Cuases of death among rural residents in Shouguang City, 1993-1997 [寿光市1993～1997年农村居民死因分析]

In this rural population, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancers and injuries were identified as the major causes of death, responsible for 34%, 30%, 20% and 9%, respectively. Abstract in Chinese 寿光市地处山东半岛中部,渤海莱洲湾南畔,是全国有名的“蔬菜之乡”。为全面了解我市农村居民的死因分布状况,我们对寿光市部分农村居民1993~1997年的死亡资料进行了统计分析。对象与方法自1993年始,从我市选取有代表性的两个乡镇49个自然村约5000..

Public hospital utilisation during the 1997 Arafura Games

In view of the upcoming Sydney Olympics and several recent reports describing the experience at the Atlantic Olympics, we report the findings of the only Australian study which, to our knowledge, measured the impact of a large-scale sporting event on a public hospital. The study also provided an avenue for increased surveillance for communicable diseases. We prospectively assessed the utilisation of the Royal Darwin Hospital (RDH) by visiting athletes, officials and spectators during the 1997 Arafura Games, a biannual, seven-day international sporting event which attracts some 4,000 athletes and their supporters from across Australia, South-East Asia and the Pacific. The RDH Emergency Department (ED) is the only free, 24- hour medical facility in Darwin and no additional staff or resources were provided during the Games period. Official facilities included two privately operated sports medicine clinics for the sole use of athletes with sporting injuries during prescribed hours in the week of competition, and the presence of St John Ambulance at venues...

Meningococcal disease - 2 NT cases in August 1997 - The view from CDC

On 1 August 1997, the Friday afternoon of the start of a three day weekend (NT Picnic Day Monday 4 August) a case of suspected meningococcal disease was notified to CDC Katherine by an experienced, long serving, local GP...

Hospital separations in the Northern Territory for varicella-zoster virus related illnesses, 1993-1997

A varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine is available overseas, and universal immunisation in childhood is recommended in the United States.1 Any decision to introduce the vaccine to Australia must be based on an assessment of potential benefits and harms. While there has been some assessment of VZV significance in populations in southern Australia,2 the impact on the NT population is not known. It is not a notifiable condition and information on morbidity and mortality is limited to a few data collections. These are hospital separation data, deaths registers, and in 1995 the inclusion of VZV congenital and neonatal complications in the Australian Paediatric Surveillance System. Hospital separation data were analysed to assess the importance of VZV as a cause of severe morbidity and mortality in the NT population.

The first mitochondrial genome of the sepsid fly Nemopoda mamaevi Ozerov, 1997 (Diptera: Sciomyzoidea: Sepsidae), with mitochondrial genome phylogeny of cyclorrhapha

Sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) are important model insects for sexual selection research. In order to develop mitochondrial (mt) genome data for this significant group, we sequenced the first complete mt genome of the sepsid fly Nemopoda mamaevi Ozerov, 1997. The circular 15,878 bp mt genome is typical of Diptera, containing all 37 genes usually present in bilaterian animals. We discovered inaccurate annotations of fly mt genomes previously deposited on GenBank and thus re-annotated all published mt genomes of Cyclorrhapha. These re-annotations were based on comparative analysis of homologous genes, and provide a statistical analysis of start and stop codon positions. We further detected two 18 bp of conserved intergenic sequences from tRNAGlu-tRNAPhe and ND1-tRNASer(UCN) across Cyclorrhapha, which are the mtTERM binding site motifs. Additionally, we compared automated annotation software MITOS with hand annotation method. Phylogenetic trees based on the mt genome data from Cyclorrhapha were inferred by Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods, strongly supported a close relationship between Sepsidae and the Tephritoidea.

Kansallisvaltion teräsmiehestä valtakunnan sovittelijaksi : Poliisikulttuurin psykohistorialliset solmukohdat 1930-1997

