The Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry: rationale, organisation and results for the years 2001-2005

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Childhood cancer is a rare but severe disease. Therefore central registration of all cases is essential for surveillance and management. This paper describes the methodology and basic results of the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry (SCCR). METHODS: The SCCR was established in 1976, originally as a national hospital-based registry of childhood malignancies. All 9 paediatric oncology-haematology clinics in Switzerland provide baseline and follow-up information on all children diagnosed with cancer. These data are registered centrally and diagnoses are coded according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. RESULTS: From 2001-2005, 887 cases of childhood cancer in Swiss residents under the age of 15 years were registered in the SCCR. Of these, 281 (31.7%) were leukaemias, 223 (24.0%) were CNS tumours, and 116 (13.1%) were lymphomas. The age-standardised annual incidence per 1 Million person-years (age below 15 years; world standardisation) was 154.0 (95% CI 143.7-164.3; N = 887). The incidence was higher for boys (170.2, 155.0-185.4; N = 501) than for girls (136.9, 123.0-150.8; N = 386). CONCLUSION: The close collaboration between all paediatric oncologists-haematologists in Switzerland and a university department allowed the creation of a national population-based cancer registry with detailed clinical information. The SCCR produces cancer type specific incidence and survival estimates and allows the development of nested research projects on childhood cancer aetiology, management and outcome, both on a national and on an international level.

Prospective population-based study of RSV-related intermediate care and intensive care unit admissions in Switzerland over a 4-year period (2001-2005)

OBJECTIVES: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a leading cause of hospital admissions in small children. A substantial proportion of these patients require medical and nursing care, which can only be provided in intermediate (IMC) or intensive care units (ICU). This article reports on all children aged < 3 years who required admission to IMC and/or ICU between October 1, 2001 and September 30, 2005 in Switzerland. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively collected data on all children aged < 3 years who were admitted to an IMC or ICU for an RSV-related illness. Using a detailed questionnaire, we collected information on risk factors, therapy requirements, length of stay in the IMC/ICU and hospital, and outcome. RESULTS: Of the 577 cases reported during the study period, 90 were excluded because the patients did not fulfill the inclusion criteria; data were incomplete in another 25 cases (5%). Therefore, a total of 462 verified cases were eligible for analysis. At the time of hospital admission, only 31 patients (11%) were older than 12 months. Since RSV infection was not the main reason for IMC/ICU admission in 52% of these patients, we chose to exclude this subgroup from further analyses. Among the 431 infants aged < 12 months, the majority (77%) were former near term or full term (NT/FT) infants with a gestational age > or = 35 weeks without additional risk factors who were hospitalized at a median age of 1.5 months. Gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks, moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and congenital heart disease (CHD) were all associated with a significant risk increase for IMC/ICU admission (relative risk 14, 56, and 10, for GA < or = 32 weeks, BPD, and CHD, respectively). Compared with NT/FT infants, high-risk infants were hospitalized at an older age (except for infants with CHD), required more invasive and longer respiratory support, and had longer stays in the IMC/ICU and hospital. CONCLUSIONS: In Switzerland, RSV infections lead to the IMC/ICU admission of approximately 1%-2% of each annual birth cohort. Although prematurity, BPD, and CHD are significant risk factors, non-pharmacological preventive strategies should not be restricted to these high-risk patients but also target young NT/FT infants since they constitute 77% of infants requiring IMC/ICU admission.

(Table 1) Krill (Euphausia superba) biomass estimates at South Georgia Island from 2001-2005

The South Georgia region supports a large biomass of krill that is subject to high interannual variability. The apparent lack of a locally self-maintaining krill population at South Georgia means that understanding the mechanism underlying these observed population characteristics is essential to successful ecosystem-based management of krill fishery in the region. Krill acoustic-density data from surveys conducted in the early, middle and late period of the summers of 2001 to 2005, together with krill population size structure over the same period from predator diet data, were used with a krill population dynamics model to evaluate potential mechanisms behind the observed changes in krill biomass. Krill abundance was highest during the middle of the summer in 3 years and in the late period in 2 years; in the latter there was evidence that krill recruitment was delayed by several months. A model scenario that included empirically derived estimates of both the magnitude and timing of recruitment in each year showed the greatest correlation with the acoustic series. The results are consistent with a krill population with allochthonous recruitment entering a retained adult population; i.e. oceanic transport of adult krill does not appear to be the major factor determining the dynamics of the adult population. The results highlight the importance of the timing of recruitment, especially where this could introduce a mismatch between the peak of krill abundance and the peak demand from predators, which may exacerbate the effects of changes in krill populations arising from commercial harvesting and/or climate change.

