Caring for patients with limb amputation

This article provides an overview of the care of patients undergoing limb amputation. Absence of a limb can be congenital or the result of trauma or complications of chronic diseases. While the economic burden of limb amputation is significant, nurses have an important role in limiting other losses attributable to limb loss, such as long-term disability leading to loss of employment and delayed return to work or school. Comprehensive nursing assessments and appropriate interventions, pre and post-operatively, as well as early discharge planning and community reintegration can help avoid some of these losses. Nurses should be aware of the resources available in communities and work in multidisciplinary teams to ensure optimal outcomes for patients following limb amputation and their families.

Caracterización del manejo zootécnico del cerdo criollo (Sus scrofa domesticus) en el área rural del municipio de Río Blanco, Matagalpa, 2013

El cerdo fue introducido a Nicaragua en el año 1493, durante el segundo viaje que Cristóbal Colón realizara a América durante la colonización española. La crianza de cerdo de traspatio en el país juega un rol importante en la economía de las familias rural es, siendo característica la presencia de animales criollos. Estos animales representan un recurso adaptado a condiciones adversas de crianza. El presente trabajo se realizó en el municipio de Río Blanco departamento de Matagalpa, con el objetivo de caracterizar el manejo zootécnico del cerdo criollo. Para recabar la información se diseñó un instrumento con preguntas abiertas y cerradas (encuesta) que incluyó los componentes: socioeconómico, alimentación, salud, genética , producción y reproducción, mediante un sondeo previo. Se realizaron entrevistas al nivel de tod o el sector rural del municipio, utilizando el criterio de selección de la cría de al menos 3 cerdos, las comunidades incluidas fueron un total de 20 con un total de 68 productores y se registrar con 548 cerdos. Del total de productores el 52.94% de encuestados eran mujeres y el 47.05% eran hombres, con un promedio de edad de 43.73 años; según el estudio, el papel de la mujer en la actividad de crianza de cerdos criollos en la zona rural es impactante, pues alcanza el 98% como principal ocupación. En lo que respecta a la alimentación de los cerdos en el municipio , esta tiene como base granos básicos, tubérculos y musáceas, además de los desperdicios de cocina. La base genética de los cerdos en el municipio está constituida principalmente por grupos raciales de animales criollos con características diversas en cuanto a su exterior. Según los productores en el último año se registró un 39. 71% de muertes, mientras que el 60. 29 afirmó lo contrario, el 34. 37% de muertes ocurre por trastornos de la salud, un 34 . 37% por causas desconocidas, un 21. 87% por plastamientos y un 9. 37% por diarrea. Las categorías de cerdos lactantes y en desarrollo son las más propensas a trastornos de la salud con un 56% cada un a, la categoría de cerdos en crecimiento con un 32%, cerdas adultas y engorde con 24% y cerdos adultos con 16%. En las cerdas reproductoras se estimó según la información brindada, que incorporan a la cerda hacia los 6.51 meses, obteniendo un promedio de 1. 87 partos por año, con una prolificidad de 8.11 cerditos por camada con una viabilidad del 88.26% que equivale a 7. 16 cerditos por camada al destete. De manera general, se observó que para mejorar la producción de cerdos en la zona, no es necesario reemplazar totalmente a los cerdos criollos por razas mejoradas, sino que hay que mejorar las condiciones de crianza y manejo que hasta el momento se les ofrece

Evaluación de insecticidas biológicos, botánicos y químicos para el control de Phyllophaga spp en el cultivo de repollo (Brassica oleracea L), Miraflor, Estelí, Nicaragua

