Cayler Cardio-Facial Syndrome: An Uncommon Condition in Newborns

Introduction: Cayler cardio-facial syndrome is a rare syndrome associated with asymmetric crying faces with congenital heart disease. We report a newborn that was diagnosed as case of Cayler Cardio-facial syndrome based on clinical features and was confirmed with FISH analysis. Case Presentation: A term male baby, born to non-consanguineous couple through normal vaginal delivery was diagnosed to have asymmetric crying faces with deviation of angle of mouth to left side at the time of birth. The baby had normal faces while sleeping or silent. Mother was known case of hypothyroidism and was on treatment. Baby was diagnosed as case of Cayler Cardio-facial Syndrome and was investigated with echocardiogram, brain ultrasound, total body X-ray examination, X-ray of cervico-thoracic vertebral column and fundus examination. Echocardiogram showed muscular VSD, brain ultrasound was normal and fundus examination showed tortuous retinal vessels. Whole body X-ray and lateral X-ray of cervico-thoracic vertebral column were not suggestive of any skeletal abnormalities. The other associated malformation was right ear microtia. Baby FISH karyotype analysis showed deletion of 22q11.2 deletion. Baby was discharged and now on follow-up. Conclusions: Cayler syndrome is a rare syndrome which must be suspected if a baby has asymmetrical cry pattern and normal facies when baby sleeps. Patient must be evaluated with echocardiography to find out associated cardiac malformations. These infants should undergo FISH analysis for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Adaptive strategy for the statistical analysis of connectomes.

We study an adaptive statistical approach to analyze brain networks represented by brain connection matrices of interregional connectivity (connectomes). Our approach is at a middle level between a global analysis and single connections analysis by considering subnetworks of the global brain network. These subnetworks represent either the inter-connectivity between two brain anatomical regions or by the intra-connectivity within the same brain anatomical region. An appropriate summary statistic, that characterizes a meaningful feature of the subnetwork, is evaluated. Based on this summary statistic, a statistical test is performed to derive the corresponding p-value. The reformulation of the problem in this way reduces the number of statistical tests in an orderly fashion based on our understanding of the problem. Considering the global testing problem, the p-values are corrected to control the rate of false discoveries. Finally, the procedure is followed by a local investigation within the significant subnetworks. We contrast this strategy with the one based on the individual measures in terms of power. We show that this strategy has a great potential, in particular in cases where the subnetworks are well defined and the summary statistics are properly chosen. As an application example, we compare structural brain connection matrices of two groups of subjects with a 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, distinguished by their IQ scores.

Graph theory reveals dysconnected hubs in 22q11DS and altered nodal efficiency in patients with hallucinations.

Schizophrenia is postulated to be the prototypical dysconnection disorder, in which hallucinations are the core symptom. Due to high heterogeneity in methodology across studies and the clinical phenotype, it remains unclear whether the structural brain dysconnection is global or focal and if clinical symptoms result from this dysconnection. In the present work, we attempt to clarify this issue by studying a population considered as a homogeneous genetic sub-type of schizophrenia, namely the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). Cerebral MRIs were acquired for 46 patients and 48 age and gender matched controls (aged 6-26, respectively mean age = 15.20 ± 4.53 and 15.28 ± 4.35 years old). Using the Connectome mapper pipeline (connectomics.org) that combines structural and diffusion MRI, we created a whole brain network for each individual. Graph theory was used to quantify the global and local properties of the brain network organization for each participant. A global degree loss of 6% was found in patients' networks along with an increased Characteristic Path Length. After identifying and comparing hubs, a significant loss of degree in patients' hubs was found in 58% of the hubs. Based on Allen's brain network model for hallucinations, we explored the association between local efficiency and symptom severity. Negative correlations were found in the Broca's area (p < 0.004), the Wernicke area (p < 0.023) and a positive correlation was found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (p < 0.014). In line with the dysconnection findings in schizophrenia, our results provide preliminary evidence for a targeted alteration in the brain network hubs' organization in individuals with a genetic risk for schizophrenia. The study of specific disorganization in language, speech and thought regulation networks sharing similar network properties may help to understand their role in the hallucination mechanism.

A 600 kb deletion syndrome at 16p11.2 leads to energy imbalance and neuropsychiatric disorders.

