Evaluación de dos tipos de fertilizantes orgánico (gallinaza y estiércol vacuno) y un mineral en el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variedad DOR-364, postrera 2001

El presente trabajo fue realizado en el departamento de Carazo municipio de San Marcos en El Centro Experimental La Compañía, ubicado en el km 45 de la carretera San Marcos-Masatepe, durante la época lluviosa de postrera del año 2001. Los suelos de esta zona son de origen volcánico (Andisol), pertenecen a la serie Masatepe, con textura franco limosa, presentando alto contenido de materia orgánica, nitrógeno y potasio, pero deficiente en fósforo. Este suelo puede ser considerado adecuado para la mayoría de los cultivos. En La Compañía las precipitaciones varían entre 1200 y 1500 mm/año. El propósito del experimento fue evaluar la respuesta del cultivo frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a tres fuentes de fertilizantes (gallinaza, estiércol vacuno y mineral) sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo. Se empleó un arreglo unifactorial en diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA), definiendo siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Cada unidad experimental estuvo conformada por un área de 20 m2. La variedad en estudio fue la DOR – 364. Los tratamientos consistieron en dosis media y alta de cada material fertilizante. La dosis media se calculó basado en los requerimientos del cultivo por hectárea. La dosis media y alta usadas del fertilizante orgánico gallinaza fueron 3181 kg ha-1 y 6362 kg ha-1 respectivamente, para el estiércol vacuno (5286 kg ha-1 como dosis alta y 2643 kg ha-1 como dosis media). La fórmula empleada como fertilizante mineral fue la 18-46-00 con aplicaciones media de 130 kg ha-1, según recomendaciones del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), y 260 kg ha-1. Las dosis alta se seleccionaron a discreción considerando el doble de las media. Las variables evaluadas se dividieron en dos categorías: variables de crecimiento como altura de planta (cm), número de hojas, área foliar (cm2) y altura de inserción de la primera vaina (cm), y las variables del rendimiento constituidas por número de vainas por planta, número de granos por vaina, número de ramas por planta, peso de cien granos (g) y rendimiento de grano (kg ha-1). Los datos provenientes del experimento se procesaron usando análisis de varianza ANDEVA, considerando además la prueba de rangos múltiple de Tukey (P≤0.05) mediante el programa estadístico (MINITAB, 1998). El análisis de presupuesto parcial (CIMMYT, 1988) fue aplicado para estimar la viabilidad económica financiera de los tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron una respuesta significativa diferente a la aplicación de las fuentes de fertilizante, resultando estadísticamente iguales la fertilización mineral y gallinaza en dosis alta, superando a todos los tratamientos con rendimientos promedios de 2823.27 kg ha1 y 2712.82 kg ha-1 respectivamente, seguido por los tratamientos estiércol vacuno alto con rendimiento de 2528.47 kg ha-1 y gallinaza media con 2505.58 kg ha-1 en una segunda categoría estadística. En cuanto al comportamiento vegetativo, los resultados indican que estadísticamente existe significancia al evaluar el promedio de hojas a los 15, 29 y 36 días después de la siembra y promedio de área foliar a los 15, 36 y 43 días después de la siembra. La variable altura de planta os tentó los mayores promedios con los tratamientos gallinaza alta y fertilizante mineral dosis alta en una misma categoría estadística únicamente a los 36 días después de la siembra. El análisis económico muestra que el tratamiento con fertilización orgánico gallinaza con dosis media obtuvo los mayor es beneficios económicos con U$ 4.76 por cada dólar invertido, sin embargo, agronómicamente los mayores rendimientos se producen con la fertilización mineral dosis alta.

