Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies.

BACKGROUND: Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the tumours or the affected women. METHODS: Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118 964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306 091 without the disease, none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour histology and by oestrogen receptor expression. FINDINGS: Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1·050 (95% CI 1·044-1·057; p<0·0001) for every year younger at menarche, and independently by a smaller amount (1·029, 1·025-1·032; p<0·0001), for every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age 45-54 years 1·43, 1·33-1·52, p<0·001). All three of these associations were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but did not vary materially by women's year of birth, ethnic origin, childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than for ductal tumours (p<0·006 for each comparison). The effect of menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease (p<0·01 for both comparisons). INTERPRETATION: The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours. FUNDING: Cancer Research UK.

Resolución N° 117 del 22 de junio de 2010 ¿Se ejerce control de legalidad sobre las ordenes judiciales sujetas al registro?

Servicios registrales

Les stratégies visant à améliorer l’acceptabilité des voies de contournement dans les petites municipalités du Québec : le cas de quatre municipalités le long de la route 117 dans la région des Laurentides

Cette recherche explore les différentes stratégies mises en place afin de minimiser les impacts négatifs encourus à la suite de la mise en service d'une voie de contournement pour les petites municipalités du Québec. Les stratégies identifiées ont été relevées dans la littérature, dans la documentation municipale ainsi que dans des études de cas, soit par des relevés terrains et des entretiens sur le territoire de quatre (4) municipalités. Les stratégies de planification mises sur pied visent essentiellement la configuration des entrées de villes, la signalisation ainsi que les programmes de revitalisation des noyaux urbains. Il ressort de l'analyse que la bonne acceptation sociale des voies de contournement est liée à la présence de concertation entre les différentes parties prenantes d'un projet tout au long de celui-ci. De plus, le temps écoulé entre les premiers balbutiements du projet et la mise en service d'une voie de contournement doit être d'une durée acceptable afin que des stratégies planifiées concordent avec le contexte économique et culturel dans lequel s'insèrera le projet. La recherche dresse ainsi le portrait des stratégies planifiées pour les municipalités situées le long de la route nationale 117 et ayant des voies de contournement. Plus spécifiquement, l'étude de cas porte sur les municipalités de Mont-Tremblant (secteur de Saint-Jovite), La Conception, Labelle et Rivière-Rouge dans la région des Laurentides.

CARTA DO RESTAURO 1972, MINISTÉRIO DE INSTRUÇÃO PÚBLICA GOVERNO DA ITÁLIA, CIRCULAR Nº 117 DE 6 DE ABRIL DE 1972

Através da circular número 117, de 6 de Abril de 1972, o Ministério da Instrução Pública da Itália divulgou o Documento sobre Restauração de 1972 (Carta do Restauro, 1972) entre os directores e chefes de institutos autónomos, para que se atenham, escrupulosa e obrigatoriamente, em todas as intervenções de restauração em qualquer obra de arte, às normas por ela estabelecidas e às instruções anexas, aqui publicadas na íntegra.

Le livre de messire Lancelot du Lac" : présentation matérielle et composition des manuscrits arthuriens de Jacques d'Armagnac (BNF fr. 117-120 et 113-116)

L'organisation des manuscrits arthuriens du cycle du Graal de Jacques d'Armagnac (BNF fr. 117-120 qu'il a hérité de son arrière-grand-père le duc Jean de Berry et dont il a fait retoucher les peintures et BNF fr. 113-116 qu'il a fait exécuter entre 1470 et 1475), leur agencement, leur illustration et leurs subdivisions sont un indice précieux de la conception et de la réception de ces compilations. Ils soulignent l'effort de constitution d'un ensemble romanesque cohérent centré sur la figure de Lancelot.

Culture and exopolysaccharide production from sugarcane molasses by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans CCT 7137, isolated from contaminated groundwater in Brazil

Gordonia polyisoprenivorans CCT 7137 was isolated from groundwater contaminated with leachate in an old controlled landfill (Sauo Paulo, Brazil), and cultured in GYM medium at different concentrations of sugarcane molasses (2%, 6%, and 10%). The strain growth was analyzed by monitoring the viable cell counts (c.f.u. mL(-1)) and optical density and EPS production was evaluated at the end of the exponential phase and 24 h after it. The analysis of the viable cell counts showed that the medium that most favored bacterial growth was not the one that favored EPS production. The control medium (GYM) was the one that most favored the strain growth, at the maximum specific growth rate of 0.232 h(-1). Differences in bacterial growth when cultured at three different concentrations of molasses were not observed. Production of EPS, in all culture media used, began during the exponential phase and continued during the growth stationary phase. The highest total EPS production, after 24 h of stationary phase, was observed in 6% molasses medium (172.86 g L(-1)) and 10% (139.47 g L(-1)) and the specific total EPS production was higher in 10% molasses medium (39.03 x10(-11)g c.f.u.(-1)). After the exponential phase, in 2%, 6%, and 10% molasses media, a higher percentage of free exopolysaccharides (EPS) was observed, representing 88.4%, 62.4%, and 64.2% of the total, respectively. A different result was observed in pattern medium, which presented EPS made up of higher percentage of capsular EPS (66.4% of the total). This work is the first study on EPS production by G. polyisoprenivorans strain in GYM medium and in medium utilizing sugarcane molasses as the sole nutrient source and suggests its potential use for EPS production by G. polyisoprenivorans CCT 7137 aiming at application in biotechnological processes.