Assembly line balancing the comparison of COMSOAL and MSNSH technique in Motorcycle manufacturing company

Today’s highly competitive market influences the manufacturing industry to improve their production systems to become the optimal system in the shortest cycle time as possible. One of most common problems in manufacturing systems is the assembly line balancing problem. The assembly line balancing problem involves task assignments to workstations with optimum line efficiency. The line balancing technique, namely “COMSOAL”, is an abbreviation of “Computer Method for Sequencing Operations for Assembly Lines”. Arcus initially developed the COMSOAL technique in 1966 [1], and it has been mainly applied to solve assembly line balancing problems [6]. The most common purposes of COMSOAL are to minimise idle time, optimise production line efficiency, and minimise the number of workstations. Therefore, this project will implement COMSOAL to balance an assembly line in the motorcycle industry. The new solution by COMSOAL will be used to compare with the previous solution that was developed by Multi‐Started Neighborhood Search Heuristic (MSNSH), which will result in five aspects including cycle time, total idle time, line efficiency, average daily productivity rate, and the workload balance. The journal name “Optimising and simulating the assembly line balancing problem in a motorcycle manufacturing company: a case study” will be used as the case study for this project [5].

Herpes simplex 2 risk among women in a polygynous setting in rural West Africa

OBJECTIVES: To determine risk factors for herpes simplex 2 (HSV2) infection in women in a polygynous rural Gambian population. METHODS: Data from women who participated in a cross-sectional survey of reproductive health were matched to their own and, for women who had been or were married (ever-married), their spouses' data collected in a cross-sectional survey of fertility interests, including information on marital histories. RESULTS: Data were available on 150 never-married and 525 ever-married women. HSV2 prevalence was 16% amongst never-married women and 36% amongst ever-married women. For ever-married women, their own personal characteristics (age, ethnicity and genital cutting status) and events from their husbands' marriage history were important determinants of HSV2 infection. Women whose husbands married for the first time over age 35 were at greater risk than women whose husbands married by age 24 [odds ratio (OR) 2.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-6.10]. Women whose husband reported interest in a new marriage were more likely to be HSV2 positive (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.18-3.09). Women whose husbands were currently monogamous but had had previous marriages (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.30-5.88) and women in currently polygynous marriages (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.66-5.01) were three times as likely to be HSV2 positive as women who were their husband's only wife ever. CONCLUSION: Much transmission of HSV2 in this setting occurs within marriage where opportunity for personal protection is limited. High levels of transmission within marriage may undermine the impact of sexual behaviour change programmes aiming to reduce HSV2 and HIV incidence and complicate their evaluation.

Hybrid framework iron(II) phosphate-oxalates

Two inorganic-organic hybrid framework iron phosphate-oxalates, I, [N2C4H12](0.5)[Fe-2(HPO4)(C2O4)(1.5)] and II, [Fe-2(OH2)PO4(C2O4)(0.5)] have been synthesized by hydrothermal means and the structures determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystal Data: compound I, monoclinic, spacegroup = P2(1)/c (No. 14), a=7.569(2) Angstrom, b=7.821(2) Angstrom, c=18.033(4) Angstrom, beta=98.8(1)degrees, V=1055.0(4) Angstrom(3), Z=4, M=382.8, D-calc=2.41 g cm(-3) MoK alpha, R-F=0.02; compound II, monoclinic, spacegroup=P2(1)/c (No. 14), a=10.240(1) b=6.375(3) Angstrom, 9.955(1) Angstrom, beta=117.3(1)degrees, V=577.4(1) Angstrom(3), Z=4, M=268.7, D-calc=3.09 g cm(-3) MoK alpha, R-F=0.03. These materials contain a high proportion of three-coordinated oxygens and [Fe2O9] dimeric units, besides other interesting structural features. The connectivity of Fe2O9 is entirely different in the two materials resulting in the formation of a continuous chain of Fe-O-Fe in II. The phosphate-oxalate containing the amine, I, forms well-defined channels. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show Fen to be in the high-spin state (t(2g)(4)e(g)(2)) in II, and in the intermediate-spin state (t(2g)(5)e(g)(1)) in I.