El experimento se llevo a cabo del 26 de septiembre del 2002 al 08 de febrero del 2003,en la localidad de Miraflor, Estelí, con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad de las alternativas biológicas, botánicas y químicas y contribuir al conocimiento y manejo de Phyllophaga spp, en el cultivo de repollo (Brassica o leracea vr. Capitata) en época de postrera. El ensayo consistió en un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA), en el cual se evaluaron cinco tratamientos (T1 testigo sin control, T2 torta de nim, T3 Ajo mas chile, T4 control químico Terbufos y T5 con Beauveria bassiana cepa 114 y Metharrizium anisopliae cepa belice) con cuatro repeticiones cada uno, con un total de 20 repeticiones en toda la unidad experimental. Las variables valuadas fueron ;Numero de larvas por tratamiento, Numero de cabezas formadas por tratamiento, Porcentaje de formación de cabezas por tratamiento y Relación Beneficio-Costo.Para el muestreo en la variable de Numero de larvas por tratamiento se realizo con el umbral sugerido por Peair (1980), que consiste en una larva por cada metro lineal, el cual se realizaba en cinco puntos al azar en cada repetición por tratamiento, seguido se realizaban la sumatoria para conocer los promedios de larvas por tratamiento. Se realizo la identificación de la especies presente en la zona y época del estudio,utilizando la clave sugerida por King (1984) encontrando Phyllophaga obsoleta una especie de ciclo anual. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las menores poblaciones de larvas de Phyllophaga obsoleta se presentaron el tratamiento químico con (6.36) y control biológico con hongos con (6.51) larvas por metro lineal y el de mayor promedio el testigo sin control con (16.20). se presentaron diferencias significativas entre numero de larvas por tratamiento y las fechas de mu estreo durante las primeras 5 semanas (35 ddt), apartir de la quinta semana la plaga presenta la misma tendencia poblaciones, esto de deba posiblemente a la biología de la plaga la cual disminuye la intensidad de alimentación. En el numero de cabezas formadas y en el porcentaje de formación de repollo no se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos esto se deba posiblemente por haber manejado agronómicamente de manera similar todas las unidades experimentales, lo que no favoreció a ninguno de los tratamiento, llegara a ocasionar que el repollo desarrollara de manera diferente con respecto uno del otro. En la variable de rendimiento de peso en kilogramos hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamiento obteniendo el mayor peso el testigo sin control con 2.28 kg-cabezas y el de menor peso el de torta de nim con 1.6 kg...de acuerdo al análisis económico los mayores beneficios obtenidos es el testigo absoluto con 1.60 córdoba por cada córdoba invertido, seguido del control biológico con hongos con 0.90 centavos de córdoba. Con los resultados obtenidos se puede decir que la producción de repollo bajo sistemas de manejo integrado de plagas (MIP),para el control de Phyllophaga spp, es rentable, cuando las alternativas de mercado(precio) para la compra y venta del repollo son favorables para el productor

大射电望远镜馈源支撑系统索拖动响应分析

根据500m口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)设计方案,基于系统动力学建模方法,建立了馈源支撑系统的机械模型。采用此模型进行了拖动状况下系统的动力响应分析,研究了不同拖动速度及阻尼索各种阻尼取值下馈源的动力响应。同时对拖动扰动及风载荷的对系统响应的影响情况进行了对比分析,研究结果可为此项目最终方案的选择提供参考

Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em adolescentes das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil, 1996-1997

A questão nutricional tem sido objeto de interesse da saúde pública, não só em nosso país, como também em outros, independentemente dos diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento. O sobrepeso e a obesidade são considerados agravos nutricionais importantes, cuja frequência vem aumentando entre adolescentes, acarretando consequências negativas, imediatas ou futuras, para a saúde. Este estudo pretende descrever a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em adolescentes, segundo o sexo, nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil, e investigar a sua reação com fatores socioeconômicos e com a prática de atividade física. A investigação tem como base os dados da Pesquisa sobre Padrões de Vida (PPV) do IBGE, realizada entre março de 1995 e março de 1997, nas duas regiões. Dadas as peculiaridades de crescimento e desenvolvimento durante essa fase da vida, somados a ausência de dados sobre maturação sexual, optou-se por incluir os dados de adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos de idade. A amostra contou com os dados de 1027 adolescentes da Região Nordeste e 854 da Região Sudeste com amplo predomínio numérico nas áreas urbanas em ambas regiões.O termo sobrepeso/obesidade foi utilizada para caracterizar os adolescentes que se encontravam com valores de índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) iguais ou acima do percentil 85, de acordo com o sexo e a idade, da distribuição de IMC da população norte americana (WHO, 1995). A análise estatística considerou os fatores de expansão e o desenho da amostra. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade foi de 8,45% IC 95% 6,51-10,90) na Região Nordeste, contra 11,53% (IC 95% 8,90- 14,81) na Região Sudeste. No Nordeste, observou-se maior risco de sobrepeso/obesidade para adolescentes do sexo feminino (razão de prevalência: RP meninas/meninos=3,00; IC 95% 1,73-5,22), situação que se manteve entre os residentes da área urbana (RPr3,21; IC 95% 1,72-5,99) e os da área rural (RP=2,27; IC 95% 0,68-7,60). Na Região Sudeste, o risco de sobrepeso/obesidade foi maior entre os meninos (RP meninas/meninos=0,58; IC 95% 0,37-0,92). Ao se estratificarem os dados por situação de moradia, os residentes da área urbana desta região mantiveram essa diminuição entre meninas (RPO,51; IC 95% 0,31-0,85), porém na área rural houve aumento de risco entre as meninas (RP=1 86; IC 95% 0,83-4,16). A renda per capita domiciliar mensal só associou ao risco de sobrepeso/obesidade, em ambas as regiões, apenas entre as meninos de maior renda per capita domiciliar mensal, quando comparados aos de renda inferior (Região Nordeste: OR bruto=9,64; IC 95% 3,17-29,35 e CR ajustado=10,13; IC 95% 2,83-36,27 e, na Região Sudeste: OR bruto13; IC 95% 1,50-17,48 e OR ajustado=8,70; IC 95% 1,17-32,34). Embora tenha sido observada grande frequência de sedentarismo entre as meninas, a realização de atividade física não se associou a prevalência do sobrepeso/obesidade em nenhuma das regiões estudadas. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de medidas do controle dessas condições, visando a prevenção de doenças crônicas, bem como da condução de estudos que aprofundem as questões associadas ao risco de sobrepeso/obesidade entre os adolescentes de diferentes regiões do país.

