A hitelbiztosítékok jogi szabályozása és a gazdasági versenyképesség összefüggései

A hitelbiztosítékok gazdasági hátterének a vizsgálata során elemezni kell a biztosítékok és a hitelezés, illetve a hitelezési piac kapcsolatát, valamint a biztosítékok és a fizetésképtelenségi eljárások viszonyát. A biztosítékok közül a zálogjog kötődik leginkább a tőke- és hitelpiacokhoz. Ezt a viszonyt a tanulmány konkrét történeti példákon keresztül is megvizsgálja. Különösen fontos ebből a szempontból a német jelzálogjogi szabályozás legutóbbi, 2008-as változásainak bemutatása. Ebből a magyar jogalkotó számára is hasznos következtetéseket lehet levonni. A zálogjog mellett a tanulmány bemutatja a kezesség intézményét is. A kezesség hatályos jogi szabályozása több szempontból hiányos, nem felel meg a gazdasági élet igényeinek. A dolgozat ehhez kapcsolódóan javaslatokat is megfogalmaz a jövőbeni jogi szabályozásra vonatkozóan. ----- Abstract: The assessment of the economic background of loan guarantees demands an analysis of the interplay between guarantees and lending and loan market, on one hand and between the guarantees and bankruptcy, on the other hand. Pledges are most connected to capital and loan markets. In this context is specifically important the German law on pledge, including the amendments from 2008. German law offers useful lessons for the Hungarian legislator. Besides the pledge the research presents the institution of suretyship as well. The legal framework on suretyship has many gaps and does not comply with the needs of economy. The paper makes recommendations on future legislation

Naturally acquired antibodies to Plasmodium vivax blood-stage vaccine candidates (PvMSP-1(19) and PvMSP-3 alpha(359-798)) and their relationship with hematological features in malaria patients from the Brazilian Amazon

An important step when designing a vaccine is identifying the antigens that function as targets of naturally acquired antibodies. We investigated specific antibody responses against two Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidates, PvMSP-1(19) and PvMSP-3 alpha(359-798). Moreover, we assessed the relationship between these antibodies and morbidity parameters. PvMSP-1(19) was the most immunogenic antigen and the frequency of responders to this protein tended to increase in P. vivax patients with higher parasitemia. For both antigens, IgG antibody responses tended to be lower in patients who had experienced their first bout of malaria. Furthermore, anemic patients presented higher IgG antibody responses to PvMSP-3 alpha(359-798). Since the humoral response involves a number of antibodies acting simultaneously on different targets, we performed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Anemic patients had, on average, higher first principal component scores (IgG1/IgG2/IgG3/IgG4 anti-MSP3 alpha), which were negatively correlated with hemoglobin levels. Since antibodies against PfMSP-3 have been strongly associated with clinical protection, we cannot exclude the possibility of a dual role of PvMSP-3 specific antibodies in both immunity and pathogenesis of vivax malaria. Our results confirm the high immunogenicity of the conserved C terminus of PvMSP-1 and points to the considerable immunogenicity of polymorphic PvMSP-3 alpha(359-798) during natural infection. (C) 2012 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

(Table 1) Oxygen isotoic composition of interstitial watres from ODP Sites 128-798 and 128-799

Oxygen isotope compositions of the interstitial waters have been measured for 21 samples taken from the depth intervals of 1.5 to 398.9 mbsf at Site 798 (Oki Ridge) and 16.5 to 435.6 mbsf at Site 799 (Kita-Yamato Trough) in Japan Sea. The d18O values decrease with depth from -0.49 to -3.38 per mil (SMOW) at Site 798 and from -0.71 to -4.36 per mil (SMOW) at Site 799 corresponding to an average depletion gradient of -0.8 per mil per 100 m. Material balance calculations reveal that the d18O-variations at Sites 798 and 799 were principally controlled by low-temperature alteration of basement basalt and andesite, resulting in negative shifts in pore water d18O values, and by the polymorphic transformations of biogenic opal-A to opal-CT and opal-CT to microquartz, which tend to increase d18O of interstitial waters. Carbonate diagenesis and ash alteration also caused weakly negative shifts in pore water d18O values.