BACKGROUND: The recurrent ~600 kb 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 deletion is among the most frequent known genetic aetiologies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental disorders. OBJECTIVE: To define the medical, neuropsychological, and behavioural phenotypes in carriers of this deletion. METHODS: We collected clinical data on 285 deletion carriers and performed detailed evaluations on 72 carriers and 68 intrafamilial non-carrier controls. RESULTS: When compared to intrafamilial controls, full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) is two standard deviations lower in carriers, and there is no difference between carriers referred for neurodevelopmental disorders and carriers identified through cascade family testing. Verbal IQ (mean 74) is lower than non-verbal IQ (mean 83) and a majority of carriers require speech therapy. Over 80% of individuals exhibit psychiatric disorders including ASD, which is present in 15% of the paediatric carriers. Increase in head circumference (HC) during infancy is similar to the HC and brain growth patterns observed in idiopathic ASD. Obesity, a major comorbidity present in 50% of the carriers by the age of 7 years, does not correlate with FSIQ or any behavioural trait. Seizures are present in 24% of carriers and occur independently of other symptoms. Malformations are infrequently found, confirming only a few of the previously reported associations. CONCLUSIONS: The 16p11.2 deletion impacts in a quantitative and independent manner FSIQ, behaviour and body mass index, possibly through direct influences on neural circuitry. Although non-specific, these features are clinically significant and reproducible. Lastly, this study demonstrates the necessity of studying large patient cohorts ascertained through multiple methods to characterise the clinical consequences of rare variants involved in common diseases.

A 600 kb deletion syndrome at 16p11.2 leads to energy imbalance and neuropsychiatric disorders

BACKGROUND: The recurrent ~600 kb 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 deletion is among the most frequent known genetic aetiologies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental disorders. OBJECTIVE: To define the medical, neuropsychological, and behavioural phenotypes in carriers of this deletion. METHODS: We collected clinical data on 285 deletion carriers and performed detailed evaluations on 72 carriers and 68 intrafamilial non-carrier controls. RESULTS: When compared to intrafamilial controls, full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) is two standard deviations lower in carriers, and there is no difference between carriers referred for neurodevelopmental disorders and carriers identified through cascade family testing. Verbal IQ (mean 74) is lower than non-verbal IQ (mean 83) and a majority of carriers require speech therapy. Over 80% of individuals exhibit psychiatric disorders including ASD, which is present in 15% of the paediatric carriers. Increase in head circumference (HC) during infancy is similar to the HC and brain growth patterns observed in idiopathic ASD. Obesity, a major comorbidity present in 50% of the carriers by the age of 7 years, does not correlate with FSIQ or any behavioural trait. Seizures are present in 24% of carriers and occur independently of other symptoms. Malformations are infrequently found, confirming only a few of the previously reported associations. CONCLUSIONS: The 16p11.2 deletion impacts in a quantitative and independent manner FSIQ, behaviour and body mass index, possibly through direct influences on neural circuitry. Although non-specific, these features are clinically significant and reproducible. Lastly, this study demonstrates the necessity of studying large patient cohorts ascertained through multiple methods to characterise the clinical consequences of rare variants involved in common diseases.

Tooth abnormalities and soft tissue alterations in patients with G/BBB syndrome

OBJECTIVE: The G/BBB syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by eye anomalies, laryngotracheoesophageal cleft, congenital heart disease, genitourinary anomalies and gastrointestinal disorders. Patients may also present cleft lip and palate, high-arched palate and thin upper lip. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of tooth abnormalities and soft tissue changes in patients with G/BBB syndrome. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with G/BBB syndrome were analyzed as to the presence of tooth abnormalities and soft tissue alterations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth was compared to patients without morphofunctional alterations, matched for gender and age. RESULTS: All patients had complete cleft lip and palate; 95.23% of patients presented tooth abnormalities, mainly hypoplastic alterations, with predominance of alterations of number, followed by alterations of structure, shape and position. The frequency of tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth was significantly higher compared with the control group; 11 patients presented incisiform supernumerary teeth in the mandibular anterior region. Ankyloglossia was observed in 11 of 21 patients. CONCLUSION: The presence of mandibular anterior supernumerary teeth and ankyloglossia should be investigated in the clinical evaluation of patients with suspected diagnosis of the G/BBB syndrome. Oral Diseases (2008) 14, 747-753

