", based on average values of RSRL and genetic variance. One hundred and thirteen probes were selected, with an average interval of 30 cM, covering the 10 maize chromosomes. These were tested for their ability to discriminate the parental lines. Fifty-four of these probes were polymorphic, with 46 showing codominance. These probes were hybridized with DNA from the two contrasting bulks. Three RFLPs on chromosome 8 distinguished the bulks on the basis of band intensity. DNA of individuals from the bulks was hybridized with these probes and showed the presence of heterozygous individuals in each bulk. These results suggest that in maize there is a region related to aluminum tolerance on chromosome 8