976 resultados para 159.9:37


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Elevated plasma fibronectin levels occur in various clinical states including arterial disease. Increasing evidence suggests that atherothrombosis and venous thromboembolism (VTE) share common risk factors. To assess the hypothesis that high plasma fibronectin levels are associated with VTE, we compared plasma fibronectin levels in the Scripps Venous Thrombosis Registry for 113 VTE cases vs. age and sex matched controls. VTE cases had significantly higher mean fibronectin concentration compared to controls (127% vs. 103%, p<0.0001); the difference was greater for idiopathic VTE cases compared to secondary VTE cases (133% vs. 120%, respectively). Using a cut-off of >90% of the control values, the odds ratio (OR) for association of VTE for fibronectin plasma levels above the 90th percentile were 9.37 (95% CI 2.73-32.2; p<0.001) and this OR remained significant after adjustment for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), factor V Leiden and prothrombin nt20210A (OR 7.60, 95% CI 2.14-27.0; p=0.002). In particular, the OR was statistically significant for idiopathic VTE before and after these statistical adjustments. For the total male cohort, the OR was significant before and after statistical adjustments and was not significant for the total female cohort. In summary, our results suggest that elevated plasma fibronectin levels are associated with VTE especially in males, and extend the potential association between biomarkers and risk factors for arterial atherothrombosis and VTE. © 2008 Schattauer GmbH.

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This study of photocatalytic oxidation of phenol over titanium dioxide films presents a method for the evaluation of true reaction kinetics. A flat plate reactor was designed for the specific purpose of investigating the influence of various reaction parameters, specifically photocatalytic film thickness, solution flow rate (1–8 l min−1), phenol concentration (20, 40 and 80 ppm), and irradiation intensity (70.6, 57.9, 37.1and 20.4 W m−2), in order to further understand their impact on the reaction kinetics. Special attention was given to the mass transfer phenomena and the influence of film thickness. The kinetics of phenol degradation were investigated with different irradiation levels and initial pollutant concentration. Photocatalytic degradation experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of mass transfer on the reaction and, in addition, the benzoic acid method was applied for the evaluation of mass transfer coefficient. For this study the reactor was modelled as a batch-recycle reactor. A system of equations that accounts for irradiation, mass transfer and reaction rate was developed to describe the photocatalytic process, to fit the experimental data and to obtain kinetic parameters. The rate of phenol photocatalytic oxidation was described by a Langmuir–Hinshelwood type law that included competitive adsorption and degradation of phenol and its by-products. The by-products were modelled through their additive effect on the solution total organic carbon.