From Steely Nation-State Superman to Conciliator of Economical Global Empire – A Psychohistory of Finnish Police Culture 1930-1997 My study concerns the way police culture has changed within the societal changes in Finnish society between 1930 and 1997. The method of my study was psycho-historical and post-structural analysis. The research was conducted by examining the psycho-historical plateaus traceable within Finnish police culture. I made a social diagnosis of the autopoietic relationship between the power-holders of Finnish society and the police (at various levels of hierarchical organization). According to police researcher John P. Crank, police culture should be understood as the cognitive processes behind the actions of the police. Among these processes are the values, beliefs, rituals, customs and advice which standardize their work and the common sense of policemen. According to Crank, police culture is defined by a mindset which thinks, judges and acts according to its evaluations filtered by its own preliminary comprehension. Police culture consists of all the unsaid assumptions of being a policeman, the organizational structures of police, official policies, unofficial ways of behaviour, forms of arrest, procedures of practice and different kinds of training habits, attitudes towards suspects and citizens, and also possible corruption. Police culture channels its members’ feelings and emotions. Crank says that police culture can be seen in how policemen express their feelings. He advises police researchers to ask themselves how it feels to be a member of the police. Ethos has been described as a communal frame for thought that guides one’s actions. According to sociologist Martti Grönfors, the Finnish mentality of the Protestant ethic is accentuated among Finnish policemen. The concept of ethos expresses very well the self-made mentality as an ethical tension which prevails in police work between communal belonging and individual freedom of choice. However, it is significant that it is a matter of the quality of relationships, and that the relationship is always tied to the context of the cultural history of dealing with one’s anxiety. According to criminologist Clifford Shearing, the values of police culture act as subterranean processes of the maintenance of social power in society. Policemen have been called microcosmic mediators, or street corner politicians. Robert Reiner argues that at the level of self-comprehension, policemen disparage the dimension of politics in their work. Reiner points out that all relationships which hold a dimension of power are political. Police culture has also been called a canteen culture. This idea expresses the day-to-day basis of the mentality of taking care of business which policing produces as a necessity for dealing with everyday hardships. According to police researcher Timo Korander, this figurative expression embodies the nature of police culture as a crew culture which is partly hidden from police chiefs who are at a different level. This multitude of standpoints depicts the diversity of police cultures. According to Reiner, one should not see police culture as one monolithic whole; instead one should assess it as the interplay of individuals negotiating with their environment and societal power networks. The cases analyzed formed different plateaus of study. The first plateau was the so-called ‘Rovaniemi arson’ case in the summer of 1930. The second plateau consisted of the examinations of alleged police assaults towards the Communists during the Finnish Continuation War of 1941 to 1944 and the threats that societal change after the war posed to Finnish Society. The third plateau was thematic. Here I investigated how using force towards police clients has changed culturally from the 1930s to the 1980s. The fourth plateau concerned with the material produced by the Security Police detectives traced the interaction between Soviet KGB agents and Finnish politicians during the long 1970s. The fifth plateau of larger changes in Finnish police culture then occurred during the 1980s as an aftermath of the former decade. The last, sixth plateau of changing relationships between policing and the national logic of action can be seen in the murder of two policemen in the autumn of 1997. My study shows that police culture has transformed from a “stone cold” steely fixed identity towards a more relational identity that tries to solve problems by negotiating with clients instead of using excessive force. However, in this process of change there is a traceable paradox in Finnish policing and police culture. On the one hand, policemen have, at the practical level, constructed their policing identity by protecting their inner self in their organizational role at work against the projections of anger and fear in society. On the other hand, however, they have had to safeguard themselves at the emotional level against the predominance of this same organizational role. Because of this dilemma they must simultaneously construct both a distance from their own role as police officers and the role of the police itself. This makes the task of policing susceptible to the political pressures of society. In an era of globalization, and after the heyday of the welfare state, this can produce heightened challenges for Finnish police culture.

