变粘度柱状地幔上涌流对称轴上的温度、速度和粘度分布

本文对地幔粘度随温度和压力变化的牛顿流体,求得了控制上涌流动的流体力学方程组在对称轴处的渐近解。从而得到了对称轴上温度、上涌速度和粘度随深度的变化。计算结果对二组有代表性的地幔流变参数给出。结果表明,对称轴上的温度分布几乎与流变参数无关,而上涌速度则强烈依赖流变参数。

Black Holes, Cosmological Solutions, Future Singularities, and Their Thermodynamical Properties in Modified Gravity Theorie

54 p.

Application of Entropy and Fractal Dimension Analyses to the Pattern Recognition of Contaminated Fish Responses in Aquaculture

The objective of the work was to develop a non-invasive methodology for image acquisition, processing and nonlinear trajectory analysis of the collective fish response to a stochastic event. Object detection and motion estimation were performed by an optical flow algorithm in order to detect moving fish and simultaneously eliminate background, noise and artifacts. The Entropy and the Fractal Dimension (FD) of the trajectory followed by the centroids of the groups of fish were calculated using Shannon and permutation Entropy and the Katz, Higuchi and Katz-Castiglioni's FD algorithms respectively. The methodology was tested on three case groups of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), two of which were similar (C1 control and C2 tagged fish) and very different from the third (C3, tagged fish submerged in methylmercury contaminated water). The results indicate that Shannon entropy and Katz-Castiglioni were the most sensitive algorithms and proved to be promising tools for the non-invasive identification and quantification of differences in fish responses. In conclusion, we believe that this methodology has the potential to be embedded in online/real time architecture for contaminant monitoring programs in the aquaculture industry.

多层介质膜光栅和介质膜反射镜抗激光损伤阈值研究

对多层介质膜光栅以及介质膜反射镜的激光损伤阈值进行了系统的研究。测试方法采用国际测试标准。测试结果表明，介质光栅的损伤阈值远低于未刻蚀的多层介质膜。对样品损伤形貌的扫描电镜照片分析发现，相比于未刻蚀的多层介质膜，介质膜光栅的初始损伤主要发生在光栅槽形的侧壁，且损伤主要是由驻波场的空间分布引起的本征吸收、制备过程中引入的杂质污染以及刻蚀过程中HfO2的化学计量机失衡引起的。

Photosynthetic responses of trees in high-elevation forests: comparing evergreen species along an elevation gradient in the Central Andes

Plant growth at extremely high elevations is constrained by high daily thermal amplitude, strong solar radiation and water scarcity. These conditions are particularly harsh in the tropics, where the highest elevation treelines occur. In this environment, the maintenance of a positive carbon balance involves protecting the photosynthetic apparatus and taking advantage of any climatically favourable periods. To characterize photoprotective mechanisms at such high elevations, and particularly to address the question of whether these mechanisms are the same as those previously described in woody plants along extratropical treelines, we have studied photosynthetic responses in Polylepis tarapacana Philippi in the central Andes (18 degrees S) along an elevational gradient from 4300 to 4900 m. For comparative purposes, this gradient has been complemented with a lower elevation site (3700 m) where another Polylepis species (P. rugulosa Bitter) occurs. During the daily cycle, two periods of photosynthetic activity were observed: one during the morning when, despite low temperatures, assimilation was high; and the second starting at noon when the stomata closed because of a rise in the vapour pressure deficit and thermal dissipation is prevalent over photosynthesis. From dawn to noon there was a decrease in the content of antenna pigments (chlorophyll b and neoxanthin), together with an increase in the content of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids. These results could be caused by a reduction in the antenna size along with an increase in photoprotection. Additionally, photoprotection was enhanced by a partial overnight retention of de-epoxized xanthophylls. The unique combination of all of these mechanisms made possible the efficient use of the favourable conditions during the morning while still providing enough protection for the rest of the day. This strategy differs completely from that of extratropical mountain trees, which uncouple light-harvesting and energy-use during long periods of unfavourable, winter conditions.

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)现状及其保护对策研究

滇金丝猴生活在海拔3800-4300m的原始冷杉林中, 但有时也会在4300-4700m的低矮灌丛、草甸和流石滩上活动达数小时之久, 甚至能跨越近千米的无林高海拔地带。松萝是它们的主要食物, 取食松萝的时间占总取食时间的91%。猴群活动范围可达近百平方公里。笔者在历时8年的野外考察中, 已查明这一物种的全部现存自然种群只有13个, 分布在云南的德钦、兰坪、潍西、丽江和西藏的芒康这五县境内, 其现存种群数量为1000-1500只; 所有现存自然种群几乎均处在相互隔离的状态, 群间已不可能进行基因交流, 充分表明它们已到达灭绝边缘。

武汉东湖浮游植物群落结构的时空变化与环境因子的关系

研究了武汉东湖浮游植物群落结构的时空变化。东湖3个采样点的TN和TP含量存在显著差异。东湖Ⅰ、Ⅱ站浮游植物生物量的最高值出现在冬季和春季,Ⅲ站生物量的最高值则出现在夏季。相对于东湖较高的营养盐含量,其浮游植物生物量相对较低。这一方面是因为东湖较高密度的滤食性鲢鳙鱼的摄食作用抑制了浮游植物生物量的升高,另一方面是由于东湖较低的透明度使浮游植物的生长受到光照的限制。由于受到滤食性鱼类摄食、较高的营养水平以及较低的透明度的影响,东湖的浮游植物主要由隐藻、真蓝裸甲藻、小环藻和直链藻以及小型的绿球藻和蓝藻所组成。

