Elevated concentration of TNF-a induces trophoblast differentiation in mouse blastocyst outgrowths

Elevated expression of tumour necrosis factora (TNF-a) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. This study has examined the expression of TNF-a and its receptors (TNF-Rs) by mouse blastocysts and blastocyst outgrowths from day 4 to 9.5 of pregnancy and investigated the effects of elevated TNF-a on the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophoblast cells of blastocyst outgrowths. RTPCR demonstrated TNF-a mRNA expression from day 7.5 to 9.5, TNF-R1 from day 6.5 to 9.5 and TNF-R2 from day 5.5 to 7.5 of pregnancy, and in situ hybridisation revealed the trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) of the early placenta as the site of TNF-a expression. Day 4 blastocysts were cultured in a physiologically high concentration of TNF-a (100 ng/ml) for 72 h to the outgrowth stage and then compared to blastocysts cultured in media alone. TNF-a-treated blastocyst outgrowths exhibited a significant reduction in ICM cells (mean € SD 23.90€10.42 vs 9.37€7.45, t-test, P<0.0001) with no significant change in the numbers of trophoblast cells (19.97€8.14 vs 21.73€7.79, t-test, P=0.39). Within the trophoblast cell population, the TNF-a-treated outgrowths exhibited a significant increase in multinucleated cells (14.10€5.53 vs 6.37€5.80, t-test, P<0.0001) and a corresponding significant decrease in mononucleated cells (5.87€3.60 vs 15.37€5.87, t-test, P<0.0001). In summary, this study describes the expression of TNF-a and its receptors during the peri-implantation period in the mouse. It also reports that elevated TNF-a restricts ICM proliferation in the blastocyst and changes the ratio of mononucleated to multinucleated trophoblast cells. These findings suggest a mechanism by which increased

Across-country comparisons of selected infant and young child feeding indicators and associated factors in four South Asian countries

Background: Information on infant and young child feeding is widely available in Demographic and Health Surveys and National Family Health Surveys for countries in South Asia; however, infant and young child feeding indicators from these surveys have not been compared between countries in the region. Objective. To compare the key indicators of breastfeeding and complementary feeding and their determinants in children under 24 months of age between four South Asian countries. Methods: We selected data sets from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004, the India National Family Health Survey (NFHS-03) 2005–06, the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2006, and the Sri Lanka 2000 Demographic and Health Survey. Infant feeding indicators were estimated according to the key World Health Organization indicators. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding rates were 42.5% in Bangladesh, 46.4% in India, and 53.1% in Nepal. The rate of full breastfeeding ranged between 60.6% and 73.9%. There were no factors consistently associated with the rate of no exclusive breastfeeding across countries. Utilization of health services (more antenatal clinic visits) was associated with higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding in India but lower rates in Nepal. Delivery at a health facility was a negative determinant of exclusive breastfeeding in India. Postnatal contacts by Public Health Midwives were a positive factor in Sri Lanka. A considerable proportion of infants under 6 months of age had been given plain water, juices, or other nonmilk liquids. The rate of timely first suckling ranged from 23.5% in India to 56.3% in Sri Lanka. Delivery by cesarean section was found to be a consistent negative factor that delayed initiation of breastfeeding. Nepal reported the lowest bottle-feeding rate of 3.5%. Socioeconomically privileged mothers were found to have higher bottlefeeding rates in most countries. Conclusions: Infant and young child feeding practices in the South Asia region have not reached the expected levels that are required to achieve a substantial reduction in child mortality. The countries with lower rates of exclusive breastfeeding have a great potential to improve the rates by preventing infants from receiving water and water-based or other nonmilk liquids during the first 6 months of life.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral Wardite NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4•2(H2O)