大模场面积光纤激光器拉锥法模式选择

大模场面积(LMA)光纤激光器的光束质量通常比单模光纤激光器的光束质量差。采用光纤拉锥的方法进行模式选择,从而提高大模场直径光纤激光器的光束质量。拉锥区距光纤激光器的输出端约5 mm,纤芯最小为9 μm,约为未拉锥部分纤芯直径26 μm的1/3。实验研究表明,在拉锥后,光纤激光器的光束质量因子M2由3.50减小为1.81,相应的斜率效率由63.6%减小为51.1%。虽然拉锥后最大输出功率减少了约19.8%,但其亮度增大为拉锥前的3倍。

Quantifying the limits of HANPP and carbon emissions which prolong total species well-being

Anthropogenic climate and land-use change are leading to irreversible losses of global biodiversity, upon which ecosystem functioning depends. Since total species' well-being depends on ecosystem goods and services, man must determine how much net primary productivity (NPP) may be appropriated and carbon emitted so as to not adversely impact this and future generations. In 2005, man ought to have only appropriated 9.72 Pg C of NPP, representing a factor 2.50, or 59.93%, reduction in human-appropriated NPP in that year. Concurrently, the carbon cycle would have been balanced with a factor 1.26, or 20.84%, reduction from 7.60 Gt C/year to 5.70 Gt C/year, representing a return to the 1986 levels. This limit is in keeping with the category III stabilization scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change. Projecting population growth to 2030 and its associated basic food requirements, the maximum HANPP remains at 9.74 ± 0.02 Pg C/year. This time-invariant HANPP may only provide for the current global population of 6.51 billion equitably at the current average consumption of 1.49 t C per capita, calling into question the sustainability of developing countries striving for high-consuming country levels of 5.85 t C per capita and its impacts on equitable resource distribution. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009.

西藏米拉卡黑白仰鼻猴的栖息地变化

黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bietz)分布在我国金沙汀和澜沧江之间的横断山脉的一个狭小区域内(26°14'N-29°20'N,99°15'E-99°37'E),海拔分布范围2600(南部)-4200m(北部);目前大约有15群,约1700只.本文所研究的西藏米拉卡猴群分布在我国西藏藏族自治区芒康县的南部,数量约50只.基于野外调查和过去的报道,此地的暗针叶林和针阔叶混交林是猴群的适宜栖息地,而由于人口数量增加所导致的夏季牧场和农田面积不断扩增正在逐渐侵蚀着这里的暗针叶林.为了评估该猴群的柄息地现状、变化趋势和变化原因,我们通过野外调查工作,利用GIS和RS技术,分别解译了当地过去5年(1986-2006年)冬季的Landsat TM卫星影像,并对解译结果进行了分析和计算,得到了该猴群栖息地的主要结果有:1)2006年暗针叶林面积是13600hm2,夏季牧场面积是4900hm2,农田面积是3300hm2;2)在过去20年(1986-2006年),暗针叶林面积减少了15.5%(2500hm2),牧场面积增加了58.1%(1 800hm2),农田面积增加了17.8%(500hm2);3)暗针叶林的斑块数量增加了75.6%,平均斑块面积下降了51.8%(从1986年的15.3hm2到2006年的7.4hm2),最大斑块指数下降了54.7%;景观丰富度并没有变化,但Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数分别增加了4.0%;4)暗针叶林面积变化与当地的人口数量呈显著负相关(r=-1.000),而夏季牧场和农田面积分别和当地人口呈显著正相关(r=1.000).表明黑白仰鼻猴米拉卡猴群栖息地的丧失和破碎化程度较为严重;栖息地丧失和破碎化是当地传统生产方式和人口增长共同作用的结果.