"Kirjailijoiden tapaus" Venäjällä vuonna 1997

In the autumn of 1997, Russian government was faced with media pressure when owners of the TV channels ORT and NTV joined forces against it. This study is based on media sources from October 1997 to December 1997. It shows clearly how the enormous power of the media was able to dictate what happened in Russia. In the mid-1990s Russians started to talk about political technology, which became a commonly used term by professionals, journalists, politicians and intelligence services. As a result of this action, two leading reformers in the government, Anatoliy Chubais and Boris Nemtsov, were dismissed from their highly influential posts as finance and energy ministers respectively, but retained their power as first deputy prime ministers. According to the correspondents, the real reason was to resolve a conflict within the parliament, which had demanded the dismissal of Mr. Chubais. This demand was presented after Chubais had accepted $90,000 as a reward for co-writing a book on privatization. Chubais was considered to be Russia’s “business card” towards the west – the"Authors’ case" (Delo avtorov) was only solved after President Boris Yeltsin took part in the public debate. According to the research, the media owned by powerful businessmen Boris Berezovsky and Vladimir Gusinski, was able to use its own security services to expose sensitive material (Russian term ‘kompromat’), if necessary, concerning any given person. The so-called Authors’ case can be considered as a part of the battle and the tip of the iceberg in arrangements designed to organize the funding of the Russian presidential election campaign in 2000. The reason why this particular incident was so widely covered on television was because several programs aimed to reveal to the public "hidden bribes" that, as they claimed, government officials had received. The political aspect, however, was quite mild, when the concrete issues of possible dismissals of Ministers were debated in the Parliament. Everything was dealt with as a “family matter” inside Kremlin. Yeltsin's "family" consisted of practically anybody from oligarch Berezovsky to Chubais, the father of Russia's privatization policy. Methods of critical history implementation analysis has been used in this research in determining the use of the source material. Literature and interviews have also provided a good base for the study. The study proves that any literature dealing with the subject has not paid enough attention to how the dismissal of Alexander Kazakov, deputy of President’s administration, was linked directly with Gazprom, the state gas monopoly. Kazakov had to leave Gazprom and lose his position as Chubais' ally when the influential ORT television company was deteriorated.

Suomalaiset Viron-matkailijat virolaisessa sanomalehdistössä : Tekstianalyysia vuosien 1996 1997 ja 2003 2004 sanomalehtiteksteistä

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Viron suurimpien päivälehtien, Postimees ja Eesti Päevaleht, suomalaisia Viron-matkailijoita käsitteleviä tekstejä vuosilta 1996 1997 ja 2003 2004. Ajanjaksot on valittu sillä perusteella, että toukokuussa 1997 astui voimaan viisumivapaus Suomen ja Viron välillä matkustettaessa ja toukokuussa 2004 Viro liittyi EU:n jäseneksi. Tutkittavia tekstejä vuosilta 1996 1997 on 12 ja vuosilta 2003 2004 on 62 tekstiä, joista 19 on valittu tarkempaan analyysiin. Tavoitteena on tutkia, millainen kuva suomalaisesta Viron-matkailijasta tekstien kautta paljastuu ja millaisin keinoin sitä välitetään. Tarkastellaan myös sitä, onko kuva ajanjaksojen välillä muuttunut, ja jos on, niin miten. Tekstejä tutkitaan kriittisen tekstianalyysin keinoin ja pääasiassa tukeudutaan M. A. K. Hallidayn ja Vesa Heikkisen tutkimuksiin. Hallidayn systeemis-funktionaalisessa kieliopissa keskeisiä ovat kielelliset valinnat ja ajatus kielen kolmesta merkitystasosta, jotka ovat ideationaalinen, tekstuaalinen ja interpersoonainen. Tämän työn kannalta merkittävä on interpersoonainen taso, jolla tarkastellaan muun muassa kirjoittajan asenteita ja arvotuksia. Teksteistä etsitään erilaisia kielen keinoja, jotka ilmaisevat kirjoittajien asennoitumista suomalaisiin. Keskeistä on se, ovatko kirjoittajien arvotukset negatiivisia, neutraaleja vai positiivisia. Arvottavien asenteiden kautta muotoutuu tutkittavien tekstien kuva suomalaisista Viron-matkailijoista. Aineistosta nousee esiin kahdeksan erilaista arvotuksia ilmaisevaa kielellistä keinoa: aihevalinnat (otsikointi), nimeäminen, kuvailu, määritteet, verbivalinnat, vihjaukset, edellyttämykset ja lauseen informaatiorakenne. Analyysin perusteella selviää, että kuva suomalaisesta Viron-matkailijasta on hieman muuttunut tarkasteltavien ajanjaksojen välillä. Vuosien 1996 1997 tekstien mukaan suomalainen matkailija on rikas, mutta saita ja etsii Virosta edullisia tuotteita ja palveluita. Hän on tavallisesti keski-ikäinen ja humalassa tai vähintään ostamassa alkoholia. Negatiivinen suhtautuminen nousee selvästi esille. Vuosien 2003 2004 teksteissä kuva suomalaisista on monipuolistunut verrattuna aikaisempaan. Edelleen suomalaisille kuitenkin maistuu alkoholi ja he etsivät edullisuutta. Edullisuuden tavoittelu ja hamstraaminen korostuvat aiempaakin enemmän. Tutkimuksen kautta esiin tulleet kuvat suomalaisista Viron-matkailijoista ovat kyseisten ajanjaksojen sanomalehdistön välittämiä. Jatkossa olisi mielenkiintoista tutkia tekstejä joltain sellaiselta ajanjaksolta, johon ei liity matkustamisen helpottumiseen vaikuttavia muutoksia. Voitaisiin tutkia myös sitä, mitä mieltä tavalliset virolaiset ovat suomalaisista matkailijoista ja mitä virolaiset matkailupalveluyritysten edustajat suomalaisista ajattelevat. Näin ilmiötä voitaisiin lähestyä useammasta näkökulmasta.