Deletions within COL11A1 in Type 2 Stickler Syndrome Detected by Multiplex Ligation - Syndrome Detected by Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA)

Background: COL11A1 is a large complex gene around 250 kb in length and consisting of 68 exons. Pathogenic mutations in the gene can result in Stickler syndrome, Marshall syndrome or Fibrochondrogenesis. Many of the mutations resulting in either Stickler or Marshall syndrome alter splice sites and result in exon skipping, which because of the exon structure of collagen genes usually leaves the message in-frame. The mutant protein then exerts a dominant negative effect as it co-assembles with other collagen gene products. To date only one large deletion of 40 kb in the COL11A1, which was detected by RT-PCR, has been characterized. However, commonly used screening protocols, utilizing genomic amplification and exon sequencing, are unlikely to detect such large deletions. Consequently the frequency of this type of mutation is unknown. Case presentations: We have used Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) in conjunction with exon amplification and sequencing, to analyze patients with clinical features of Stickler syndrome, and have detected six novel deletions that were not found by exon sequencing alone. Conclusion: Exon deletions appear to represent a significant proportion of type 2 Stickler syndrome. This observation was previously unknown and so diagnostic screening of COL11A1 should include assays capable of detecting both large and small deletions, in addition to exon sequencing.

13q deletion syndrome and retinoblastoma in identical dichorionic diamniotic monozygotic twins.

PURPOSE: To report the case of identical dichorionic diamniotic female twins with unilateral retinoblastoma in 13q deletion syndrome. METHODS: Clinical and ophthalmoscopic evaluation, combination of multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification, array-comparative genomic hybridization analyses, and magnetic resonance imaging were performed. RESULTS: Peculiar facial features, marked hypotonia, gastroesophageal reflux, interatrial septal defect with left to right shunt and light dilatation of right chambers, 5th finger hypoplasia, 3rd-5th toes clinodactyly, 2nd toe overlapped to 3rd toe, and cutis marmorata were found. Ophthalmoscopic evaluation revealed unilateral retinoblastoma in both girls. Magnetic resonance imaging detected corpus callosum hypoplasia in both twins. A 34.4-Mb deletion involving bands 13q13.2-q21.33 and including the RB1 gene was identified in both twins. The deletion was not present in the DNA of their parents and older brother. CONCLUSIONS: Dysmorphic features in children must be always suspicious of 13q deletion syndrome and a short ophthalmoscopic follow-up is necessary to detect the presence of a retinoblastoma.

Phenotypic and molecular assessment of seven patients with 6p25 deletion syndrome: relevance to ocular dysgenesis and hearing impairment.

BACKGROUND: Thirty-nine patients have been described with deletions involving chromosome 6p25. However, relatively few of these deletions have had molecular characterization. Common phenotypes of 6p25 deletion syndrome patients include hydrocephalus, hearing loss, and ocular, craniofacial, skeletal, cardiac, and renal malformations. Molecular characterization of deletions can identify genes that are responsible for these phenotypes. METHODS: We report the clinical phenotype of seven patients with terminal deletions of chromosome 6p25 and compare them to previously reported patients. Molecular characterization of the deletions was performed using polymorphic marker analysis to determine the extents of the deletions in these seven 6p25 deletion syndrome patients. RESULTS: Our results, and previous data, show that ocular dysgenesis and hearing impairment are the two most highly penetrant phenotypes of the 6p25 deletion syndrome. While deletion of the forkhead box C1 gene (FOXC1) probably underlies the ocular dysgenesis, no gene in this region is known to be involved in hearing impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular dysgenesis and hearing impairment are the two most common phenotypes of 6p25 deletion syndrome. We conclude that a locus for dominant hearing loss is present at 6p25 and that this locus is restricted to a region distal to D6S1617. Molecular characterization of more 6p25 deletion patients will aid in refinement of this locus and the identification of a gene involved in dominant hearing loss.

