HIV incidence estimates and HIV/AIDS concurrent diagnosis in Houston/Harris County

The purpose of this dissertation was to estimate HIV incidence among the individuals who had HIV tests performed at the Houston Department of Health and Human Services (HDHHS) public health laboratory, and to examine the prevalence of HIV and AIDS concurrent diagnoses among HIV cases reported between 2000 and 2007 in Houston/Harris County. ^ The first study in this dissertation estimated the cumulative HIV incidence among the individuals testing at Houston public health laboratory using Serologic Testing Algorithms for Recent HIV Seroconversion (STARHS) during the two year study period (June 1, 2005 to May 31, 2007). The HIV incidence was estimated using two independently developed statistical imputation methods, one developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the other developed by HDHHS. Among the 54,394 persons who tested for HIV during the study period, 942 tested HIV positive (positivity rate=1.7%). Of these HIV positives, 448 (48%) were newly reported to the Houston HIV/AIDS Reporting System (HARS) and 417 of these 448 blood specimens (93%) were available for STARHS testing. The STARHS results showed 139 (33%) out of the 417 specimens were newly infected with HIV. Using both the CDC and HDHHS methods, the estimated cumulative HIV incidences over the two-year study period were similar: 862 per 100,000 persons (95% CI: 655-1,070) by CDC method, and 925 per 100,000 persons (95% CI: 908-943) by HDHHS method. Consistent with the national finding, this study found African Americans, and men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for most of the new HIV infections among the individuals testing at Houston public health laboratory. Using CDC statistical method, this study also found the highest cumulative HIV incidence (2,176 per 100,000 persons [95%CI: 1,536-2,798]) was among those who tested in the HIV counseling and testing sites, compared to the sexually transmitted disease clinics (1,242 per 100,000 persons [95%CI: 871-1,608]) and city health clinics (215 per 100,000 persons [95%CI: 80-353]. This finding suggested the HIV counseling and testing sites in Houston were successful in reaching high risk populations and testing them early for HIV. In addition, older age groups had higher cumulative HIV incidence, but accounted for smaller proportions of new HIV infections. The incidence in the 30-39 age group (994 per 100,000 persons [95%CI: 625-1,363]) was 1.5 times the incidence in 13-29 age group (645 per 100,000 persons [95%CI: 447-840]); the incidences in 40-49 age group (1,371 per 100,000 persons [95%CI: 765-1,977]) and 50 or above age groups (1,369 per 100,000 persons [95%CI: 318-2,415]) were 2.1 times compared to the youngest 13-29 age group. The increased HIV incidence in older age groups suggested that persons 40 or above were still at risk to contract HIV infections. HIV prevention programs should encourage more people who are age 40 and above to test for HIV. ^ The second study investigated concurrent diagnoses of HIV and AIDS in Houston. Concurrent HIV/AIDS diagnosis is defined as AIDS diagnosis within three months of HIV diagnosis. This study found about one-third of the HIV cases were diagnosed with HIV and AIDS concurrently (within three months) in Houston/Harris County. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, this study found being male, Hispanic, older, and diagnosed in the private sector of care were positively associated with concurrent HIV and AIDS diagnoses. By contrast, men who had sex with men and also used injection drugs (MSM/IDU) were 0.64 times (95% CI: 0.44-0.93) less likely to have concurrent HIV and AIDS diagnoses. A sensitivity analysis comparing difference durations of elapsed time for concurrent HIV and AIDS diagnosis definitions (1-month, 3-month, and 12-month cut-offs) affected the effect size of the odds ratios, but not the direction. ^ The results of these two studies, one describing characteristics of the individuals who were newly infected with HIV, and the other study describing persons who were diagnosed with HIV and AIDS concurrently, can be used as a reference for HIV prevention program planning in Houston/Harris County. ^

Onsight wastewater treatment and disposal systems : design manual /

"October 1980."