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Even though titanium dioxide photocatalysis has been promoted as a leading green technology for water purification, many issues have hindered its application on a large commercial scale. For the materials scientist the main issues have centred the synthesis of more efficient materials and the investigation of degradation mechanisms; whereas for the engineers the main issues have been the development of appropriate models and the evaluation of intrinsic kinetics parameters that allow the scale up or re-design of efficient large-scale photocatalytic reactors. In order to obtain intrinsic kinetics parameters the reaction must be analysed and modelled considering the influence of the radiation field, pollutant concentrations and fluid dynamics. In this way, the obtained kinetic parameters are independent of the reactor size and configuration and can be subsequently used for scale-up purposes or for the development of entirely new reactor designs. This work investigates the intrinsic kinetics of phenol degradation over titania film due to the practicality of a fixed film configuration over a slurry. A flat plate reactor was designed in order to be able to control reaction parameters that include the UV irradiance, flow rates, pollutant concentration and temperature. Particular attention was paid to the investigation of the radiation field over the reactive surface and to the issue of mass transfer limited reactions. The ability of different emission models to describe the radiation field was investigated and compared to actinometric measurements. The RAD-LSI model was found to give the best predictions over the conditions tested. Mass transfer issues often limit fixed film reactors. The influence of this phenomenon was investigated with specifically planned sets of benzoic acid experiments and with the adoption of the stagnant film model. The phenol mass transfer coefficient in the system was calculated to be km,phenol=8.5815x10-7Re0.65(ms-1). The data obtained from a wide range of experimental conditions, together with an appropriate model of the system, has enabled determination of intrinsic kinetic parameters. The experiments were performed in four different irradiation levels (70.7, 57.9, 37.1 and 20.4 W m-2) and combined with three different initial phenol concentrations (20, 40 and 80 ppm) to give a wide range of final pollutant conversions (from 22% to 85%). The simple model adopted was able to fit the wide range of conditions with only four kinetic parameters; two reaction rate constants (one for phenol and one for the family of intermediates) and their corresponding adsorption constants. The intrinsic kinetic parameters values were defined as kph = 0.5226 mmol m-1 s-1 W-1, kI = 0.120 mmol m-1 s-1 W-1, Kph = 8.5 x 10-4 m3 mmol-1 and KI = 2.2 x 10-3 m3 mmol-1. The flat plate reactor allowed the investigation of the reaction under two different light configurations; liquid and substrate side illumination. The latter of particular interest for real world applications where light absorption due to turbidity and pollutants contained in the water stream to be treated could represent a significant issue. The two light configurations allowed the investigation of the effects of film thickness and the determination of the catalyst optimal thickness. The experimental investigation confirmed the predictions of a porous medium model developed to investigate the influence of diffusion, advection and photocatalytic phenomena inside the porous titania film, with the optimal thickness value individuated at 5 ìm. The model used the intrinsic kinetic parameters obtained from the flat plate reactor to predict the influence of thickness and transport phenomena on the final observed phenol conversion without using any correction factor; the excellent match between predictions and experimental results provided further proof of the quality of the parameters obtained with the proposed method.

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Objectives - It has long been suspected that susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is influenced by genes lying distant to the major histocompatibility complex. This study compares genetic models of AS to assess the most likely mode of inheritance, using recurrence risk ratios in relatives of affected subjects. Methods - Recurrence risk ratios in different degrees of relatives were determined using published data from studies specifically designed to address the question. The methods of Risch were used to determine the expected recurrence risk ratios in different degrees of relatives, assuming equal first degree relative recurrence risk between models. Goodness of fit was determined by χ2 comparison of the expected number of affected subjects with the observed number, given equal numbers of each type of relative studied. Results - The recurrence risks in different degrees of relatives were: monozygotic (MZ) twins 63% (17/27), first degree relatives 8.2% (441/5390), second degree relatives 1.0% (8/834), and third degree relatives 0.7% (7/997). Parent-child recurrence risk (7.9%, 37/466) was not significantly different from the sibling recurrence risk (8.2%, 404/4924), excluding a significant dominance genetic component to susceptibility. Poor fitting models included single gene, genetic heterogeneity, additive, two locus multiplicative, and one locus and residual polygenes (χ2 > 32 (two degrees of freedom), p < 10-6 for all models). The best fitting model studied was a five locus model with multiplicative interaction between loci (χ2 = 1.4 (two degrees of freedom), p = 0.5). Oligogenic multiplicative models were the best fitting over a range of population prevalences and first degree recurrence risk rates. Conclusions - This study suggests that of the genetic models tested, the most likely model operating in AS is an oligogenic model with predominantly multiplicative interaction between loci.

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Background: The hot dog fold has been found in more than sixty proteins since the first report of its existence about a decade ago. The fold appears to have a strong association with fatty acid biosynthesis, its regulation and metabolism, as the proteins with this fold are predominantly coenzyme A-binding enzymes with a variety of substrates located at their active sites. Results: We have analyzed the structural features and sequences of proteins having the hot dog fold. This study reveals that though the basic architecture of the fold is well conserved in these proteins, significant differences exist in their sequence, nature of substrate and oligomerization. Segments with certain conserved sequence motifs seem to play crucial structural and functional roles in various classes of these proteins. Conclusion: The analysis led to predictions regarding the functional classification and identification of possible catalytic residues of a number of hot dog fold-containing hypothetical proteins whose structures were determined in high throughput structural genomics projects.