A Patchwork of memories 1911-1997

Memoir describes her life in Germany, her decision to leave Germany after the death of her parents, and to work in the United States in 1934. Detailed description of every day life in Germany (after World War I) and in the United States, and later of various travels all over the world. Also mentions her German-Jewish ancestors on her maternal side (great-great-grandparents: Moritz and Fanny Hertz, great-grandmother: Helene Hertz nee Orthenberger), who had a textile business.

Sanan vai rakkauden palveluksessa? : Diakonian viralle esitetyt teologiset perusteet Suomen evankelis-luterilaisessa kirkossa vuosina 1997-2006

Tämän tutkielman tehtävänä on selvittää diakonian viralle esitettyjä teologisia perusteita kirkon viralliseen päätöksentekoon liittyvissä asiakirjoissa Suomen evankelis-luterilaisessa kirkossa vuosina 1997-2006. Diakonaatti tarkoittaa kirkon hengelliseen virkaan kuuluvaa papin virasta erillistä palveluvirkaa. Tässä tutkielmassa diakonaattia tarkastellaan kirkkolaissa ilmaistun karitatiivisen diakonian viran näkökulmasta suhteessa kirkon erityiseen virkaan. Systemaattisessa analyysissa on pyritty kuvaamaan aineistosta esiin nouseva diakonian viran keskeinen teologia ja keskeisimmät virkakeskustelussa esiin tulleet ongelmakohdat. Diakonian viran teologisia perusteita ei tässä tutkielmassa pidetä yhtenä kokonaisuutena, vaan siinä tapahtuvat muutokset on pyritty nostamaan esiin historiallisessa viitekehyksessä. Dispositio on tämän vuoksi rakennettu kronologisesti eteneväksi. Suomen evankelis-luterilaisessa kirkossa käytävä keskustelu diakonian viran uudistamisesta on käytännöllisten uudistamistarpeiden lisäksi lähtökohdiltaan yhteydessä kansainväliseen ja ekumeeniseen virkateologiseen kehitykseen, jossa kirkot ovat arvioineet omaa olemustaan ja tehtäväänsä. Virkarakenneuudistuksen pani vireille piispainkokouksen esitys 1/1994 diakonian viran kehittämisestä. Tutkielman keskiössä ovat siihen liittyen komiteamietinnöt Yhdessä kirkon virassa (1997) ja Palvelijoiksi vihityt (2002). Tarkasteltuna ajanjaksona lähdeaineistossa on havaittavissa kirkon viran ja diakonian viran määrittelyä koskeva terminologian ja ordinaatiokäsityksen muutos. Linjausten argumentoinnissa on havaittavissa joitakin epäselvyyksiä, koska esiin otettiin uusia käsitteitä. Kaikki analysoidut asiakirjat katsoivat kirkon viran perustuvan jumalalliseen asetukseen. Sekä kaksisäikeisessä että kolmisäikeisessä virkamallissa diakonian virka ymmärrettiin osaksi Jumalan asettamaa kirkon virkaa. Yksi ministerium ecclesiasticum aukeaa useampaan tehtävään. Kristus asetti kirkolle viran kutsuessaan ja lähettäessään apostolit. Viran muodot ja jakautuminen esimerkiksi piispan, papin ja diakonian virkoihin on nähty periaatteessa inhimillisenä järjestelykysymyksenä, sillä viran jumalallinen asetus ei koske viran muotoja. Asiakirjoissa tukeuduttiin kirkon viran määrittelyssä yhteisen pappeuden perustaan. Kristityt muodostavat uskon ja rakkauden yhteisön, jossa koko seurakunnalla on vastuu tietyistä tehtävistä. Kirkon erityinen palveluvirka rakentuu tälle pohjalle. Aineistosta vahvasti nouseva teema on Lutherin teologiaan perustuva näkemys uskon ja rakkauden sisäkkäisyydestä sekä uskossa läsnäolevasta Kristuksesta rakkauden perustana. Lutherin teologiaan liittyy myös diakonian viran argumentointi sakramentaalisen sanakäsityksen pohjalta. Sanakäsitys on nähty laajasti myös ekumeenisessa dialogissa. Diakonian virkaa tarkasteltiin aineistossa suhteessa seurakuntaan. Yhteisöllisyyden korostus diakonian viran edellytyksenä ja myös sen seurauksena nousi esiin. Yhteisöllisyyden ja siten myös diakonian lähteeksi hahmottui jumalanpalvelus ja ehtoollinen. Ajatus koinoniasta toi mukanaan myös vahvan pneumatologisen perustelun diakonian viralle. Voidaankin sanoa, että diakonian virka tulkittiin lähteissä ankkuroituneeksi Kristukseen. Kristuksen ja kristittyjen yhteyden vuoksi Kristus on sekä diakonian lähde että sen kohde. Aineiston pohjalta on hahmotettavissa diakonian viran teologisena lähtökohtana yhteinen pappeus sekä yhteys sanaan ja sakramentteihin. Viran edellytyksenä on erityinen kutsu, valtuutuksena ordinaatio ja palveluviran sisältönä apostolisen esikuvan mukainen palvelu. Palveluvirka kirkossa perustuu yleiseen pappeuteen siten, että vain yleisen pappeuden omaava kastettu ja uskova kirkon jäsen voi saada erityisen kutsun ja valtuutuksen erityiseen virkaan. Yleinen pappeus ei kuitenkaan yksin riitä virkaan eikä sitä ole mahdollista johtaa yleisestä pappeudesta. Erityinen kirkon virka edellyttää lisäksi erityisen Jumalan kutsun, jonka kirkko hyväksyy ja vahvistaa. Jumalan kutsun julkinen vahvistaminen ja tunnustaminen tapahtuu ordinaatiossa. Diakonian virkaa koskevassa suomalaisessa keskustelussa on oltu yksimielisiä siitä, että diakonian virkaan sisältyvät karitatiivinen, katekeettinen ja liturginen funktio. Käytännössä diakonian viralla on kuitenkin vahvasti karitatiivinen luonne Suomen evankelis-luterilaisessa kirkossa.