Genomewide linkage study in 1,176 affected sister pair families identifies a significant susceptibility locus for endometriosis on chromosome 10q26

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease that affects up to 10% of women in their reproductive years. It causes pelvic pain, severe dysmenorrhea, and subfertility. The disease is defined as the presence of tissue resembling endometrium in sites outside the uterus. Its cause remains uncertain despite >50 years of hypothesis-driven research, and thus the therapeutic options are limited. Disease predisposition is inherited as a complex genetic trait, which provides an alternative route to understanding the disease. We seek to identify susceptibility loci, using a positional-cloning approach that starts with linkage analysis to identify genomic regions likely to harbor these genes. We conducted a linkage study of 1,176 families (931 from an Australian group and 245 from a U.K. group), each with at least two members--mainly affected sister pairs--with surgically diagnosed disease. We have identified a region of significant linkage on chromosome 10q26 (maximum LOD score [MLS] of 3.09; genomewide P = .047) and another region of suggestive linkage on chromosome 20p13 (MLS = 2.09). Minor peaks (with MLS > 1.0) were found on chromosomes 2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, and 17. This is the first report of linkage to a major locus for endometriosis. The findings will facilitate discovery of novel positional genetic variants that influence the risk of developing this debilitating disease. Greater understanding of the aberrant cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the etiology and pathophysiology of endometriosis should lead to better diagnostic methods and targeted treatments.

Modular design of synthetic protein mimics. Crystal structures, assembly, and hydration of two 15- and 16-residue apolar, leucyl-rich helical peptides

Two IS- and 16-residue peptides containing a-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) have been synthesized, as part of a strategy to construct stereochemically rigid peptide helices, in a modular approach to design of protein mimics. The peptides Boc-(Val-Ala-Leu-Aib),-OMe ( I ) and Boc-Val-Ala-Leu-Aib-Val-Ala-Leu-(Val-Ala-Leu-Aib()11z)- OhaMvee been crystallized.Both crystals are stable only in the presence of mother liquor or water. The crystal data are as follows. I: C78H140N16019~2H20,P2,, a = 16.391 (3) A, b = 16.860 (3) A, c = 18.428 (3) A, p = 103.02 (I)O, Z = 2, R = 9.6% for 3445 data with lFol >30(F), resolution 0.93 A. 11: C7,Hl,,N,S018.7.5H,0, C2221, a = 18.348 ( 5 ) A, b = 47.382 (1 1) A, c = 24.157 ( 5 ) A, Z =8, R = l0,6%, for 3147 data with lFol > 3a(F), resolution 1.00 A. The 15-residue peptide (11) is entirely a helical, while the 16-residue peptide ( I ) has a short segment of 310 helix at the N terminus. The packing of the helices in the crystals is rather incfficicnt with no particular attractions between Leu-Leu side chains, or any other pair. Both crystals have fairly large voids, which are filled with water molecules in a disordered fashion. Water molecule sites near the polar head-to-tail regions are well detcrmined, those closer to the hydrophobic side chains less so and a number of possible water sites in the remaining "empty" space are not determined. No interdigitation of Leu side chains is observed in the crystal as is hypothesized in the "leucine zipper" class of DNA binding proteins.