Evaluación del mercado inmobiliario con fines de inversión. Caso: casco urbano del municipio de Barinas 2001-2005

Con el objetivo de evaluar el mercado inmobiliario del municipio Barinas con fines de inversión, se analizó el crecimiento de los precios de las viviendas usadas. Se consideró una población de 1.981 viviendas protocolizadas ante el Registro Subalterno durante el período 2001-2005 y distribuidas en 22 urbanizaciones. Se muestrearon 252 viviendas de 5 urbanizaciones. Se emplearon técnicas de regresión lineal y no lineal. Los principales resultados indican que: 1) El incremento de los precios de los inmuebles es acelerado, ajustándose a modelos no lineales que varían con la zona, y 2) En un contexto caracterizado principalmente por una gran demanda y facilidades de crédito, las inversiones son bien redituadas cuando se orientan a la compra de inmuebles de urbanizaciones bien ubicadas, sin problemas importantes de hábitat y que cumplan con los requisitos exigidos por los entes financieros, tal como ocurre con las urbanizaciones Palacio Fajardo, Los Lirios y Don Samuel.

Evolución del sector de Sociedades de Garantía Recíproca y su incidencia en la financiación de nuevos proyectos empresariales en el periodo 2001-2005

La puesta en marcha de un proyecto de nueva creación presenta dificultades de acceso a la financiación bancaria, debido a su elevado riesgo, como consecuencia de la escasez o falta de garantías. Para dar solución a este problema y fomentar el espíritu emprendedor en España, se han desarrollado los Sistemas de Garantías que prestan su aval a la PYME antes las entidades de crédito, permitiendo, su acceso a la financiación en condiciones óptimas de tipo de interés y plazo de amortización. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido analizar la evolución del sector de sociedades de garantías recíproca español y su efecto sobre el desarrollo de proyectos de nueva creación durante el período 2001 y 2005. Aunque el sector ha crecido durante este periodo y ha apoyado la puesta en marcha de proyectos empresariales, todavía resulta desconocido para muchos emprendedores, por lo que debería continuar su expansión, contribuyendo eficazmente a mejorar la capacidad de financiación de las PYME.

Relación en España de la duración de la gestación y del peso al nacer con la nacionalidad de la madre durante el período 2001-2005

Fundamento: La asociación de la inmigración con el bajo peso al nacimiento (BP) y el parto pretérmino (PP) es un importante indicador de inequidades en salud. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las diferencias entre BP y el PP según la nacionalidad de la madre. Métodos: Los datos proceden del Boletín Estadístico de Nacimientos. Durante el período de estudio hubo 1.878.718 recién nacidos. La nacionalidad fue considerada como variable de exposición (española-inmigrante). Las variables de efecto son BP (nacimientos de 37 o más semanas de gestación con un peso inferior a 2.500 gramos) y PP (recién nacidos con menos de 37 semanas de gestación). Se calcularon odds ratios simples y ajustadas por posibles variables de confusión mediante regresión logística. Resultados: La prevalencia de BP y PP entre las mujeres españolas fue de 7,9% y 3,2% respectivamente, mientras que en las extranjeras fue de 7,3% y 2,4% respectivamente. En comparación con las españolas, el riesgo más bajo de PP lo presentaron las mujeres procedentes de África del Norte (ORa= 0,77 IC95%0,74-0,80). Con respecto al BP el riesgo más bajo se observó en madres de Sudamérica (ORa=0,62 IC95%0,59-0,65) y Europa del Este (ORa=0,65 IC95%0,60-0,71). Conclusión: Los recién nacidos de madre extranjera presentan menos riesgo de BP y PP que los autóctonos, posiblemente como consecuencia del sesgo por la condición de ser inmigrante sano y por la menor frecuencia de prácticas de riesgo durante la gestación de las mujeres inmigrantes.