(Table 2) Bottom-hole temperature measurements at DSDP Sites 68-501, 69-504, and 69-505

Drilling durin Deep Sea Drilling Project Legs 68, 69, and 70 on the southern limb of the Costa Rica Rift was used to study geothermal processes in the ocean crust. Two areas were drilled. One was a geothermally hot site on 6.2-m.y.-old crust, where topography is smooth, heat flow is close to that predicted by conductive cooling of the lithosphere (200 mWm**-2), and hydrothermal circulation may be sealed within the crust. The other was on 3.9-m.y.-old crust, where rough topography is associated with low heat flow (15 to 50 mWm**-2) and possible open convection of sea water. At both sites, about 250 m of siliceous-calcareous sediments overlies igneous basement. In the hot area, it blankets the topography, whereas in the cold area, basement outcrops still occur. Operations included numerous down-hole experiments in both areas and hydraulic piston coring of a 230-m sediment section in the hot area. Diagenesis of the sediments appears closely related to temperature. At the hot site, chert was found near basement, and the chemistry of pore fluids, sampled from both sediments and basement, is strongly influenced by reactions within the basement. Strong lateral gradients in the composition of pore fluids occur in the sediments. At the cold site, no chert was found, and bacterial processes within the sediment dominated the chemistry of the pore fluids. Basaltic basement in both areas consists mainly of pillow lavas and thin flows, with occasional more massive units. The basalt is relatively magnesian. The degree of alteration is very small in the cold area, but much more extensive in the hot area. Ease of drilling also shows a strong contrast. Basement penetration reached 562 m in the hot area and was halted because of lack of time; at the cold site, 43 m of basement was cored only with difficulty. The most intensive in-hole experiments were conducted in the hot area. Successful runs with the borehole televiewer allowed basement lithology to be determined and showed the presence of more and less fractured zones. Pulse tests using a single borehole packer gave values of basement permeability of about 2 to 40 millidarcies. Numerous temperature logs established a broadly conductive in situ temperature gradient, with temperatures reaching 120°C at 562 m into the basement. However, anomalously low temperatures in the upper part of the hole, which persisted after drilling disturbance had decayed away, showed that cold ocean water was flowing down the hole and into the basement at about 90 m below the base of the sediments, at rates of about 80 to 100 m/hr. The packer records indicate a pressure at this depth of 10 bars below hydrostatic.

Geochemistry at DSDP Sites 69-505, 69-504 and 70-504

Deep basement penetration during Legs 69 and 70 at Hole 504B in the Panama Basin allowed the recovery of a 561.5-meter sequence of basaltic pillows, thin flows, and breccias interspersed with thick massive flows. The lavas, which are aphyric to moderately plagioclase-olivine-clinopyroxene phyric, are petrologically indistinguishable from typical mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORB). Some units are distinctive in that they carry accessory chrome-spinel microphenocrysts or emerald green clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Major and trace element analyses were carried out on 67 samples using X-ray fluorescence techniques. The basalts resemble normal MORB in terms of major elements. However, the trace element analyses show that most of the basalts are characterized by very strong depletion in the more incompatible elements compared with, for instance, normal (N type) MORB from the Atlantic at 22°N. Interdigitated with these units are one or two units that have distinctly higher incompatible element concentrations similar to those in basalts of the transitional (T) type from the Reykjanes Ridge (63°N in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge). All the basalts appear to have undergone some high-level crystal fractionation, although this has not proceeded to the extent of yielding ferrobasalts as it has at the adjacent Galapagos Spreading Center or along the East Pacific Rise. The magnetic anomalies are of lower amplitude than in the latter two regions, which suggests that the absence of ferrobasalts may be a general feature of the ocean crust generated at the Costa Rica Rift. The presence of two distinct magma types, one strongly depleted and the other moderately enriched in incompatible elements, suggests that magma chambers at the spreading center are discontinuous rather than continuous and that there is some chemical heterogeneity in the underlying mantle source. Observed variations in incompatible element ratios of basalts from the more depleted group could, however, reflect mixing between these two magma types. In general it would appear that the mantle feeding the Costa Rica Rift is significantly more depleted in incompatible trace elements than that feeding the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