Laryngeal malformation in Richieri-Costa Pereira syndrome: New findings

Laryngeal structural anomalies were described in 13 cases of Richieri-Costa Pereira syndrome, and four previously reported cases were reviewed. The 17 individuals examined had the typical laryngeal anomalies and vocal disorders previously described. The new findings are the laryngeal microweb observed in three cases and arytenoid anteriorization movement observed in 14 cases. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Prevalencia relativa de Microdeleción 22q11.2 en una muestra de pacientes asistidos en el Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad de Córdoba. Importancia de la detección precoz para establecer medidas de prevención y rehabilitación

Anomalías conotruncales – Hibridación in situ Fluorescente La microdeleción cromosómica 22q11.2, es la más frecuente en humanos. Se estima una prevalencia de 1 cada 4000 recién nacidos, presentando una variabilidad clínica que abarca: Síndrome de DiGeorge, Velo-Cardio-Facial, anomalías cardíacas conotruncales aisladas, entre otras, hasta la descripción de pacientes con microdeleción subclínica. Actualmente todos estos pacientes son denominados como Síndromes de Microdeleción 22q. Hipótesis de trabajo: existe en nuestro medio un subdiagnóstico atribuible al desconocimiento de la gran variabilidad fenotípica, sospechándose sólo los casos clásicos. Objetivos: -Estimar la prevalencia relativa de microdeleción 22q11.2 en una muestra de pacientes asistidos en el Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad de Córdoba. -Correlacionar los datos clínicos con la citogenética clásica y molecular. -Diagnosticar las formas heredables para realizar asesoramiento familiar.

Prevalencia relativa de Microdeleción 22q11.2 en pacientes pediátricos y adultos asistidos en la Ciudad de Córdoba

La microdeleción intersticial 22q11.2, es la más frecuentes en humanos; se estima una prevalencia de 1/ 4000 recién nacidos, presentando una marcada variabilidad Clínica que abarca Síndrome de Di George, Velocardiofacial, Cayler, cardiopatías conotruncales aisladas, formas autosómicas dominantes de Opitz BBB y un subtipo de esquizofrenia caracterizada por dismorfias y disfunción cognitiva. Hipótesis: en nuestro medio existe un subdiagnóstico de esta patología especialmente adultos con problemas de comportamiento tardíos, probablemente atribuible al desconocimiento de la gran variabilidad fenotípica. Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia relativa de microdeleción 22q11.2 en nuestro medio. Correlacionar los hallazgos clínicos con la citogenética de alta resolución y molecular. Diagnosticar las formas heredables. Material y Método: se evaluaran prospectivamente los pacientes derivados por los servicios de cardiología, cardiocirugía, inmunología, psiquiatría que reúnan criterios clínicos de sospecha de microdeleción 22q11.2 desde octubre de 2009 hasta septiembre de 2011. Se excluirán pacientes con cardiopatías conotruncales, insuficiencias velopalatinas, inmunodeficiencias y esquizofrenia encuadradas en otros diagnósticos. Se solicitará consentimiento informado. Se realizará evaluación clínica en el consultorio de Genética Médica. Se efectuará citogenética con técnicas de alta resolución e hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH). A los progenitores de los pacientes positivos se les realizará igual evaluación clínica y de laboratorio. Resultados: se espera realizar diagnóstico de certeza de microdeleción 22q11.2 en el 90% de los Síndromes de Di George/Velocardiofacial, 20% de las anomalías conotruncales aisladas, 7 al 10% de las formas heredables, 2% de pacientes con esquizofrenia; en este último grupo; el porcentaje puede ascender a un 6%, según datos publicados, si se eligen subpoblaciones de pacientes con retraso del desarrollo, dismorfias, antecedentes de trastornos en el aprendizaje y el lenguaje, voz nasal, historia de hipocalcemia y de aplasia o hipoplasia tímica. Importancia del proyecto: realizar diagnóstico precoz de esta entidad en pacientes pediátricos, adultos con esquizofrenia y formas heredables, lo que permitirá realizar un abordaje interdisciplinario integral de estos individuos y su familia, contribuyendo a un uso racional de los recursos disponibles para optimizar la calidad del servicio de salud. Pertinencia: en relación al tema “innovación y desarrollo tecnológico en medicamentos y tecnología médica” se realizarán técnicas de citogenética molecular (hibridación in situ fluorescente-FISH), indicadas para realizar diagnóstico de certeza de la enfermedad, tanto en las formas esporádicas como en las heredables

Prevalencia relativa de microdeleción 22Q11.2 en pacientes pediátricos y adultos asistidos en la ciudad de Córdoba.

