The establishment of communication systems depends on the scale of competition

How communication systems emerge and remain stable is an important question in both cognitive science and evolutionary biology. For communication to arise, not only must individuals cooperate by signaling reliable information, but they must also coordinate and perpetuate signals. Most studies on the emergence of communication in humans typically consider scenarios where individuals implicitly share the same interests. Likewise, most studies on human cooperation consider scenarios where shared conventions of signals and meanings cannot be developed de novo. Here, we combined both approaches with an economic experiment where participants could develop a common language, but under different conditions fostering or hindering cooperation. Participants endeavored to acquire a resource through a learning task in a computer-based environment. After this task, participants had the option to transmit a signal (a color) to a fellow group member, who would subsequently play the same learning task. We varied the way participants competed with each other (either global scale or local scale) and the cost of transmitting a signal (either costly or noncostly) and tracked the way in which signals were used as communication among players. Under global competition, players signaled more often and more consistently, scored higher individual payoffs, and established shared associations of signals and meanings. In addition, costly signals were also more likely to be used under global competition; whereas under local competition, fewer signals were sent and no effective communication system was developed. Our results demonstrate that communication involves both a coordination and a cooperative dilemma and show the importance of studying language evolution under different conditions influencing human cooperation.

Reinvention of chemotherapy: drug conjugates and nanoparticles.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent advances in nanotechnology have addressed some of the issues related to lack of selectivity and nonspecific toxicities associated with conventional chemotherapy. Nanoparticles are therapeutic carriers that can be fine tuned for specific application and for passive or active tumor targeting. RECENT FINDINGS: Although the nanoparticle field is rapidly expanding, there are to date only six nanoparticle-based drug delivery platforms and two antibody-drug conjugates that are clinically approved for cancer therapy. Here, we review the clinical data of liposomal anthracyclines, nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel and trastuzumab emtansine. We then briefly comment on efficacy and safety issues of nanoparticles, as well as on the next-generation nanoparticles for cancer therapy. SUMMARY: The emerging development of cancer nanotechnology offers the opportunity of reinvestigating the potential of cytotoxic agents, improving tumor targeting and drug delivery, leading to better safety profile and antitumor activity. Adding specificity to nanoparticles may allow personalization of cancer therapy using chemotherapy.

Clinical Utility of the 2 New Scales of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA): A Naturalistic, Prospective Study in a Psychiatric Unit for Adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of the emotional symptoms (Emo) and externalizing problems (Ext) scales compared with the Total score on the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA). METHODS: The HoNOSCA was rated at admission and discharge for 260 adolescent inpatients. The primary outcomes assessed were (a) the sensitivity of the 3 HoNOSCA scores to clinical improvement; and (b) the between diagnoses discriminative value of these scores. RESULTS: Analyses of variances [2 (time: admission vs. discharge) ×5 (diagnostic groups)] revealed a main effect of time for the 3 scores, a main effect of the diagnostic group for the Total and Ext scores, and an interaction effect between time and diagnosis for the Emo score. A moderate correlation was observed between the change in Ext and Emo scores between admission and discharge. DISCUSSION: These 2 new scales of the HoNOSCA demonstrated good clinical utility and the ability to assess different aspects of clinical improvements. A significant discriminative value of both scores was observed. SIGNIFICANT OUTCOMES: The clinical utility of the 2 new scales on the HoNOSCA was established. These 2 new scales provided a sensitive measure of clinical outcome for assessing improvement between admission and discharge on a psychiatric inpatient unit for adolescents, regardless of diagnostic group, and captured additional information about clinical improvements. Adolescents with psychosis and conduct disorders presented with higher externalizing symptoms than those with other disorders, as rated on the HoNOSCA, at admission and discharge. The Emo score differentiated between clinical improvement in patients with psychosis versus eating disorders. LIMITATIONS: The sample in this study represented a homogeneous population of adolescent inpatients, so that further research is needed before these findings can be generalized to outpatients. In addition, the small number of patients in some diagnostic groups did not allow for their inclusion in some of the statistical analyses.

Tunnistettu ikävoima ravitsee koko työyhteisöä

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Miksi John Dewey on erityisen tärkeä juuri nyt?

