Impacto de intervenção nutricional no controle dos níveis pressóricos e metabólicos de pacientes hipertensos em acompanhamento na atenção primária de saúde do município de São Luís MA

A hipertensão é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no Brasil. Os hipertensos muitas vezes apresentam perfil lipídico e glicidico desfavoráveis. A alimentação pode desempenhar um papel importante na redução da pressão arterial (PA) e no perfil lipídico e controle glicêmico desses pacientes. Avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção nutricional adaptada ao padrão alimentar brasileiro no controle dos níveis pressóricos e metabólico de pacientes hipertensos em acompanhamento em um serviço de atenção primária de saúde do município de São Luís do Maranhão. Metodologia: ensaio clínico randomizado utilizando uma dieta de baixo índice glicêmico combinada ao aumento do consumo de frutas, vegetais, grãos integrais e laticínios desnatados que são os princípios do Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (dieta DASH). Foram alocados randomicamente 206 pacientes hipertensos que foram acompanhados por 6 meses. O grupo controle (GC, n=101) recebeu aconselhamento padrão, focado na redução da ingestão de sal. Resultados: Dos 206 pacientes randomizados, 156 (37 homens, 119 mulheres) completaram o estudo. A idade média dos participantes foi de 60,1 (DP 12,9) anos. Após 6 meses, houve redução na média da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) em 14,4 mmHg e na diastólica (PAD) de 9,7 mmHg no grupo experimental (GE), em comparação a 6,7 mmHg e 4,6 mmHg, respectivamente, no GC. Após o ajuste para mudança de peso corporal, PA na linha de base e idade, essas diferenças entre os grupos foram de aproximadamente 9,2 mmHg e 6,2 mmHg, respectivamente. Ocorreram tambem variações estatisticamente significantes na excreção urinária de sódio, reduzida em 43,4 mEq/24 h no GE, bem como o colesterol total (-46.6mg/dl) , LDL colesterol (-42.5mg/dl), triglicérides (-31.3mg/dl), glicemia de jejum (-9.6mg/dl ) e hemoglobina glicada (-0,1%). O consumo alimentar modificou-se no GE com aumento do consumo de vegetais, passando de 2,97 para 5,85 ; frutas (4,09-7,18); feijão (1,94-3,13) e peixes (1,80 para 2,74). Modificações importantes relacionadas à redução significativa de carboidratos, teor lipídico e carga glicêmica da dieta, foram observadas. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou a viabilidade e a eficácia de uma abordagem dietética com base no padrão alimentar brasileiro, na redução da PA e parâmetros bioquímicos inadequados, podendo causar um grande impacto na saúde pública.

Energy efficiency in trawling operations

Diurnal variation in trawl catches and its influence on energy efficiency of trawler operations are discussed in this paper, based on data on landings of a Japanese factory trawler which operated in the Indian waters during 1992-93. The factory vessel equipped for stern trawling had a length overall of 110 m, GT of 5460 and installed engine power of 5700 hp. Operations were conducted off west coast of India between 31 and 278 m depth contours, using a 80.4 m high opening bottom trawl with an adjusted vertical opening of 7.60.9 m. The catch data was grouped according to the median towing hour, by the time of the day. CPUE obtained was 3713.4 kg.h-1 for day time operations and 1536.6 kg.h-1 for night-time operations. Mean daily catches were 31367 kg.day-1 (SE: 2743) for day time operations and 9430 kg.day-1 (SE: 966) for night-time operations. Fuel consumption were 0.399 and 0.982 kg fuel.kg fish-1, respectively for day and night-time operations. Total catch and catch components such as threadfin bream, bulls eye, hairtails, trevelly, lizard fish showed significant improvement during day-time operations while swarming crabs showed a significant improvement in the night-time operations. The difference in catch rates between day and night could be attributed to diurnal variation in the spatial distribution and schooling behaviour of the catch categories, their differential behaviour in the vicinity of trawl systems under varying light levels of day and night and consequent effect on catching efficiency and size selectivity at different stages in the capture process. The results obtained in addition to its importance in the operational planning of trawling in order to realise objectives of maximising catch per unit effort and minimising fuel consumption per unit volume of fish caught, has added significance in the use of bottom trawl surveys in stock abundance estimates.