Three wardite mineral samples from different origins have been analysed by vibrational spectroscopy. The mineral is unusual in that it belongs to a unique symmetry class, namely the tetragonal-trapezohedral group. The structure of wardite contains layers of corner-linked –OH bridged MO6 octahedra stacked along the tetragonal C-axis in a four-layer sequence and linked by PO4 groups. Consequentially not all phosphate units are identical. Thus, two intense Raman bands observed at 995 and 1051 cm-1 are assigned to the ν1 PO43- symmetric stretching mode. Intense Raman bands are observed at 605 and 618 cm-1 with shoulders at 578 and 589 cm-1 are assigned to the ν4 out of plane bending modes of the PO43-. The observation of multiple bands supports the concept of non-equivalent phosphate units in the structure. Sharp infrared bands are observed at 3544 and 3611 cm-1 are attributed to the OH stretching vibrations of the hydroxyl units. Vibrational spectroscopy enables subtle details of the molecular structure of wardite to be determined.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral cyrilovite Na(Fe3+)3(PO4)2(OH)4·2(H2O) and in comparison with wardite

Vibrational spectroscopy enables subtle details of the molecular structure of cyrilovite to be determined. Single crystals of a pure phase from a Brazilian pegmatite were used. Cyrilovite is the Fe3+ member of the wardite group. The infrared and Raman spectroscopy were applied to compare the structure of cyrilovite with that of wardite. The Raman spectrum of cyrilovite in the 800–1400 cm−1 spectral range shows two intense bands at 992 and 1055 cm−1 assigned to the ν1View the MathML source symmetric stretching vibrations. A series of low intensity bands at 1105, 1136, 1177 and 1184 cm−1 are assigned to the ν3View the MathML source antisymmetric stretching modes. The infrared spectrum of cyrilovite in the 500–1300 cm−1 shows much greater complexity than the Raman spectrum. Strong infrared bands are found at 970 and 1007 cm−1 and are attributed to the ν1View the MathML source symmetric stretching mode. Raman bands are observed at 612 and 631 cm−1 and are assigned to the ν4 out of plane bending modes of the View the MathML source unit. In the 2600–3800 cm−1 spectral range, intense Raman bands for cyrilovite are found at 3328 and 3452 cm−1 with a broad shoulder at 3194 cm−1 and are assigned to OH stretching vibrations. Sharp infrared bands are observed at 3485 and 3538 cm−1. Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy has enabled the structure of cyrilovite to be ascertained and compared with that of wardite.

Mice selectively bred for High and Low fear behavior show differences in the number of pMAPK (p44/42 ERK) expressing neurons in lateral amygdala following Pavlovian fear conditioning

Individual variability in the acquisition, consolidation and extinction of conditioned fear potentially contributes to the development of fear pathology including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Pavlovian fear conditioning is a key tool for the study of fundamental aspects of fear learning. Here, we used a selected mouse line of High and Low Pavlovian conditioned fear created from an advanced intercrossed line (AIL) in order to begin to identify the cellular basis of phenotypic divergence in Pavlovian fear conditioning. We investigated whether phosphorylated MAPK (p44/42 ERK/MAPK), a protein kinase required in the amygdala for the acquisition and consolidation of Pavlovian fear memory, is differentially expressed following Pavlovian fear learning in the High and Low fear lines. We found that following Pavlovian auditory fear conditioning, High and Low line mice differ in the number of pMAPK-expressing neurons in the dorsal sub nucleus of the lateral amygdala (LAd). In contrast, this difference was not detected in the ventral medial (LAvm) or ventral lateral (LAvl) amygdala sub nuclei or in control animals. We propose that this apparent increase in plasticity at a known locus of fear memory acquisition and consolidation relates to intrinsic differences between the two fear phenotypes. These data provide important insights into the micronetwork mechanisms encoding phenotypic differences in fear. Understanding the circuit level cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie individual variability in fear learning is critical for the development of effective treatment of fear-related illnesses such as PTSD.