Physical oceanography during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-V/3

The work carried out by the physical oceanography group on POLARSTERN Leg ANT-V/3 concentrated on four major topics: A. A large scale survey of the eastern boundary between the Weddell gyre and the open ocean. On the way to the coastal polynya in early October 12 CTD stations were carried out between 54°30'S, 6°E and 70°30'S 8°W. Another set of 16 stations was obtained in early December on the way back north. During this transsect three current meter moorings were recovered at Maud Rise. The path between the current meter arrays was used to run an additional section to the NNE across the top of Maud Rise. B. A large scale survey of the Antarctic Coastal Current along the eastern shelf area. To obtain the water mass characteristics along the eastern Weddell shelf 36 CTD stations were carried out between Atka Bay and the Filchner Trench. Most of the stations were located on the shelf. Cross shelf sections were obtained both near Drescher Inlet and off Halley Bay, in the divergence area of the Coastal Current where the continental slope turns to the west and south of Vestkapp at Neptune's Point. A longshore section over 120 km was run north of Vestkapp. C. A mesoscale survey of the Antarctic Coastal Current off Drescher Inlet. The experimental work consisted of 37 CTD-stations and direct current measurements. The CTD-profiles were grouped into seven sections perpendicular to the coast line off Drescher Inlet extending once over 70 km but normally over 35 km. The profile depth ranged from 300 m on one section to the complete water column at two sections. Most sections consist of five stations providing highest resolution over the upper continental slope with offshore increasing spacing. The stations were chosen to represent the shelf (450 m), the shelf break (800 m), the upper slope (1600 m), the lower slope (2400 m) and the transition to the abyssal plain (3400 m). Rough topography and difficult ice conditions made it impossible to meet those requirements in all cases. D. A small scale survey of the hydrographic conditions under the sea ice. The motivation for these studies arose during the cruise. Consequently a suitable Instrumentation had to be developed at sea. This was done with a NB-Smart CTD which was inserted on an L-shaped lever through a hole in the ice. However, various water intrusions into the instrument resulted in the failure of this technique. In consequence a special lever system was built to position a NB Mark 3b weighing about 40 kg below the ice. Twenty four profiles were obtained reaching from the bottom of the ice down to 2 m below the ice surface with a maximum distance of 1 m from the entry hole. As the conductivity sensor was influenced by nearby ice platelets, salinity samples where drawn to check the sensor.

Strategic Alert Throttling for Intrusion Detection Systems

Network intrusion detection systems are themselves becoming targets of attackers. Alert flood attacks may be used to conceal malicious activity by hiding it among a deluge of false alerts sent by the attacker. Although these types of attacks are very hard to stop completely, our aim is to present techniques that improve alert throughput and capacity to such an extent that the resources required to successfully mount the attack become prohibitive. The key idea presented is to combine a token bucket filter with a realtime correlation algorithm. The proposed algorithm throttles alert output from the IDS when an attack is detected. The attack graph used in the correlation algorithm is used to make sure that alerts crucial to forming strategies are not discarded by throttling.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 625 - Unterlagen zu den Vorlesungen "Einführung der Philosophie", "Geschichte des Materialismus" und "Society and Value" (p. VIII 42a-VIII 43,1-2)

"Einführung in die Philosophie", Vorlesung, Wintersemester 1956/57, 1 Heft mit eigenhändigen Notizen, 16 Blatt, davon 4 leer, mit 1 zusätzlichem Blatt; "Geschichte des Materialismus (ausgewählte Kapitel)" (GS 13, S. 397-451), Vorlesung, Sommersemester 1957, 1. Max Horkheimer, eigene Notizen, 1 Heft ohne Einband, 16 Blatt und 3 zusätzliche Blätter, 2. Hilmar Tillack: Ausgearbeitete Nachschrift der Vorlesung Max Horkheimers, Typoskript, 46 Blatt; "Society and Value", Vorlesung Chicago 1957, Heft 1: eigene Notizen, 60 Blatt, davon 13 leer, und zusätzliche 6 Blätter; Heft 2: eigene Notizen, 45 Blatt, davon 30 leer, und zusätzlich 8 Blatt; darin auch enthält: Begriff der Seele seit Leibniz", Vorlesung, Sommersemester 1958;