Evaluación de tres tipos de fertilizantes (gallinaza, estiércol vacuno y un fertilizante mineral), sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento de cultivo de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variedad DOR-364, La Compañía, San Marcos, Carazo, Primera 2002

El presente trabajo experimental se llevó a cabo en el departamento de Carazo en el Centro Experimental La Compañía que se ubica en el km 45 de la carretera San Marcos Masatepe; el ensayo se efectuó en la época de primera del año 2002, cabe mencionar que esta zona es apta para la producción de granos básicos, la variedad utilizada es recomendada para sembrarse en esta zona. El experimento se llevó a cabo con el propósito de comparar en el cultivo del fríjol común; el efecto de la aplicación de abonos orgánicos (gallinaza y estiércol vacuno) con relación a la fertilización mineral recomendada para este cultivo evaluando su comportamiento agronómico y económico. Las dosis de abonos orgánicos utilizadas se basaron en estudios realizados en este centro experimental, en donde se tomó la dosis de 10 t ha-1. En tanto para la fertilización mineral se utilizó la dosis recomendada por el INTA para este cultivo, 2 quintales de la formula 18-46-00 siendo este un fertilizante binario, todas las dosis fueron duplicadas y utilizadas como dosis alta. Las parcelas experimentales ocuparon un área de 20 m² en la cual se estableció el cultivo utilizando la variedad DOR 364; el diseño experimental fue un BCA integrado por 7 tratamientos con 4 repeticiones. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: variables de crecimiento integradas por altura de planta, número de hojas por planta, área foliar. Así como de rendimiento integradas por número de vainas por planta, número de granos por vaina, peso de cien granos (g) y rendimiento (kg ha-1). Los resultados se sometieron a análisis estadístico de varianza bajo el comparador Tukey con un 95 % de confiabilidad, bajo los programas estadísticos MINITAB y SAS. Además los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis económico de presupuesto parcial (CIMMYT 1988). Los mejores resultados en cuanto al rendimiento favorecieron a los fertilizantes orgánicos Gallinaza dosis alta y media. Los tratamientos con mayores beneficios económicos fueron los utilizados con fertilizantes minerales en dosis media y alta, seguido del tratamiento con fertilizantes orgánicos.

Geochemical data from pore water and solids from cores GS08-153-91GC12 and GS08-153-53-GC6, Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge

Microbial communities and their associated metabolic activity in marine sediments have a profound impact on global biogeochemical cycles. Their composition and structure are attributed to geochemical and physical factors, but finding direct correlations has remained a challenge. Here we show a significant statistical relationship between variation in geochemical composition and prokaryotic community structure within deep-sea sediments. We obtained comprehensive geochemical data from two gravity cores near the hydrothermal vent field Loki's Castle at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Geochemical properties in the rift valley sediments exhibited strong centimeter-scale stratigraphic variability. Microbial populations were profiled by pyrosequencing from 15 sediment horizons (59,364 16S rRNA gene tags), quantitatively assessed by qPCR, and phylogenetically analyzed. Although the same taxa were generally present in all samples, their relative abundances varied substantially among horizons and fluctuated between Bacteria- and Archaea-dominated communities. By independently summarizing covariance structures of the relative abundance data and geochemical data, using principal components analysis, we found a significant correlation between changes in geochemical composition and changes in community structure. Differences in organic carbon and mineralogy shaped the relative abundance of microbial taxa. We used correlations to build hypotheses about energy metabolisms, particularly of the Deep Sea Archaeal Group, specific Deltaproteobacteria, and sediment lineages of potentially anaerobic Marine Group I Archaea. We demonstrate that total prokaryotic community structure can be directly correlated to geochemistry within these sediments, thus enhancing our understanding of biogeochemical cycling and our ability to predict metabolisms of uncultured microbes in deep-sea sediments.

Oeuvre de Raphaël : 153 planches gravées a l'eau-forte sur acier /

"Extrait du Musée de peinture et de sculpture publié par Audot."

L'incendiario e il piromane

L’incendio raramente è un fatto naturale, nasce pertanto dalla volontà o dalla negligenza dell’uomo: opera di mani quasi sempre sconosciute, per cui le comunicazioni di reato restano spesso correlate contro ignoti. Questo fa si che la diagnosi sulle cause, dolose e colpose, relative al singolo evento fornisca indicazioni utili sull’origine dell’incendio, tuttavia questo non incide sui comportamenti futuri, se non in termini di repressione e dissuasione, e soprattutto non mette a ‘fuoco’ le cause sociali interne ai sistemi locali e di contesto. Chiunque appicchi un fuoco può essere definibile come incendiario. I maggiori studi, nonché i più completi, nel campo del crimine collegato al fuoco sono stati svolti negli Stati Uniti, da unità speciali dell’FBI appositamente predisposte. Le osservazioni effettuate sulle attività criminali degli incendiari hanno evidenziato che quanto più è organizzata la scena dell’incendio e studiata la tecnica dell’innesco del fuoco, tanto più l’autore è razionale e finalizzato da propri interessi materiali.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 128-153