High and low fear phenotypes show differences in phosphorylated (p44/42 ERK) MAPK-expressing neurons in the lateral amygdala

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious medical condition effecting both military and civilian populations. While its etiology remains poorly understood it is characterized by high and prolonged levels of fear responding. One biological unknown is whether individuals expressing high or low conditioned fear memory encode the memory differently and if that difference underlies fear response. In this study we examined cellular mechanisms that underlie high and low conditioned fear behavior by using an advanced intercrossed mouse line (B6D2F1) selected for high and low Pavlovian fear response. A known requirement for consolidation of fear memory, phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinase (p44/42 (ERK) MAPK (pMAPK)) in the lateral amygdala (LA) is a reliable marker of fear learning-related plasticity. In this study, we asked whether high and low conditioned fear behavior is associated with differential pMAPK expression in the LA and if so, is it due to an increase in neurons expressing pMAPK or increased pMAPK per neuron. To examine this, we quantified pMAPK-expressing neurons in the LA at baseline and following Pavlovian fear conditioning. Results indicate that high fear phenotype mice have more pMAPK-expressing neurons in the LA. This finding suggests that increased endogenous plasticity in the LA may be a component of higher conditioned fear responses and begins to explain at the cellular level how different fear responders encode fear memories. Understanding how high and low fear responders encode fear memory will help identify novel ways in which fear-related illness risk can be better predicted and treated.

Studies in terpenoids. Part 42. Synthesis of 3-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)5,8-dimethyl-1,2-naphthoquinone (emmotin-H)

Emmotin-H, a naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid 1,2-naphthoquinone pigment (1) has been synthesised in a four step sequence starting from the known 5,8-dimethyl-4-oxotetralin-2-carboxylic acid (3a). Selenium dioxide oxidation of its methyl ester (3b) gives 3-methoxycarbonyl-5,8-dimethyl-1,2-naphthoquinone (4) which on reductive acetylation affords the corresponding diacetoxynaphthalene ester (5). Its reaction with excess of methylmagnesium iodide is accompanied by aerial oxidation during work-up and furnishes emmotin-H (1).

Incorporating dugong habitats into the marine protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia.

Dugong habitats were considered in the design for the new zoning network for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park as part of the Representative Areas Program. One of the specific design guidelines developed as part of the biophysical operational principles recommended that 50% of all high priority dugong habitats should be incorporated in the network of no-take areas. The high priority dugong habitat incorporated in no-take protection increased from 1396 to 3476 km2 (or 16.9-42.0% of all identified sites). Although this increase in protection fell short of the recommended 50%, overall the level of protection afforded by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Zoning Plan 2003 increased for all the locations identified.

Meta-analysis of 375,000 individuals identifies 38 susceptibility loci for migraine

Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder affecting around 1 in 7 people worldwide, but its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Some debate exists over whether migraine is a disease of vascular dysfunction, or a result of neuronal dysfunction with secondary vascular changes. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have thus far identified 13 independent loci associated with migraine. To identify new susceptibility loci, we performed the largest genetic study of migraine to date, comprising 59,674 cases and 316,078 controls from 22 GWA studies. We identified 45 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with migraine risk (P < 5 x 10-8) that map to 38 distinct genomic loci, including 28 loci not previously reported and the first locus identified on chromosome X. Furthermore, a subset analysis for migraine without aura (MO) identified seven of the same loci as from the full sample, whereas no loci reached genome-wide significance in the migraine with aura (MA) subset. In subsequent computational analyzes, the identified loci showed enrichment for genes expressed in vascular and smooth muscle tissues, consistent with a predominant theory of migraine that highlights vascular etiologies.

A search for chaos in the optical light curve of a blazar: W2R 1926+42

Aims. In this work we search for the signatures of low-dimensional chaos in the temporal behavior of the Kepler-field blazar W2R 1946+42. Methods. We use a publicly available, similar to 160 000-point-long and mostly equally spaced light curve of W2R 1946+42. We apply the correlation integral method to both real datasets and phase randomized surrogates. Results. We are not able to confirm the presence of low-dimensional chaos in the light curve. This result, however, still leads to some important implications for blazar emission mechanisms, which are discussed.