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Background: Increased hospital readmission and longer stays in the hospital for patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiac disease can result in higher healthcare costs and heavier individual burden. Thus, knowledge of the characteristics and predictive factors for Vietnamese patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiac disease, at high risk of hospital readmission and longer stays in the hospital, could provide a better understanding on how to develop an effective care plan aimed at improving patient outcomes. However, information about factors influencing hospital readmission and length of stay of patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiac disease in Vietnam is limited. Aim: This study examined factors influencing hospital readmission and length of stay of Vietnamese patients with both type 2 diabetes and cardiac disease. Methods: An exploratory prospective study design was conducted on 209 patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiac disease in Vietnam. Data were collected from patient charts and patients' responses to self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation, logistic and multiple regression were used to analyse the data. Results: The hospital readmission rate was 12.0% among patients with both type 2 diabetes and cardiac disease. The average length of stay in the hospital was 9.37 days. Older age (OR= 1.11, p< .05), increased duration of type 2 diabetes (OR= 1.22, p< .05), less engagement in stretching/strengthening exercise behaviours (OR= .93, p< .001) and in communication with physician (OR= .21, p< .001) were significant predictors of 30-dayhospital readmission. Increased number of additional co-morbidities (β= .33, p< .001) was a significant predictor of longer stays in the hospital. High levels of cognitive symptom management (β= .40, p< .001) significantly predicted longer stays in the hospital, indicating that the more patients practiced cognitive symptom management, the longer the stay in hospital. Conclusions: This study provides some evidence of factors influencing hospital readmission and length of stay and argues that this information may have significant implications for clinical practice in order to improve patients' health outcomes. However, the findings of this study related to the targeted hospital only. Additionally, the investigation of environmental factors is recommended for future research as these factors are important components contributing to the research model.