A Model for Creating Strategic Alliances. A Study of Inter-firm Cooperation in the North European ICT Sector

In this study, it is argued that the view on alliance creation presented in the current academic literature is limited, and that using a learning approach helps to explain the dynamic nature of alliance creation. The cases in this study suggest that a wealth of inefficiency elements can be found in alliance creation. These elements can further be divided into categories, which help explain the dynamics of alliance creation. The categories –combined with two models brought forward by the study– suggest that inefficiency can be avoided through learning during the creation process. Some elements are especially central to this argumentation. First, the elements related to the clarity and acceptance of the strategy of the company, the potential lack of an alliance strategy and the elements related to changes in the strategic context. Second, the elements related to the length of the alliance creation processes and the problems a long process entails. It is further suggested that the different inefficiency elements may create a situation, where the alliance creation process is –sequentially and successfully– followed to the end, but where the different inefficiencies create a situation where the results are not aligned with the strategic intent. The proposed solution is to monitor and assess the risk for inefficiency elements during the alliance creation process. The learning, which occurs during the alliance creation process as a result of the monitoring, can then lead to realignments in the process. This study proposes a model to mitigate the risk related to the inefficiencies. The model emphasizes creating an understanding of the other alliance partner’s business, creating a shared vision, using pilot cooperation and building trust within the process. An analytical approach to assessing the benefits of trust is also central in this view. The alliance creation approach suggested by this study, which emphasizes trust and pilot cooperation, is further critically reviewed against contracting as a way to create alliances.

Organic Additive-Mediated Synthesis of Novel Cobalt(II) Hydroxides

Electrochemical precipitation of cobalt(II) hydroxide from nitrate solutions containing organic molecules, such as glucose, fructose, lactose, glycerol, and citric acid, yields a new modification of cobalt (II) hydroxide (a = 3.09 +/- 0.03 Angstrom, c = 23.34 +/- 0.36 Angstrom) that is isostructural with cu-nickel hydroxide; precipitation in the absence of organic additives gives the stable, brucite-like, beta-CO (OH)(2). (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.

Growth of rutile TiO2 nanorods on TiO2 seed layer deposited by electron beam evaporation

Dense rutile TiO2 nanorods were grown on anatase TiO2 seed layer coated glass substrate by solution technique. The crystalline nature of nanorods has confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The band gap of the TiO2 seed layer and nanorods were calculated using the UV-vis absorption spectrum and the band gap value of the anatase seed layer and rutile nanorods were 3.39 eV and 3.09 eV respectively. Water contact angle measurements were also made and showed that the contact angle of rutile nanorods was (134 degrees) larger than the seed layer contact angle (93 degrees). The RMS surface roughness of the TiO2 seed layer (0.384 nm) and nanorods film (18.5 nm) were measured by an atomic force microscope and correlated with their contact angle values. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efecto de diferentes niveles de Moringa oleifera en la alimentación de vacas lecheras criollas sobre el consumo, producción y composición de la leche

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca "Santa Rosa" propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, localizada geográficamente a los 12°08'15" latitud Norte y a los 86°09'36" longitud Este, en el departamento de Managua, en los meses de mayo a agosto del 2003, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de diferentes niveles de Moringa oleífera en la ración de vacas lecheras criollas sobre el consumo, producción y composición de la leche. Se utilizaron 6 vacas de la raza Reyna con un peso promedio de 387 ± 48 kg entre la 2 y 3 lactancia, las que fueron pesadas, desparasitadas, vitaminadas y alojadas individualmente. El diseño experimental utilizado fue un Doble Cuadrado Latino 3 x 3. Cada período experimental tuvo una duración de 5 semanas de las cuales las 3 primeras semanas eran de adaptación a los tratamientos y las otras 2 semanas de evaluación y recolección de datos. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: Tl (Heno de Brachiaria brizantha + melaza+ 3 kg MS Moringa oleífera), T2 (Heno de Brachiaria brizantha +melaza+ 2 kg MS Moringa oleífera) y T3 (Heno de Brachiaria brizantha + melaza). Las variables estudiadas fueron: consumo de MS, producción de leche, % de grasa, % de proteína y % de sólidos totales en la leche, así como sus características organolépticas (color, sabor y olor). Se realizó análisis de varianza y comparaciones de medias con la Prueba de Tukey utilizando MINITAB, versión 12.0. Los resultados en el análisis de varianza (P<0,05) mostraron que el mayor consumo y la mayor producción de leche se obtiene con el T1 (6.71 kgMS/vaca/día y 3.09 kg de leche/vaca/día) el que difiere estadísticamente (P< 0.01) del T3 (3.27 kgMS/vaca/día y 1.80 kg de leche/vaca/día) pero no difiere significativamente (P> 0.05) del T2 (5.78 kgMS /vaca/día y 2.83 kg de leche/vaca/día). No se encontró efecto significativo de los tratamientos sobre la composición química de la leche (% de grasa, % de proteína y % de sólidos totales) y sus características organolépticas (olor, sabor, color).