Evaluación ex-ante del mejoramiento de los sistemas de producción ganadero de doble propósito a través de inversiones propuestas por los mismos ganaderos en la zona de Muy Muy, Matagalpa

El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar exante la factibilidad técnica y financiera de inversiones propuestas por los mismos ganaderos en la zona de Muy muy, Matagalpa. El estudio se llevó a cabo en dos fases: Una fase preliminar de diagnóstico, en la que se determinó, la disponibilidad y uso actual de los recursos en las fincas, así como las propuestas planteadas por los productores, comprendiéndose en una sub-fase de ésta etapa preliminar un diagnóstico de las características generales de los canales de comercialización y precios de los productos agropecuarios generados por la actividad ganadera de la zona. La segunda fase comprendió el procesamiento y computación de la información. La información relativa a los recursos, se procesó para cada una de las fincas y en base a ello, se estimaron los diferentes parámetros técnicos y elementos fuentes de ingresos y egresos, elaborándose también las diferentes proyecciones de hato por finca, así mismo de disponibilidades de pastos, mano de obra e insumos. Para efectos de analizar tanto el uso eficiente de las pasturas como de los resultados financieros, las fincas se agruparon en cuatro dominios de recomendación en función de sus áreas. En los aspectos técnicos se determinó que la actividad de las fincas es la ganadería ya que en promedio, el 82.33% de las áreas totales por finca se destina a esta actividad, ocupando los pastos mejorados en promedio el 67.44% y un promedio de 32.56% los pastos naturales. Con el proyecto el área ganadera se incrementa en un promedio de 2.46%, pasando a representar los pastos mejorados un promedio de 92.65% y el natural el 7.35%, reduciéndose éste último en un promedio de 25.21%. Las cargas animales encontradas fluctuaron en un rango de 18.6 U.A./mz. a 268.3 U.A./mz. siendo éste en cinco de las nueve fincas superiores a las disponibilidades que resultan por tanto negativas en un rango de -36.3 a -3.8 U.A., con el proyecto las cargas animales se incrementan a valores comprendidos entre 54.2 y 456.5 U.A., resultando sin embargo las disponibilidades positivas en seis de las nueve fincas para el año décimo del proyecto en un rango comprendido entre +2.5 a +16.2 U.A., a excepción de tres fincas en las cuales los déficit reflejan valores entre -2.6 y -43.1 U.A. En lo que se refiere a los niveles de eficiencia en el aprovechamiento de las pasturas, las fincas La Palma y El Castaño resultaron ser las más eficientes, manteniendo sus niveles de aprovechamiento próximo al nivel óptimo de manera en periodo de años más prolongados. El número de cabezas de ganado encontrado por finca, fluctuó entre 20 y 290, como efecto de los proyectos el hato total tendría un incremento promedio anual de 7.5%, es decir 10.58 cabezas por año. La natalidad encontrada en promedio fue mortalidad de terneros 7.04%, descarte de vacas de 50.8%, 10.72% y relación vaca-toro 19:1. Para el año décimo de los los promedios de estos coeficientes alcanzan: 53.1%, mortalidad de terneros 4.46% y descarte de 19.55%. proyectos natalidad vientres. La edad de incorporación de vaquillas resultó entre 2.5 a 3 años. En la composición racial se encontró que predomina un alto encastamiento con razas europeas. La relación producción total por área en el año base resultó en promedio de 42.53 galones de leche/manzana y 52.68 kilogramos de carne manzana y para el ultimo año de los proyectos alcanzan en promedio los 67.56 galones de leche/manzana y 96.14 kilogramos de carne/manzana. La producción promedio de leche por época correspondió a 4 litros/vaca/día en el verano y 6 litros/vaca/día en invierno. Partiendo