La microdeleción intersticial 22q11.2, es la más frecuentes en humanos; se estima una prevalencia de 1/ 4000 recién nacidos, presentando una marcada variabilidad Clínica que abarca Síndrome de Di George, Velocardiofacial, Cayler, cardiopatías conotruncales aisladas, formas autosómicas dominantes de Opitz BBB y un subtipo de esquizofrenia caracterizada por dismorfias y disfunción cognitiva. Hipótesis: en nuestro medio existe un subdiagnóstico de esta patología especialmente adultos con problemas de comportamiento tardíos, probablemente atribuible al desconocimiento de la gran variabilidad fenotípica. Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia relativa de microdeleción 22q11.2 en nuestro medio. Correlacionar los hallazgos clínicos con la citogenética de alta resolución y molecular. Diagnosticar las formas heredables. Material y Método: se evaluarán prospectivamente los pacientes derivados por los servicios de cardiología, cardiocirugía, inmunología, psiquiatría que reúnan criterios clínicos de sospecha de microdeleción 22q11.2 desde octubre de 2009 hasta septiembre de 2011. Se excluirán pacientes con cardiopatías conotruncales, insuficiencias velopalatinas, inmunodeficiencias y esquizofrenia encuadradas en otros diagnósticos. Se solicitará consentimiento informado. Se realizará evaluación clínica en el consultorio de Genética Médica. Se efectuará citogenética con técnicas de alta resolución e hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH). A los progenitores de los pacientes positivos se les realizará igual evaluación clínica y de laboratorio. Resultados: se espera realizar diagnóstico de certeza de microdeleción 22q11.2 en el 90% de los Síndromes de Di George/Velocardiofacial, 20% de las anomalías conotruncales aisladas, 7 al 10% de las formas heredables, 2% de pacientes con esquizofrenia; en este último grupo; el porcentaje puede ascender a un 6%, según datos publicados, si se eligen subpoblaciones de pacientes con retraso del desarrollo, dismorfias, antecedentes de trastornos en el aprendizaje y el lenguaje, voz nasal, historia de hipocalcemia y de aplasia o hipoplasia tímica. Importancia del proyecto: realizar diagnóstico precoz de esta entidad en pacientes pediátricos, adultos con esquizofrenia y formas heredables, lo que permitirá realizar un abordaje interdisciplinario integral de estos individuos y su familia, contribuyendo a un uso racional de los recursos disponibles para optimizar la calidad del servicio de salud.Pertinencia: en relación al tema "innovación y desarrollo tecnológico en medicamentos y tecnología médica" se realizarán técnicas de citogenética molecular (hibridación in situ fluorescente-FISH), indicadas para realizar diagnóstico de certeza de la enfermedad, tanto en las formas esporádicas como en las heredables.

Deleção 22q11.2 em pacientes com defeito cardíaco conotruncal e fenótipo da síndrome da deleção 22q11.2

FUNDAMENTO: A síndrome da deleção 22q11.2 é a mais freqüente síndrome de microdeleção humana. O fenótipo é altamente variável e caracterizado por defeito cardíaco conotruncal, dismorfias faciais, insuficiência velofaríngea, dificuldade de aprendizagem e retardo mental. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a freqüência da deleção 22q11.2 em uma amostra brasileira de indivíduos portadores de cardiopatia conontrucal isolada e do fenótipo da síndrome da deleção 22q11.2. MÉTODOS: Vinte e nove pacientes foram estudados por meio de citogenética clássica, por hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH) e por técnicas moleculares. RESULTADOS: A análise citogenética por meio de bandamento G revelou cariótipo normal em todos os pacientes, com exceção de um que apresentou cariótipo 47,XX,+idic(22)(q11.2). Com o uso de técnicas moleculares, a deleção foi observada em 25% dos pacientes, todos portadores do fenótipo da síndrome da deleção 22q11.2. Em nenhum dos casos, a deleção foi herdada dos pais. A freqüência da deleção 22q11.2 foi maior no grupo de pacientes portadores do espectro clínico da síndrome da deleção 22q11.2 do que no grupo de pacientes com cardiopatia conotruncal isolada. CONCLUSÃO: A investigação da presença da deleção e sua correlação com os dados clínicos dos pacientes podem auxiliar os pacientes e suas famílias a terem um melhor aconselhamento genético e um seguimento clínico mais adequado.