The Finnish Leadership Style in Transition - A Study of Leadership Criteria in the Insurance Business, 1997-2004 (summary section only)

The aim of the study was to explore the importance of evaluating leadership criteria in Finland at leader/subordinate levels of the insurance industry. The overall purpose of the thesis is tackled and analyzed from two different perspectives: - by examining the importance of the leadership criteria and style of Finnish insurance business leaders and their subordinates - by examining the opinions of insurance business leaders regarding leadership criteria in two culturally different countries: the US and Finland. This thesis consists of three published articles that scrutinise the focal phenomena both theoretically and empirically. The main results of the study do not lend support to the existence of a universal model of leadership criteria in the insurance business. As a matter of fact, the possible model seems to be based more on the special organizational and cultural circumstances of the country in question. The leadership criteria seem to be quite stable irrespective of the comparatively short research time period (3–5 years) and hierarchical level (subordinate/leader). Leaders have major difficulties in changing their leadership style. In fact, in order to bring about an efficient organizational change in the company you have to alternate the leader. The cultural dimensions (cooperation and monitoring) identified by Finnish subordinates were mostly in line with those of their managers, whilst emphasizing more the aspect of monitoring employees, which could be seen from their point of view as another element of managers’ optimizing/efficiency requirements. In Finnish surveys the strong emphasis on cooperation and mutual trust become apparent by both subordinates and managers. The basic problem is still how to emphasize and balance them in real life in such a way that both parties are happy to work together on a common basis. The American surveys suggests hypothetically that in a soft market period (buyer’s market) managers employ a more relationship-oriented leadership style and correspondingly adapt their leadership style to a more task-oriented approach in a hard market phase (seller’s market). In making business better Finnish insurance managers could probably concentrate more on task-oriented items such as reviewing, budgeting, monitoring and goal-orientation. The study also suggests that the social safety net of the European welfare state ideology has so far shielded the culture-specific sense of social responsibility of Finnish managers from the hazards of free competition and globalization.