Novel species of microfungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Catenulostroma corymbiae from Corymbia, Devriesia stirlingiae from Stirlingia, Penidiella carpentariae from Carpentaria, Phaeococcomyces eucalypti from Eucalyptus, Phialophora livistonae from Livistona, Phyllosticta aristolochiicola from Aristolochia, Clitopilus austroprunulus on sclerophyll forest litter of Eucalyptus regnans and Toxicocladosporium posoqueriae from Posoqueria. Several species are also described from South Africa, namely: Ceramothyrium podocarpi from Podocarpus, Cercospora chrysanthemoides from Chrysanthemoides, Devriesia shakazului from Aloe, Penidiella drakensbergensis from Protea, Strelitziana cliviae from Clivia and Zasmidium syzygii from Syzygium. Other species include Bipolaris microstegii from Microstegium and Synchaetomella acerina from Acer (USA), Brunneiapiospora austropalmicola from Rhopalostylis (New Zealand), Calonectria pentaseptata from Eucalyptus and Macadamia (Vietnam), Ceramothyrium melastoma from Melastoma (Indonesia), Collembolispora aristata from stream foam (Czech Republic), Devriesia imbrexigena from glazed decorative tiles (Portugal), Microcyclospora rhoicola from Rhus (Canada), Seiridium phylicae from Phylica (Tristan de Cunha, Inaccessible Island), Passalora lobeliaefistulosis from Lobelia (Brazil) and Zymoseptoria verkleyi from Poa (The Netherlands). Valsalnicola represents a new ascomycete genus from Alnus (Austria) and Parapenidiella a new hyphomycete genus from Eucalyptus (Australia). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are also provided. © 2012 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.

Effects of light conditions and plant density on growth and reproductive biology of Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold

Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold (Apocynaceae) is an invasive woody weed that has formed large infestations at several locations in northern Australia. Understanding the reproductive biology of C. thevetia is vital to its management. This paper reports results of a shade house experiment that determined the effects of light conditions (100% or 30% of natural light) and plant densities (one, two, four or eight plants per plot) on the growth, time to flowering and seed formation, and monthly pod production of two C. thevetia biotypes (peach and yellow). Shaded plants were significantly larger when they reached reproductive maturity than plants grown under natural light. However, plants grown under natural light flowered earlier (268 days compared with 369 days) and produced 488 more pods per pot (a 5-fold increase) over 3 years. The yellow biotype was slightly taller at reproductive maturity but significantly taller and with significantly greater aboveground biomass at the end of the study. Both biotypes flowered at a similar time under natural light and low plant densities but the yellow biotype was quicker to seed (478 versus 498 days), produced significantly more pods (364 versus 203 pods) and more shoot growth (577 g versus 550 g) than the peach biotype over 3 years. Higher densities of C. thevetia tended to significantly reduce the shoot and root growth by 981 g and 714 g per plant across all light conditions and biotypes over 3 years and increase the time taken to flower by 140 days and produce seeds by 184 days. For land managers trying to prevent establishment of C. thevetia or to control seedling regrowth once initial infestations have been treated, this study indicates that young plants have the potential to flower and produce seeds within 268 and 353 days, respectively. However, with plant growth and reproduction most likely to be slower under field conditions, annual surveillance and control activities should be sufficient to find and treat plants before they produce seeds and replenish soil seed banks. The most at-risk part of the landscape may be open areas that receive maximum sunlight, particularly within riparian habitats where plants would consistently have more favourable soil moisture conditions.