Quimisorción de dióxido de azufre sobre oxido de cromo

Resumen: Se utilizó la técnica experimental desorción térmica programada (TPD) para investigar la interacción de SO2 con Cr2O3 policristalino. Se estudió, además, la adsorción de SO2 sobre la superficie (0001) de Cr2O3 utilizando la teoría del funcional densidad (DFT). Se exploraron diferentes geometrías de adsorción para la molécula de SO2 sobre la superficie α-Cr2O3(0001). Dos configuraciones de adsorción similares resultaron ser las más estables, con energías de quimisorción de -3.09 y -2.79 eV/mol. Estas corresponden a la formación de especies sulfito sobre la superficie. Es importante destacar que estos resultados fueron predichos sólo dentro del marco de DFT+U. Bajo estas condiciones y a pesar de los grandes esfuerzos, no se encontraron especies sulfato estables sobre dicha superficie. El espectro TPD presenta un pico de desorción de Tp ≈ 870 ºC con una velocidad de calentamiento de β ≈ 0.12 ºC/seg. La energía de desorción calculada mediante los análisis propuestos por Redhead y Adams, suponiendo que la velocidad de desorción está dada por la ecuación de Polany-Wigner, es ≈ -3.12 eV. Este valor está de acuerdo con el predicho mediante los cálculos teóricos. Para nuestro conocimiento, éste es el primer estudio teórico de adsorción de SO2 sobre la superficie de Cr2O3(0001).

Efecto de tres leguminosas sobre la cantidad de materia orgánica, aporte de NPK y la incidencia de malezas sobre el crecimiento de la pitahaya

En época de postrera, Agosto 2003 se estableció un ensayo en pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus Britton & Rose) en la finca El Plantel, con el propósito de determinar el efecto de tres leguminosas sobre la cantidad de materia orgánica y aporte de macronutrientes (N P K) en el suelo, incidencia de malezas y crecimiento del cultivo de pitahaya variedad orejona. El diseño utilizado fue un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA) con veintisiete (27) observaciones. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: Vignaradiata (L.) Wilczek, Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp y el manejo tradicional como testigo. En este estudio se pudo constatar que el asocio de leguminosas es ventajoso ya que aumenta los contenidos de materia orgánica y aportando así macronutrientes (N P K), Para medir este aporte se realizaron dos muestreos de suelo uno antes de establecer el ensayo, presentando el testigo las mayores concentración de materia orgánica y nutrientes, no así en el segundo muestreo presentando los mayores aportes las leguminosas Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp, seguido de Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC con 74 480.00, 72 520.00 kg ha-1 respectivamente, Los mayores contenidos en el suelo de N P K se dieron en los tratamientos Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC y Cajanus cajan (L:) Millsp, aumentando la disponibilidad de nutrientes para el cultivo. Respecto a la influencia sobre la dinámica de las malezas el mejor resultado lo presentaron Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC y Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp ya que estas leguminosas produjeron gran cantidad de biomasa con 2,451.8 6 y 2,139.30 kg ha-1 ejerciendo cobertura. Las malas hierbas fueron controladas eficazmente por las leguminosas. Las especies mas predominantes fueron: Cyperus rotundus (L), Sorghum halepense (L.), Melampodium divaricatum (L. Rich. expers) y Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. La combinación de pitahaya con leguminosas favoreció en gran forma a este cultivo ya que aumento el número y la longitud los brotes, los tratamientos Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC y Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp reportan el mayor número de brotes (con 3.09 y 2.79) y longitud (con 8.04 y 7.82). Vigna radiata obtuvo resultados menores, dado que esta presenta un corto ciclo vegetativo. De acuerdo a los costos de establecimiento Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC resulta el más económico debido a que es una leguminosa con amplia cobertura del suelo a costo total de C$ 715.08 ha-1.