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Facultad sancionatoria de la Contraloria General de la República con el sistema de control interno

La Constitución política de 1991 produjo un viraje importante en el ejercicio de la función del control fiscal en el país. Cabe recordar que el diagnostico que debatió en su momento la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente no era alentador y el control

Riesgo psicosocial y satisfacción laboral en la gerencia de recursos humanos de una empresa de servicios públicos de Bogotá

estudiar la relación entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial y la satisfacción laboral del personal de la Gerencia de Recursos Humanos de una empresa de servicios públicos de Bogotá, con el fin de proponer un plan de intervención

La experiencia de los receptores en el trasplante de órganos y tejidos

El trasplante de órganos y/o tejidos es considerado como una opción terapéutica viable para el tratamiento tanto de enfermedades crónicas o en estadios terminales, como de afectaciones no vitales, pero que generen una disminución en la calidad de vida percibida por el paciente. Este procedimiento, de carácter multidimensional, está compuesto por 3 actores principales: el donante, el órgano/tejido, y el receptor. Si bien un porcentaje significativo de investigaciones y planes de intervención han girado en torno a la dimensión biológica del trasplante, y a la promoción de la donación; el interés por la experiencia psicosocial y la calidad de vida de los receptores en este proceso ha aumentado durante la última década. En relación con esto, la presente monografía se plantea como objetivo general la exploración de la experiencia y los significados construidos por los pacientes trasplantados, a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre esta temática. Para ello, se plantearon unos objetivos específicos derivados del general, se seleccionaron términos o palabras claves por cada uno de estos, y se realizó una búsqueda en 5 bases de datos para revistas indexadas: Ebsco Host (Academic Search; y Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection); Proquest; Pubmed; y Science Direct. A partir de los resultados, se establece que si bien la vivencia de los receptores ha comenzado a ser investigada, aún es necesaria una mayor exploración sobre la experiencia de estos pacientes; exploración que carecería de objetivo si no se hiciera a través de las narrativas o testimonios de los mismos receptores

Expediente de renovación de la pensión real de 500 ducados al Colegio Mayor del Rosario

Cédula Real de Felipe V de 18 de enero de 1734 en la que concede una nueva extensión de 10 años de la pensión de 500 ducados anuales al Colegio Mayor del Rosario, pensión ya otorgada en la Cédula Real de 19 de septiembre de 1715 y renovada por la Cédula Real de 2 de abril de 1726. La pensión fue concedida debido a la escasez de las rentas del Colegio Mayor, situación que no permitía la manutención de los colegiales, ni de las cátedras. Además de la pensión, el Rey concedía de nuevo al Colegio Mayor la exención del tributo de la media anata. El rector del Colegio Mayor del Rosario José Ignacio Flórez Vanegas pide en 1746 una copia de la cédula Real de 1734; además ordena hacer interrogatorios para corroborar los problemas económicos del Colegio Mayor y pedir al Rey de España una nueva pensión.

Enseñanza de la lengua de signos española a personas oyentes : propuesta de integración en los centros educativos.

Anexos: p. 120-141

Maestros que marcan : biograf??a personal e identidad profesional en docentes memorables

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

UV irradiance as a major influence on growth, development and secondary products of commercial importance in Lollo Rosso lettuce 'Revolution' grown under polyethylene films

The growth and production of anthocyanin, flavonoid and phenolic compounds were evaluated in Lollo Rosso lettuce 'Revolution' grown continuously under films varying in their ability to transmit LTV radiation (completely transparent to IN, transparent above 320, 350, 370 and 3 80 nm and completely opaque to LTV radiation). Plants were grown from seed under UV transparent and UV blocking films and destructively harvested 3-4 weeks after transplanting. Plants under a complete UV blocking film (UV400) produced up to 2.2 times more total above ground dry weight than plants under the UV transparent film. In contrast, anthocyanin content in plants under the UV blocking film was approximately eight times lower than in plants under a UV transparent film. Furthermore, there was a curvilinear relationship between the anthocyanin content and LTV wavelength cutoff such that above 370 run there was no further reduction in anthocyanin content. Fluorescence measurements indicated that photosynthetic performance index was 15% higher under the presence of UVB and UVA (UV280) than under the presence of UVA (UV320) and 53% higher than in the absence of UV radiation suggesting protection of the photosynthetic apparatus possibly by phenolic compounds. These findings are of particular importance as the potential of UV transmitting films to increase secondary compounds may offer the opportunity to produce plants commercially with increased health benefits compared to those grown under conventional films.

Family treatment of child anxiety: outcomes, limitations and future directions

Anxiety of childhood is a common and serious condition. The past decade has seen an increase in treatment-focussed research, with recent trials tending to give greater attention to parents in the treatment process. This review examines the efficacy of family-based cognitive behaviour therapy and attempts to delineate some of the factors that might have an impact on its efficacy. The choice and timing of outcome measure, age and gender of the child, level of parental anxiety, severity and type of child anxiety and treatment format and content are scrutinised. The main conclusions are necessarily tentative, but it seems likely that Family Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (FCBT) is superior to no treatment, and, for some outcome measures, also superior to Child Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CCBT). Where FCBT is successful, the results are consistently maintained at follow-up. It appears that where a parent is anxious, and this is not addressed, outcomes are less good. However, for children of anxious parents, FCBT is probably more effective than CCBT. What is most clear is that large, well-designed studies, examining these factors alone and in combination, are now needed.