Organoleptic and microbiological quality changes of catla (Catla catla) in immediate and delayed ice storage and at ambient temperature

An investigation was carried out on the quality changes of Catla (Catla calla) stored immediately (0 h) in ice, after 6 hours in ice and at ambient temperature. The samples were examined for organoleptic and microbiological parameters in summer. Organoleptically, the acceptability of fish varied between 16-20 days in both the iced storage conditions and 12-13.5 hours at ambient temperature (28°C). When fish were organoleptically just acceptable on the 16th day of storage, bacterial load were 6.23 and 6.17 log10 cfu/g, respectively for 0 hour and after 6 hours iced fish. But on the 20th day of storage, when fish were just unacceptable SPC were 6.51 and 6.62 log10 cfu/g. In case of ambient temperature storage condition standard plate count was 8.36 log10 cfu/g on 13.5 hours, when fish were organoleptically just unacceptable. At the time of rejection for fish stored in ice (0 hour and after 6 hours) on 20th day, gram negative and gram positive values were 55.45%, 44.55% and 44.52%, 55.48% respectively. While fish were rejected after 13.5 hours at ambient temperature gram negative and gram positive bacteria were found as 43.02% and 56.98%. The differences in SPC, gram positive and gram negative bacteria between the storage times were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Identification and measurement of fatty acids, amino acids in roe of tuna fish (Thunnus tonggol) and its TVB and peroxide value during cold storage

The first aim of this research was to identify fatty acids, amino acids composition of Thunnus tonggol roe and their changes during cold storage (-18'C). The second aim was to determine the changes of moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of the roe during one year cold storage (-18'C). 60 samples of longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) ovaries were randomly collected form Bandar-e-Abbas landings. The samples were frozen at-30'C and kept in cold store at -18'C for one year. According to a time table, the samples were examined for identification of fatty acids, amino acids, moisture, protein, fat, ash, peroxide and T.V.N. and their changes were evaluated during this time. The results showed that 26 fatty acids were identified. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were 62.33 and 37.6%, respectively, in fresh roe. So that, DHA (C22:6) and oleic acid (C18:1) had high amounts (24.79 and 21.88%) among the UFA and palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most content (22.75%) among the SFA. The PUFA/SFA was 0.91. Also, 17 amino acids were identified that essential amino acids (EAA) and nonessential amino acids (NE) were 10478 and 7562 mg/100g, respectively, and E/NE was 1.38. Among the EAA and NE, lysine (2110mg/100g) and aspartic acid (1924 mg/100g) were the most contents. Also, results showed that moisture, ash, protein and fat contents were 72.74, 1.8, 19.88 and 4.53%, respectively, in fresh roe. The effects of freezing and cold storage on the roes showed that UFA and SFA contents have reached to 49.83 and 48.07%, respectively, at the end of cold storage. It indicated that these compounds change to each other during frozen storage. Also, n-3 and n-6 series of fatty acids were 32.75 and 1.61% in fresh roe. But their contents decreased to 22.96 and 1.25% at the end of period. Among the fatty acids, 22:6 and C16:0 had the most changes. The changes of fatty acids were significantly at 95% level except for C15:1, C18:3(n-3) and C20:4(n-6). All of the amino acids decreased in frozen storage and their changes were significantly (P<0.05). EAA was 7818 mg/100g and E/NE was 1.27 at the end of storage period. Among the amino acids, leucine and lysine had the most changes. Moisture, ash, protein and fat contents were 70.13, 1.82, 19.4 and 6.51%, respectively, at the end of storage period. The peroxide value and T.V.N. increased during storage. So that, their contents have reached to 5.86 mg/kg and 26.37 mg/100 g, respectively, at the end of frozen storage. The best shelf life of Thunnus tonggol roe was 6 or 7 months, because of lipid oxidation and increasing of peroxide.