Gross energy requirement in fishing operations

Energy is a key input into the fish harvesting process. Efficient use of energy helps in reducing operational costs and environmental impact, while increasing profits. Energy optimisation is an important aspect of responsible fishing as enunciated in the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Gross Energy Requirement (GER) is the sum of all non-renewable energy resources consumed in making available a product or service and is expressed in energy units per physical unit of product or service delivered. GER is a measure of intensity of non-renewable resource use and it reflects the amount of depletion of earth’s inherited store of non-renewable energy in order to create and make available a product or service. In this study, GER in fish harvesting up to the point of landing is estimated in selected fish harvesting systems in the small-mechanised sectors of Indian fisheries and compared with reported results from selected non mechanised and motorised fishing systems to reflect the situation during 1997-1998. Among the fish harvesting systems studied, GER t fish-1 ranged from 5.54 and 5.91 GJ, respectively, for wooden and steel purse seiners powered by 156 hp engines; 6.40 GJ for wooden purse seiner with 235 hp engine; 25.18 GJ for mechanised gillnet/line fishing vessel with 89 hp engines; to 31.40 and 36.97 GJ, respectively, for wooden and steel trawlers powered by 99-106 hp engines.

Recruitment as an evolving random process of aggregation and mortality

The dynamics of the survival of recruiting fish are analyzed as evolving random processes of aggregation and mortality. The analyses draw on recent advances in the physics of complex networks and, in particular, the scale-free degree distribution arising from growing random networks with preferential attachment of links to nodes. In this study simulations were conducted in which recruiting fish 1) were subjected to mortality by using alternative mortality encounter models and 2) aggregated according to random encounters (two schools randomly encountering one another join into a single school) or preferential attachment (the probability of a successful aggregation of two schools is proportional to the school sizes). The simulations started from either a “disaggregated” (all schools comprised a single fish) or an aggregated initial condition. Results showed the transition of the school-size distribution with preferential attachment evolving toward a scale-free school size distribution, whereas random attachment evolved toward an exponential distribution. Preferential attachment strategies performed better than random attachment strategies in terms of recruitment survival at time when mortality encounters were weighted toward schools rather than to individual fish. Mathematical models were developed whose solutions (either analytic or numerical) mimicked the simulation results. The resulting models included both Beverton-Holt and Ricker-like recruitment, which predict recruitment as a function of initial mean school size as well as initial stock size. Results suggest that school-size distributions during recruitment may provide information on recruitment processes. The models also provide a template for expanding both theoretical and empirical recruitment research.

Effects of intraperitoneal injection of cortisol on nonspecific immune functions of Ctenopharyngodon idella

After grass carps Ctenopharyngodon idellus were injected with cortisol, with (CBC) and without (C) a cocoa butter carrier, the effects of both slowly and rapidly acting exogenous cortisol oil their non-specific immune functions were investigated. On the one hand, after injection with CBC, the cortisol concentration and lysozyme activity in fish serum were enhanced and were sustained at high levels for a long period (30 days). The killing activity in the serum declined with time, and phagocytosis of head kidney macrophages diminished significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The leukocrit values in the high dose group (31-8 mg cortisol fish(-1)) increased over time, however, with the maximum average being 5.6% at day 30. The spleen mass index in the high dose group was 0.93 x 10(-3) after 30 days, notably lower (P < 0.05) than that in the control group. In addition, a decrease in resistance to Aeronionas hydrophilo infection in cortisol-treated fish was shown, with the final cumulative mortalities being 54.5 and 66.7% in the low and high dose groups, respectively. On the other hand, there was a decrease in both serum cortisol concentration and lysozyme activity of the experimental fish within 2 weeks after injection with C, where plasma bactericidal activities in the high dose group (31-8 mg cortisol fish(-1)) were remarkably lower (P < 0.01) than those in the control group at each sampling, but were increased slightly over time. The results of which were different from those in the CBC trial. Phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages and spleen mass index decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while there were increases in leukocrit value and cumulative mortality due to A. hydrophila. The results of which were similar to those in the CBC trial. This study indicated that the injection of cortisol depressed the non-specific immune functions of the grass carp and increased its susceptibility to disease. (c) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