The Crystal and Molecular Structure of l-(Diphenylmethyl)azetidin-3-ol

1-(Diphenylmethyl)azetidin-3-ol is triclinic, space group P1, with a=8.479(2), b=17.294(4),c = 10.606 (3) A, a = 118.59 (2),/~ = 100.30 (2), y = 89.63 (2) °, Z = 4. The structure was solved by multisolution methods and refined to an R of 0.044 for 2755 reflexions. The four-membered rings in the two independent molecules are puckered with dihedral angles of 156 and 153 ° . The two molecules differ in conformation with respect to rotation of the phenyl rings about the C-C bonds. The structure is stabilized by a network of O-H. • • N intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Raman spectrum of l-asparagine monohydrate

The Raman spectrum of l-asparagine monohydrate in the form of a single crystal has been recorded for the first time. λ 2537 excitation has been used. Fifty-three Raman frequency shifts have been recorded. They are grouped as follows: Eight Raman lines coming under the lattice spectrum, three Raman lines arising from low-frequency vibrations of the hydrogen bonds and the remaining forty-two arising from the internal oscillations of the asparagine molecule. Appropriate assignments have been given for the observed Raman lines

X-ray studies on crystalline complexes involving amino acids and peptides XIX. Effects of change in chirality in the complexes of succinic acid with dl- and l-arginine

Crystals of dl-arginine hemisuccinate dihydrate (I)(monoclinic; P21/c; a = 5.292, b = 16.296, c = 15.203 Å; α= 92.89°; Z = 4) and l-arginine hemisuccinate hemisuccinic acid monohydrate (II) (triclinic; P1; a = 5.099; b = 10.222, c = 14.626 Å; α= 77.31, β= 89.46, γ= 78.42°; Z = 2) were grown under identical conditions from aqueous solutions of the components in molar proportions. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.068 for 2585 observed reflections in the case of (I) and R = 0.036 for 2154 observed reflections in the case of (11). Two of the three crystallographically independent arginine molecules in the complexes have conformations different from those observed so far in the crystal structures containing arginine. The succinic acid molecules and the succinate ions in the structures are centrosymmetric and planar. The crystal structure of (II) is highly pseudosymmetric. Arginine-succinate interactions in both the complexes involve specific guanidyl-carboxylate interactions. The basic elements of aggregation in both the structures are ribbons made up of alternating arginine dimers and succinate ions. However, the ribbons pack in different ways in the two structures. (II) presents an interesting case in which two ionisation states of the same molecule coexist in a crystal. The two complexes provide a good example of the effect of change in chirality on stoichiometry, conformation, aggregation, and ionisation state in the solid state.

Chloroplastic glutamine synthetase from normal and water stressed safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) leaves

The chloroplastic isoform of glutamine synthetase (GS(2), EC 6.3.1.2) from normal and water stressed safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. cv.A-300) leaves has been purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by a procedure involving anion-exchange, hydrophobic and size-exclusion chromatography followed by electroelution of the protein from preparative polyacrylamide gels. The observed molecular weight of the native protein varied from 305-330 kDa depending on the sizing column employed. The native protein is composed of 44 kDa subunits. Under conditions of saturating ammonium and at ATP levels of 0.1-10 mM, double-reciprocal plots with respect to glutamate are biphasic and concave downward at high concentrations of the varied substrate for normal enzyme but are linear for enzyme from water-stressed plants. Under subsaturating ATP levels, K-Glu is over 18-fold lower for enzyme from stressed leaves. The K-m, (ATP) varies with Mg2+ levels in the assay mixture. Double-reciprocal plots of initial velocity with respect to ATP at changing fixed levels of NH4+ are linear for normal enzyme but are curved upwards for enzyme from stressed leaves. Initial velocity data of 1/v vs. 1/ammonium for the enzyme from both the sources are non-linear (curved upwards) when ATP is saturating. At subsaturating ATP levels, the data are linear for normal enzyme but are still non-linear for the enzyme from stressed leaves. The results obtained suggest positively cooperative binding of NH4+ A V-max(/2) value of 3.6 mM for Mg2+ was obtained at 5 mM ATP. The isoelectric point of the native protein from normal and stressed leaves was determined to be, respectively, 5.6 and 6.1. The mixed competitive and competitive inhibitors, methionine sulfoximine and ADP and K-i values of 0.086 mM (0.017 for the enzyme from stressed leaves) and 2.15 mM (1.70 for the enzyme from stressed leaves), respectively. Enzyme from stressed leaves is not inhibited by 5 mM proline. The observed kinetic constants of GS(2) from normal and water stressed safflower seedlings are discussed in relation to the known water-stress tolerance of this crop plant.