Estudio de la factibilidad de aplicación, a escala planta piloto, del catalizador Cr2O3/Al2O3 en la reducción de emisión de SO2 a la atmósfera, proveniente de fuentes fijas : avances 2013

Resumen: Se planificaron las experiencias con el objeto de analizar el comportamiento del catalizador en la columna metálica de mayor diámetro. Se modificaron las masas usadas para verificar la eficiencia de retención respecto de la masa. Se realizaron ciclos de adsorción, desorción y readsorción sobre una misma muestra para determinar variaciones en la eficiencia del catalizador. En otra fase, en colaboración con el Dr. V. A. Ranea y el Dr. E. E. Mola (INIFTA, UNLP), se desarrolló el estudio teórico de la adsorción de moléculas de SO2, CH4, CO2, O2 y CO sobre Cr2O3(0001) mediante Teoría del Funcional Densidad (programa VASP, Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package), y el estudio de la cinética de la reacción entre CH4, SO2 y el O2 junto con la presencia de especies sulfito y sulfato. Este estudio permitió hallar los sitios preferenciales de adsorción de S0 y la posible competencia con SO2 experimentalmente y por cálculos teóricos. Experimentalmente, se observa que la eficiencia de adsorción del catalizador respecto al SO2 es cercana al 100%. Se observa un pico de termodesorción a 1120 K. Luego, se estudió la oxidación de CH4 con SO2. Se observa que hay producción de CO2 desde temperatura inicial, seguida de un aumento significativo en la formación de CO2 hasta 330-340 K. Luego, la producción de CO2 se mantiene aproximadamente constante. Mediante el empleo de la ecuación de Arrhenius y resultados experimentales, se obtuvo la energía de activación de la reacción global, de 7 Kcal/mol. Mediante estudios teóricos, se determinó que la energía de quimisorción del SO2 sobre el Cr2O3 es de -3.09 eV para la configuración más estable, una energía de adsorción de O2 en estado disociativo de -1.567 eV, una energía para CH4 sobre O2 adsorbido previamente de -0.335 eV, y -0.812 eV para la configuración más estable de CO2 sobre el sustrato.

Estudio de la factibilidad de aplicación, a escala planta piloto, del catalizador Cr2O3 soportado en alúmina en la reducción de emisión de SO2 a la atmósfera, proveniente de fuentes fijas : avances 2012

Resumen: Se realizaron las experiencias planificadas con el objeto de analizar el comportamiento del catalizador en la columna metálica, para simular condiciones de planta piloto. Se modificaron las masas de catalizador y se realizaron ciclos de adsorción, desorción y readsorción sucesivos sobre una misma muestra, con lo que se determinaron variaciones en la eficiencia del mismo. En otra fase se desarrolló el estudio teórico de la adsorción de O2 y CO2 sobre el mismo sustrato, y el estudio de la cinética de la reacción entre CH4, SO2 y el O2 por medio del programa VASP (Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package). Se verificó, a través de los datos experimentales y teóricos y en colaboración con el Dr. V. A. Ranea y el Prof. E. E. Mola (INIFTA, UNLP), la presencia de especies sulfito y sulfato sobre la superficie del soporte. Experimentalmente, se observa que la eficiencia de adsorción del catalizador respecto al SO2 es cercana al 100%. Se observa un pico de termodesorción a 1120 K. Luego, se estudió la oxidación de CH4 con SO2. Se observa que hay producción de CO2 desde temperatura inicial, seguida de un aumento en la formación de CO2 hasta 330-340 K. Luego, la producción de CO2 se mantiene aproximadamente constante. Mediante el empleo de la ecuación de Arrhenius y resultados experimentales, se obtuvo la energía de activación de la reacción global, de 7 Kcal/mol. También se observó que el incremento del flujo de SO2 a valores superiores a 200 ml/min no incrementa la cantidad de SO2 retenida en el rango de 923-1023K. Para un incremento de masa de sustrato catalítico de 0,025 a 0,050 g, la masa retenida de SO2 se incrementa un 70,61%. Mediante estudios teóricos, se determinó que la energía de quimisorción del SO2 sobre el Cr2O3 es de -3.09 eV para la configuración más estable.