构筑湿地部分亚硝化－厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮研究

废水部分亚硝化—厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮研究是目前废水生物脱氮领域研究的热点。为了开发低浓度小城镇废水构筑湿地可持续自养脱氮新工艺，提高脱氮效率，减少占地面积，论文在对构筑湿地自养脱氮前置部分工作性能进行研究的基础上，在法国东部Evieu构筑湿地污水处理场对传统脱氮工艺及改进用于部分亚硝化—厌氧氨氧化脱氮的工艺进行了对比实验研究。 研究结果表明，采用改进的非饱和层(25cm)与饱和层(55cm)结合的湿地床与60cm深度的水平流构筑湿地床组合工艺，进行着完全不同于传统垂直流构筑湿地硝化与水平流构筑湿地反硝化的脱氮反应。氮平衡分析表明，这一脱氮过程是以厌氧氨氧化反应为主的脱氮反应。经分子生物学荧光免疫原位杂交（Fluorescent in situ hybridization, FISH）技术鉴定，证明了传统的垂直流构筑湿地以好氧氨氧化细菌为主，但厌氧氨氧化细菌与之共存；而在改进的湿地床及后续水平流湿地床低氧环境则是以厌氧氨氧化细菌为主。论文首次为构筑湿地系统在自然条件下通过合理设计实现厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮提供了可行的实验证据。实验研究得出如下主要结论： 1. 构筑湿地可通过合理设计促进自养脱氮反应实现；传统硝化反硝化脱氮工艺VF1-1+HF3-2总氮平均去除率为66.3%，VF1-3+HF3-2总氮平均去除率为59.4%，而改进后的VF1-2+HF3-2总氮平均去除率为71.0%；含有厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮反应的工艺提高了总氮去除率； 2. 构筑湿地自养脱氮反应过程不排斥异养反硝化作用存在，两者协同进行脱氮，脱氮效果稳定；而全程硝化的出水在水平流构筑湿地进行传统反硝化脱氮的同时，会存在异化性硝酸盐还原作用，使出水的氨氮浓度增加； 3. 构筑湿地具有较好的蓄积培养厌氧氨氧化细菌的能力，在19.7℃的进水水温条件下启动反应装置，运行培养100天即观察到所需要的生物体颜色呈棕红色；调整pH至适宜厌氧氨氧化反应的范围6.81-7.18；控制氧化还原电位Eh值在-148.34至120.18mV；反应装置进水的氨饱和，并且稳定进水水力负荷在构筑湿地污染物去除能力范围内以及为避免外环境因素如降雨量过大等对反应装置造成的冲击，设置缓冲装置等，是构筑湿地实现自养脱氮主要控制的工艺参数； 4. 水力停留时间设计为5天的水平流构筑湿地HF3-3更适合传统反硝化脱氮工艺；水力停留时间的延长并不能使厌氧氨氧化工艺进一步提高脱氮效率，采用厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮工艺为减少构筑湿地占地面积提供了可能。

Mycobacteriosis in Chesapeake Bay Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis): The Interaction of Nutrition and Disease