del promedio de éstos valores, el incremento anual de ésta producción con el proyecto alcanzarla en promedio el 7.3%. En el aspecto de ingresos en promedio la producción de leche aporta en el año base el 43.44%, la producción de carne 34.09%, la venta de otras categorías 12.5% y la agricultura el 9.95% de los ingresos totales. con el proyecto se presenta una recomposición en éstos, de manera que el aporte de la producción de leche alcanza el 46.99%, el de la carne 46.67% y la parte agrícola el 5.25%. En los gastos, en el año base en promedio, la mano de obra representa el mayor porcentaje con 54.63%, medios circulantes y servicios 37.94%, impuestos 7.4%, variando éstos para el año décimo a promedios de: 48.25%, 42.54% y 9.17% respectivamente, reflejándose un incremento en los gastos de medios circulantes y servicios en un promedio de 4.6% y 1.77% los gastos en impuestos. Los costos de producción por litro de leche en el año base, fluctuaron entre C$1.23 y C$1.61 y en el último año varian ligeramente a un rango entre C$0.87 y C$1.53. En el mercado de aspecto la leche de comercialización, el control del en el municipio está en posesión de los manteros, un segundo siendo la agente de Unión de Cooperativas de Boaco (UCASBO) importancia en la comercialización. En el caso de la carne, los mayores volúmenes de ganado comercializado es controlado por los comerciantes intermediarios, que en los años 1990 y 1992 extrajeron de la zona 6000 y 8000 cabezas respectivamente. En el fluctuaron aspecto de los precios, en el caso de la leche con la estacionalidad de la producción C$0.95 en invierno manteros) tipo A y UCASBO). el peso, con pesos y C$1.00 en el verano (al comercializar con y por calidad de la leche entregada C$1.375 leche tipo A y By C$1.12 para el tipo e (al comercializar con las El ganado en cambio, su precio está determinado por obteniéndose C$1,500.00 y C$1,600.00 por novillos de 380 y 420 kilogramos respectivamente. De las inversiones a realizarse, la adquisición de ganado representa el mayor porcentaje con un 49.67%, las instalaciones y equipos con un 29.02% y mejoramiento de pastizales con 21.31% del monto total propuesto equivalente a C$829,400.00, de los cuales el total solicitado representa el 76.68% equivalente a C$636,000.00. Para el análisis financiero, se utilizó el formato y metodología del Banco Mundial. Los resultados de rentabilidad de éste análisis al interés propuesto del 9% ocupan un rango entre 21.78 y 9.10%, relación inversión­ beneficio neto entre 2.2 y 1.07. Con el interés bancario del 12.5%, los resultados pasan a .ocupar valores de TIR entre 16.2% y 7.85% y la relación inversión-beneficio neto alcanza valores entre 1.93 y 0.98. Con la utilización de recursos propios los resultados son inferiores a los obtenidos con el 9% de interés en siete de las nueve fincas y superiores que los resultados logrados con el interés del 12.5%, siendo los valores extremos de las TIR encontradas de 18.42% y 10.19%. En el aspecto de sensibilidad, al incrementarse los gastos operativos en un 10%, el proyecto de la finca La Perla resulta ser el más sensible con el interés del 9%, alcanzando una TIR de 1.04% y un VAN negativo de C$-21,503.08. En la correlación inversión-rentabilidad, las inversiones en ganado ejercieron la mejor influencia, seguida de las inversiones en pastos, fundamentalmente cuando éstas van acompañadas de una alta tasa de parición. Los flujos de efectivos encontrados, resultaron con fuertes déficit a excepción de la finca San Felipe que presentó una situación menos desfavorable. Los déficit encontrado hacen que los proyectos de éstas fincas aún y cuando sean rentables, no sean factibles, al no tener disponibilidades de efectivo para el sostenimiento de las unidades familiares durante los primeros años de proyecto.