长白山北坡灌木阔叶红松林定位动态分析

灌木阔叶红松林做为长白山地区的主要地域性顶极群落，其相对稳定程度一直受到有关人士的关注。笔者通过其固定标准地长期观测资料的分析，探讨其中龄林阶段、近熟林阶段、以及从中龄林演替到近熟林过程中，该类型森林生态系统的动态规律。首先，在中龄林（建群种红松的优势木年龄约为170年）阶段的十年动态规律是：在林冠层中，立木总株数显著增多，其中槭树和椴树株数激增现象尤为明显。枯倒木树种有限（仅四种），且大、中、小径级枯倒木株数比为3:5:15，中、小径级枯倒木多为砸倒木。种群平均胸径除槭树、椴树和榆树出现负增长外，余者均有所增大。立木树冠相对高度变化不明显，红松立木大多仍处于被压冠状态。总生物量由305.40吨/公顷增343.04公顷，其中各种群生物量均有不同程度的增加。十年中，因枯倒木而使其总生物量损失了9.18吨/公顷。群落更新状况不良。十年中更新幼苗幼树的保存率极低，且总株数由4775株/公顷降至3700株/公顷。其中红松更新尤为恶化。群落中灌木和草本植被的生物量，无论是地上部分还是地下部分，均略有增大趋势。在其土壤层中，浅层的发生有机养分富积现象显著。其降水和气温变化状况为：降水和温度的林、内外年变化规律正相关性较强，且林内均低于林外。降水和气温的年代变化规律不明显。其次，在近熟林（建群种红松的优势木年龄约为260年阶段其林冠层九年动态规律为：活立木总株数增加稀少，红松、蒙古栎和榆树的株数均保持相对而言稳定。枯树木树种较多（仅蒙古栎未发生枯倒），且大、中、小径级枯倒木株数之比为8：4：8，其中风倒和病腐枯倒木所占比重较大。各种群平均胸径和平均冠幅均有所增大。红松树冠具有冲破上层阔叶树冠进入林冠层上层的趋势。总蓄积具增大趋势，种群蓄积除白桦外均有所增大。总生物量由342.64吨/公顷增至355.45吨/公顷，其中槭树、椴树和白桦的生物量受枯倒木的影响，出现负增长现象。最后，群落由中龄林演替至近熟林过程中的动态规律是：在林冠层，活立木总株数减少趋势显著，但种群按株数多少排序的结构变化不大。枯倒木的树种有增多趋势，且其平均胸径由25.13厘米升至31.69厘米。种群平均胸径和平均冠幅均有增大趋势。总蓄积量505.34立米米/公顷升至524.00立方米/公顷。总生物量由343.04吨/公顷增至355.45吨/公顷，其平均年增长量有明显的趋势。在演替层，立木种类和株数均有减少趋势，使得结构较简单的演替层更趋于简单化。在该层中，未发现建群种红松的存在。总生物量由2.64吨/公顷降至2.44吨/公顷。在更新层，更新状况由不良趋于恶化。幼苗树总株数由3846株/公顷降至2946株/公顷，其中红松更新株数所占比重趋于减少至零。在灌木层，灌木总株数由6125株/公顷降至5575株/公顷，其中大灌木株数增多，而小灌木株数减少。毛榛子于灌木层中株数所占比重最大，由33%升至42%。总生物量由2.85吨/公顷升至4.85吨/公顷。在草本层中，草本植被的种类，总株数和总盖度均有增多或增大的趋势。总生物量由0.77吨/公顷升至1.04吨/公顷。群落的总生物量由349.28吨/公顷升至363.78吨/公顷。在土壤层中，有机养分在浅层的发生层中富积现象较显著，且其浅层发生层的酸度有减弱至趋于中性的趋势。本文的动态分析不仅为该林型动态数学模型的建立和检验提供了更为可靠的依据，同时对于其经营措施的制定具有一定的科学价值。

Major- and trace-elements at DSDP Legs 68-70 Holes

The basalts recovered from the Costa Rica Rift by drilling at Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 501, 504, and 505 during Legs 68, 69 and 70 of the Glomar Challenger are the most depleted in the most-hygromagmaphile elements (Th, Ta, Nb, and La) of all MORB recovered to date by the Glomar Challenger. The invariant ratios Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf, and Y/Tb show "chondritic values" (expected for Nb/Ta because of the very low concentrations in these elements). Four samples from a single unit are exceptions: they present a flat to slightly enriched, extended Coryell-Masuda plot, and at the same time their La/Ta ratio is 9 (normalized ratio = 1) instead of 19 (normalized ratio = 2), the value for all other samples. Only one of these two values of the La/Ta ratio had been found so far within a single hole, and moreover within large areas of the oceanic crust (several holes or dredges). The present result shows that local heterogeneity of the upper mantle with respect to the La/Ta ratio may exist.

Pacific Neogene carbonate accumulation rates

I have compiled CaCO3 mass accumulation rates (MARs) for the period 0-25 Ma for 144 Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program drill sites in the Pacific in order to investigate the history of CaCO3 burial in the world's largest ocean basin. This is the first synthesis of data since the beginning of the Ocean Drilling Program. Sedimentation rates, CaCO3 contents, and bulk density were estimated for 0.5 Myr time intervals from 0 to 14 Ma and for 1 Myr time intervals from 14 to 25 Ma using mostly data from Initial Reports volumes. There is surprisingly little coherence between CaCO3 MAR time series from different Pacific regions, although regional patterns exist. A transition from high to low CaCO3 MAR from 23-20 Ma is the only event common to the entire Pacific Ocean. This event is found worldwide. The most likely cause of lowered pelagic carbonate burial is a rising sea-level trend in the early Miocene. The central and eastern equatorial Pacific is the only region with adequate drill site coverage to study carbonate compensation depth (CCD) changes in detail for the entire Neogene. The latitude-dependent decrease in CaCO3 production away from the equator is an important defining factor of the regional CCD, which shallows away from the equatorial region. Examination of latitudinal transects across the equatorial region is a useful way to separate the effects of changes in carbonate production ('productivity') from changes in bottom water chemistry ('dissolution') upon carbonate burial.