Field and laboratory studies were conducted from 1998 - 2005 to examine the relationship between nutritional status and mycobacteriosis in Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis). A review of DNA from archived tissue blocks indicated that the disease has been present since at least 1984. Field surveys and feeding trials were conducted from 1998-1999 to determine the nutritional condition of striped bass and the association with disease state. Proximate composition revealed elevated moisture (~ 80%) and low storage lipids (< 0.5% ww), characteristic of a poorly nourished population. These findings were not consistent with data collected in 1990-1991, or with experimentally fed fish. Mycobacteriosis explained little of the variance in chemical composition (p > 0.2); however elevated moisture and low lipid concentration were associated with fish with ulcerative lesions (p < 0.05). This suggests that age 3 and 4 striped bass were in poor nutritional health in 1998-1999, which may be independent from the disease process. Challenge studies were performed to address the hypothesis that disease progression and severity may be altered by nutritional status of the host. Intraperitoneal inoculation of 104 CFU M. marinum resulted in high mortality, elevated bacterial density, and poor granuloma formation in low ration (0.15% bw/d) groups while adequately fed fish (1% bw/d) followed a normal course of granulomatous inflammation with low mortality to a steady, equilibrium state. Further, we demonstrated that an active inflammatory state could be reactivated in fish through reductions in total diet. The energetic demand of mycobacteriosis, was insignificant in comparison to sham inoculated controls in adequately fed fish (p > 0.05). Declines in total body energy were only apparent during active, inflammatory stages of disease. Overall, these findings suggest that: 1) mycobacteriosis is not a new disease of Chesapeake Bay striped bass, 2) the disease has little energetic demand in the normal, chronic progression, and 3) poor nutritional health can greatly enhance the progression and severity, and reactivation of disease. The implications of this research are that management strategies focused on enhancing the nutritional state of striped bass could potentially alter the disease dynamics in Chesapeake Bay.

Biologia alimentar e morfohistologia do tubo digestório do mussum, synbranchus marmoratus, bloch (osteichthyes: synbranchidae) no açude Marechal Dutra Gargalheiras , localizado no semi-árido brasileiro

Food habits and morpho-histology of the digestive tract of marbled swamp eel, Synbranchus marmoratus (Block, 1917) were investigated. The fish samples were captured during August, 2007 to July, 2008 in the Marechal Dutra reservoir, Acari, Rio Grande do Norte. The rain fall data was obtained from EMPARN. The fish captured, were measured, weighed, dissected, eviscerated and individual stomach weights were registered. The stomach contents analyses were carried out based on volumetric method, points, frequency of occurrence and applying the Index of Relative Importance. The degrees of repletion of the stomachs were determined besides the Index of Repletion relating to feeding activity variations and frequency of ingestion during the rainy and dry seasons. The rainfall varied from 0 mm a 335 mm with a mean value of 71.62 mm. Highest rainfall of 335.5 mm was registered in March, 2008 and August to December was the dry period. During the dry period the study species presented high degrees of repletion of the stomachs, with a peak value in the month of September (mean = 4.54; ± SD = 0.56). The minimum mean value of = 3.99 ± SD = 0.25 was registered in the month of May during the rainy period. The stomach contents of S. marmoratus registered show that this fish prefers animals, 78.22% of crustaceans 2.85% of mollusks, 3.25% of fish, 1.4% of insects and 13.5% of semi-digested organic matter, thus characterizing the study species as a carnivore with a preference for crustaceans. The morpho-histological aspects of the digestive tract of S. marmoratus indicate that the mouth is terminal adapted to open widely, thin lips with taste buds, small villiform teeth forming a single series on maxillas, four pairs of branchial arches with short and widely spaced branchial rays. The oesophagus is short and cylindrical with a small diameter. The oesophagus wall is thick with mucas surface and internal parallel folds. The stomach is retilinical in form, presenting cardiac, caecal and pyloric portions. The caecal portion is long and is intermediary in position between the cardiac and pyloric portions. The cardiac portion of the stomach is short and cylindrical formed of simple epithelial cylindrical mucus cells. The caecal portion is long with narrow walls, a big cavity and smaller folds which give rise to gastric glands. The phyloric portion has no glands and primary or secondary mucas folds. The morphohistological aspects of the digestive tract of S. marmoratus indicate its adaptation to a carnivorous feeding habit