Análise de metais tóxicos em Sardinella brasiliensis (sardinha) no canal Sernambetiba da Lagoa da Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro/RJ)

Elementos-traço, de fontes naturais ou antropogênicas, são despejados continuamente nos rios, fato que acarreta sérios problemas, devido a sua toxicidade, longa persistência, bioacumulação e biomagnificação na cadeia alimentar. O sistema lagunar Tijuca-Jacarepaguá-Marapendi recebe um enorme aporte de nutrientes e poluentes devido aos impactos antrópicos em seus rios. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar os níveis de cobre, zinco, chumbo e alumínio em músculo e víscera na espécie Sardinella brasiliensis (sardinha), que habita a saída do Canal de Sernambetiba, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Ao total foram analisados 44 indivíduos. O cobre em músculo apresentou uma concentração média de 0,5 0,66 mg/Kg e de 1,3 10,13 mg/Kg em víscera. Os valores de zinco em músculo e víscera foram de 5,2 3,69 mg/Kg e 25,6 48,16 mg/Kg, respectivamente. A concentração de chumbo foi de 2,48 3,09 mg/Kg (músculo) e 25,6 48,16 mg/Kg (víscera), enquanto a concentração de alumínio variou de 1,68 3,67 mg/Kg em músculo e 28,72 26,99 mg/Kg em víscera. Dentre as amostras, 56,8% apresentaram valores acima do limite estabelecido para consumo humano pela legislação brasileira para chumbo. Os elementos-traço apresentaram tendências de acumulação diferentes de acordo com o local (músculo ou víscera). As concentrações dos metais em músculo foram menores do que em vísceras. Os valores encontrados devem servir de alerta para uma contaminação da população de Sardinella brasiliensis que habita a saída do canal de Sernambetiba. Concluiu-se que a concentração de chumbo nos peixes encontrados estão acima dos limites permitidos para o consumo humano, e que a região encontra-se impactada

Exploitation and reproduction of the spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) in the Los Frailes Archipelago, Venezuela

We studied a small artisanal fishery for the spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) off Margarita Island in northeastern Venezuela. We analyzed data from 413 fishing trips directed at A. narinari over a 29-month sampling period (August 2005–December 2007). These trips yielded 55.9 metric tons and 1352 individuals from which a subsample of 846 females and 321 males was used for biological data. Maximum fishing effort and landings occurred between February and May, and catch per unit of effort was highest between December and February and between July and October with an overall average of 3 individuals and 133 kg per trip. The overall sex ratio was significantly different from 1:1 with a predominance of females. Females ranged in size with disc widths (DW) from 64 to 226 cm. Males ranged in size between 97 and 190 cm DW. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female length-weight relationships. Mean fecundity was estimated at 3.09 embryos per female, and the largest embryo measured 44.5 cm DW. Females in different maturity stages were found in all months, except November 2007, the month when all females were immature. Postgravid females occurred mainly during the periods of January–May and July–October. Mean length (L50) at maturity was estimated at 129.2 cm DW for males and 134.9 cm DW for females. This study provides much needed information on the biology and life history of A. narinari for the management of an intensive, directed, small-scale fishery for this little known species in northeastern Venezuela.