苯丙胺对铜绿微囊藻的生物效应研究

研究了不同浓度苯丙胺在不同条件下对铜绿微囊藻的生长及毒性效应。结果表明 ,低浓度苯丙胺在弱碱性条件下促进铜绿微囊藻的生长 ;高浓度的苯丙胺则抑制其生长。苯丙胺对铜绿微囊藻 2 4、48、72、96h的EC50 值分别为 2 4 .52、1 6 .51、1 0 .76、9.60mg/L ,且其毒性随时间的延长而增加

Potential of a cyclone prototype spacer to improve in vitro dry powder delivery.

PURPOSE: Low inspiratory force in patients with lung disease is associated with poor deagglomeration and high throat deposition when using dry powder inhalers (DPIs). The potential of two reverse flow cyclone prototypes as spacers for commercial carrier-based DPIs was investigated. METHODS: Cyclohaler®, Accuhaler® and Easyhaler® were tested with and without the spacers between 30 and 60 Lmin−1. Deposition of particles in the next generation impactor and within the devices was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Reduced induction port deposition of the emitted particles from the cyclones was observed due to the high retention of the drug within the spacers (e.g. salbutamol sulphate (SS): 67.89 ± 6.51% at 30 Lmin−1 in Cheng 1). Fine particle fractions of aerosol as emitted from the cyclones were substantially higher than the DPIs alone. Moreover, the aerodynamic diameters of particles emitted from the cyclones were halved compared to the DPIs alone (e.g. SS from the Cyclohaler® at 4 kPa: 1.08 ± 0.05 μm vs. 3.00 ± 0.12 μm, with and without Cheng 2, respectively) and unaltered with increased flow rates. CONCLUSION: This work has shown the potential of employing a cyclone spacer for commercial carrier-based DPIs to improve inhaled drug delivery.

陕北安塞退耕地持久土壤种子库与地上植被的对应关系

通过研究陕北安塞退耕3～31 a 的阴阳坡10 个样地的持久土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系,分析持 久土壤种子库在植被恢复中的作用。结果表明:调查样地持久土壤种子库由15 个科36 个物种组成,种子密度在 1 908～12 617粒/ m2 之间,1 年生物种占80 % ,随着退耕演替的进行,种子库中1 年生物种比例呈下降趋势,多年生 物种比例呈上升趋势,地带性物种在持久种子库中的比例也随退耕时间的延长而增加,物种数和种子库密度均随 退耕演替先增大后降低;持久土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性较低,Serensen 相似性系数为0121～0142 ;通过对适 宜物种的确限度及土壤种子库大小的分析,认为该区退耕地的持久土壤种子库具有一定的植被恢复潜力。

含二茂铁聚苯胺德合成及电－磁性能研究

本论文将二茂铁基团引入聚苯胺链，合成导电或导磁聚苯胺。取得的主要结果如下： 1、合成了抗磁性的二茂铁单磺酸并用于掺杂聚苯胺，掺杂态聚苯胺的电导率可达2.34´10-1 S/cm，二茂铁单磺酸氧化后掺杂聚苯胺的电子顺磁共振(EPR)上出现了g» 4的新信号。二茂铁单磺酸被FeCl3氧化后，随氧化程度的增加，室温电导率下降1-2个数量级，但材料的磁化率增加，表现出宏观反铁磁性。用I2氧化二茂铁单磺酸掺杂的聚苯胺，其电导率为4.50´10-2 S/cm，在低温下具有铁磁性耦合，外斯温度为15 K。 2、合成了两种草酸根桥联的双金属阴离子与导电聚苯胺的杂化材料。杂化材料同时具有反铁磁性和导电性，外斯温度分别为-19.16 K和-22.10 K，电导率分别为4.8×10-3S/cm和1.2×10-5S/cm。 3、合成了聚邻、间位二茂铁苯胺。可溶的聚邻二茂铁苯胺显示铁磁性，外斯温度为25 K，饱和磁强度为6.89 emu/g。与碘或四氰基对苯醌二甲烷（TCNQ）反应所得配合物的外斯温度分别提高到50 K和104 K，饱和磁强度分别为6.51 emu/g 和4.36 emu/g，在低温下观察到了反铁磁性耦合。难溶的聚间二茂铁苯胺显示宏观抗磁性。 关键词：二茂铁单磺酸，导电导磁性聚苯胺，聚邻二茂铁苯胺，铁磁性耦合