Influence of food restriction on the reproduction and larval performance of matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus (Spix and Agassiz, 1829)

Este estudo avaliou o efeito da restrição alimentar e realimentação na reprodução de fêmeas e no crescimento inicial e sobrevivência de larvas de matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus. Matrizes distribuídas em 8 viveiros (15 peixes/tanque) foram alimentadas diariamente (em 4 tanques - G1) e alimentados em ciclos de 3 dias de alimentação seguidos de 2 dias de restrição (em 4 tanques - G2) por 6 meses antes da desova. Na indução à desova, 57% das fêmeas no G1 e 45% no G2 desovaram. Os pesos médios dos oócitos foram 208,1 g (G1) e 131,6 g (G2), sendo os oócitos G2 menores (1,017 ± 0,003 mm) que os oócitos de G1 (1,048 ± 0,002 mm). As taxas de fertilização (71,9 ± 12,6% e 61,2 ± 13,7%) e de eclosão (61,3 ± 33,9% e 67,5 ± 23,4%) entre os G1 e G2 não diferiram. Larvas foram coletadas na eclosão e às 24, 48 e 72 horas de incubação para medida do crescimento e as restantes transferidas para aquários e amostradas 1, 5, 9 e 15 dias depois. Na transferência, as larvas G1 e G2 tinham pesos similares (1,5 ± 0,15 e 1,46 ± 0,07 mg), mas o comprimento das larvas G2 era maior (6,2 ± 0,13 e 6,7 ± 0,14 mm). Ao 9° dia, quando é recomendada a transferência dos juvenis para tanques externos, os juvenis G2 tinham peso (13,6 ± 0,26 e 18,9 ± 0,07 mg) e comprimento (11,8 ± 0,09 e 14,5 ± 0,04 mm) maiores, mas no 15º dia os juvenis G1 eram maiores em peso (90,2 ± 1,19 e 68,6 ± 0,77 mg) e comprimento (18,8 ± 0,16 e 18,5 ± 0,04 mm). Aos 15 dias, a prole das fêmeas submetidas à restrição alimentar apresentou sobrevivência mais alta que a prole das fêmeas alimentadas diariamente (24,7 ± 2,07% e 19,2 ± 1,91%). A restrição alimentar imposta às fêmeas de matrinxã, apesar de reduzir o número de fêmeas que desovaram e a quantidade de oócitos extrusados, não afetou a fertilização e eclosão das larvas e melhorou a sobrevivência final das larvas.

Hematologia e sinais clínicos de Piaractus mesopotamicus infectados experimentalmente com Aeromonas hydrophila

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hematological response and clinical sign of Piaractus mesopotamicus infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Were used 324 pacus, P. mesopotamicus weighing 102.84 [plus or minus] 27.1 g distributed in 27 water tanks with 300 L of capacity, 14 fish per tank. The fish were kept in the water tanks during one month, receiving appropriate diet. In this period was avoided stressing management. After this period, the fish were infected with 6 X 108 cfu of A. hydrophila fish-1, injected intraperitoneally. The blood collection was carried 24th before experimental infection and 2411 after its. The A. hydrophila infection in P. mesopotamicus is characterized by dark skin and clinical signs related to hemorrhage, hypochromic normocytic anemia, decrease on plasmatic proteins and globulins levels, leucopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, neutrophilia and monocytosis.

Efeito da temperatura sobre a expressão de fatores miogênicos no músculo estriado esquelético do pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

Rearing temperature induces changes in muscle growth and gene expression in juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Hormonal induction of Brycon cephalus (Characiformes, Characidae) to spermiation using D-ala6, pro9net-mGnRH + metoclopramide

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Oogenesis in Laetacara araguaiae (Ottoni and Costa, 2009) (Labriformes: Cichlidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Handbuch für Agenten der Lebens-Assecuranz : ausschließlich zum Gebrauche für Agenten

vom Verf. von "The Manual of Life Assurance" ...[Henry C. Fish]