围隔中不同密度鲢对浮游植物的影响

试验采用2.5 m×2.5 m围隔,共设置4个试验鱼密度:0、116、176、和316 g/m2,研究了不同密度的鲢对浮游植物的影响。结果表明,仅在无鱼围隔中有大量个体较大的透明溞(Daphnia galeata)产生,并且在无鱼围隔中,浮游植物生物量最低,透明度显著的高于其他的围隔。与其它类似的围隔试验所不同的是:在无鱼围隔中没有蓝藻水华的发生。在有鱼围隔中,浮游甲壳动物始终由个体较小的微型裸腹溞占优势。并且浮游植物的生物量随着鲢密度的升高而降低。浮游植物的种类组成在不同鲢密度的围隔中比较相似,与无鱼围

中国无色裸藻类的新分类单位

于1975—1985年，相继在湖北、湖南、云南和陕西等省进行淡水藻类标本的采集，然后进行裸藻门分类学研究，发现了裸藻类的新分类单位．它们是无色裸藻类中2个属的10个新种类：隶属于变胞藻属（Astasia）的有5个新种和1个新变种，即梭形变胞藻（A.acus）、棒形变胞藻（A.claviformis）、纺锤变胞漠（A.fusiformis）、梨形变胞藻（A.pyriformis）、矩形变胞藻（A.rectangularis）和膨大变胞藻粗壮变种（A.inflatavar.crassa）；隶属于瓣胞藻属（Pe

Photoluminescence and lasing properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition

Photoluminescence (PL) and lasing properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) with direrent growth procedures prepared by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition are studied. PL measurements show that the low growth rate QD sample has a larger PL intensity and a narrower PL line width than the high growth rate sample. During rapid thermal annealing, however, the lowgrowth rate sample shows a greater blue shift of PL peak wave length. This is caused by the larger InAs layer thickness which results from the larger 2-3 dimensional transition critical layer thickness for the QDs in the low-growth-rate sample. A growth technique including growth interruption and in-situ annealing, named indium flush method, is used during the growth of GaAs cap layer, which can flatten the GaAs surface effectively. Though the method results in a blue shift of PL peak wavelength and a broadening of PL line width, it is essential for the fabrication of room temperature working QD lasers.

有限元单元计算子程序的OpenMP并行化

Intel和AMD双核乃至4核处理器的推出,使得并行计算已经普及到PC机。为了充分利用多核,需要对原有程序进行多线程改造,使其充分利用多核处理带来的性能提升。该文利用共享存储编程的工业标准OpenMP对有限元方法涉及的单元计算子程序进行了并行化实现。在机群的一个双CPU的SMP节点上的测试表明,共享并行化使得该单元子程序的性能提高了一倍。

马雪山黑白仰鼻猴Rhinopithecus bieti的生境垂直利用、过夜处选择、社会组织和笼养性行为及出生季节性

在黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）分布区北端的南仁（99o04’E, 28o34’N）, 野外工作分别于2001年4月10日 － 6月30 日（代表冬末和春季），9月14日 － 12月20日（夏秋季）进行。我们分别用粪便取样法、录像带记录和直接观察法收集了猴群生境的垂直利用、过夜处选择和社会组织数据。此外，我们于1998年8月20日到12月31日在中科院昆明动物研究所老所利用全发生取样法（All-Occurence sampling）收集了一个单雄多雌单元（One-male, multi-female unit: OMU）的性行为数据。另外，我们利用昆明动物所1994 - 2003年和昆明动物园1991 - 2003年笼养黑白仰鼻猴群的出生记录来说明出生季节和出生间隔。 黑白仰鼻猴群全年在3500 - 4300 m的林带上活动，集中利用的海拔带为3900 - 4200 m，这可能与猴群的主食（松萝）主要分布于高海拔有关。冬季, 山沟中的粪便密度高于山脊，这可能是猴群在沟中过夜的缘故。猴群喜欢在树高（27.5 ± 3.2 m）较高、胸径（57.9 ± 16.9 cm）和树冠（6.3 ± 1.4 m）大的针叶树（云冷杉）上过夜。猴群冬季喜欢在阳坡中部的针叶树上过夜，这样既安全又可以接受适量的阳光照射。这是猴群在选择最安全和最暖和过夜处的一种折衷策略。 1994年猴群OMUs大小为7.8 ± 1.7（n = 17），成年性比（M/F）是1.0: 3.8。2001年OMUs大小为10.1 ± 3.7 （n = 15），成年性比是1.0: 4.9。1994-2001年，OMUs中每个成年雌性每年的平均增长率是0.04。这种OMU-band两层社会组织与Kirkpatrick（1996）的报道一致。 雌性以匍匐地面或栖木上，同时面部和视线左右摆动，或者坐着上下移动头部的动作邀配；雄性则以伴有特别的叫声、露齿动颌表情邀配。在有射精记录的观察日中，平均每5.2次爬跨有1次射精，而单次爬跨就射精的仅占4.4％。雌性邀配了18次射精爬跨的大多数（72%），但163次非射精爬跨中她们邀配的仅为45%。雄性在射精交配中叫声多于非射精交配。该种交配模式与其它疣猴亚科动物相似，而性内交配竞争可能与这种模式的进化有关。 笼养黑白仰鼻猴群的出生日期为12 - 6月份，出生高峰期为3 - 5月份。猴群的平均出生日期为4月18日（标准差为43天），中位出生日期为4月10日。猴群的出生间隔平均为624 ± 150天（n = 15，范围：332 - 787天）。幼猴可活到1岁后的出生间隔（706 ± 71, n = 12, 498 - 787天）显著长于1岁内死亡或流产后的出生间隔（428 ± 87, n = 5, 332 - 568天）。婴猴性比（M/F）显著偏离1: 1。