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Este estudio Se desarrolló en el periodo de julio a diciembre de 1990 en el Centro de Investigación Zootecnia “La Polvosa” de la UCA (Universidad Centroamericana), situada en el km 23 112 de la carretera nueva a León, depto. de Managua. El centro se ubica a una elevación de 40 msnrn a 1 2 grados 12 minutos, Latitud norte y 86 grados 22 minutos, longitud oeste registra temperaturas promedio anuales de 32 grados centígrados los y unos 8OO mm de precipitación media por año, por lo cual, es posible calificar su zona agroecológica como de trópico seco se evaluó la respuesta en términos de valor nutritivo del pasto Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) vr. Transvala, utilizándose un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar (BCA) con arreglo factorial, se estudió el efecto de dos factores (Niveles de fertilizantes-edades de cortes) con cuatro repeticiones, formándose un total de 16 tratamientos El ensayo contó con un área experimental total de 357.75 mt2 para la toma de muestras, se empleó el método del metro cuadrado realizándose en las parcelas un muestreo sin reemplazo para cada frecuencia en estudio. Previo al momento experimental, se efectúo una poda de control procediéndose después a aplicar de una sola vez los respectivos niveles de fertizante. El estudio estadístico contempló el uso del análisis de varianza (ANDEVA), se hizo una separción de medias por Tukey, y se midió la influencia porcentual (Individual y asociada) de 4 niveles de fertilizante (0, 50,100 y150 kg urea (46%N2) / mz) y 4 edades de corte (15, 30.. 45y 60 días), sobre nueve variables o componentes bromatológicos (MS, PB,FC, ELN, EE, EB (Kcal/ 100g), Cz, Ca y P). Todos los componentes bromatológicos evaluados excepto el EE.. presentaron una variación significativa (P<0.05), bajo el efecto de los factores en estudio. Los niveles de fertilizante influyeron ios valores de mayor mérito con la dosis •150 kg urea / rnz, observando la PB.. 9.76% ;el ELN, 56.54 y la EB,190.97 Kcal ,' 100 g. En tanto que los 50 kg1mz mostraron !os mayores índices en FC (28.88), EE (2.75) y Cz. (11.:39) las parcelas no fertilizadas brindaron los porcentajes más altos de MS (23.78) y Ca (0.60),y el nivel 100 kg/ mz El mejor en P (0.39) y el más bajo en FC (26.61). A su vez con O kg / mz_. Observaron sus níveles minimos la PB (6.91), el ELN (53.58). el valor energético (175.45 Kcal/ 100 g) y el P (O.28), y con 100 kg/ mz los menores en MS y Cz (25.08 y 10.38 respectivamente), a. los 150kg/mz el EE (2.29) y el Ca (0.49), rindieron sus índices más bajos. En cuanto a la frecuencia de corte, la edad 15 días presentó los máximos contenidos en PH (11.95), ELN (56.45),EB (202.40 Kcal/ 100g), EE (2.65) y el mínimo en FC (27.09). Observando el corte a los 60 días, las mayores proporciones en MS (30.91) Cz (12.43) )'Ca (0.58),en tanto que con 30 y 45 días se dieron los más altos valores de P (0.34) FC (28.55) respectivamente los índices más bajos de PB (6.48),ELN (52.63), Ca (0.47)y P (0.30), se obtuvieron a los 45 días de madurez mientras que la MS (22.88) y la Cz (9.56),alcanzaron sus valores más pequeños con 15 días de corte a los 60 días, la EB (175. 42 Kcal ./ 100g) y el EE (2.20) respondieron con sus por cientos más bajos. Para los tratamientos resultantes de la combinación de un nivel de fertilizante y una edad de corte, la interacción 50 kg/mz-60 días reportó el mayor contenido en MS (32.72), sobresaliendo el tratamiento 150 kg / mz-15 días al presentar los valores más altos en EB (214.39 Kcal/100g), PB (14.30) y ELN (59.02), aunque la combinación 50 kg/mz-30 días brindó igual valor en ELN y el máximo en Cz (13.10) con aplicaciones de 100 kg/mz y frecuencia de 15 días se obtuvieron los menores índices en FC (24.82) y Cz (9.37). Consiguiéndose en O kg / mz-15 días el valor más alto en Ca (0.76) y el menor en P (0.22), observando la MS su índice más bajo (18.37) con el tratamiento 100 kg / mz-15 días. Finalmente, en las interacciones que incluyen la frecuencia 45 días, se encontró que las parcelas no fertilizadas presentaron los menores contenidos en PB (5.02), ELN (48.95) y EB (165.44 Kcal/ 1oo g). en cambio al aplicar 100 kg /rnz, se obtuvieron (para la misma interacción) los valores más bajos en EE (1.72), Ca (0.43) y el mayor en P (0.44),en tanto los niveles 50 y 150 kg / mz influyeron los índices más altos en EE (3.85) y FC (30.75) respectivamente.

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El cerdo fue introducido a Nicaragua en el año 1493, durante el segundo viaje que Cristóbal Colón realizara a América durante la colonización española. La crianza de cerdo de traspatio en el país juega un rol importante en la economía de las familias rural es, siendo característica la presencia de animales criollos. Estos animales representan un recurso adaptado a condiciones adversas de crianza. El presente trabajo se realizó en el municipio de Río Blanco departamento de Matagalpa, con el objetivo de caracterizar el manejo zootécnico del cerdo criollo. Para recabar la información se diseñó un instrumento con preguntas abiertas y cerradas (encuesta) que incluyó los componentes: socioeconómico, alimentación, salud, genética , producción y reproducción, mediante un sondeo previo. Se realizaron entrevistas al nivel de tod o el sector rural del municipio, utilizando el criterio de selección de la cría de al menos 3 cerdos, las comunidades incluidas fueron un total de 20 con un total de 68 productores y se registrar con 548 cerdos. Del total de productores el 52.94% de encuestados eran mujeres y el 47.05% eran hombres, con un promedio de edad de 43.73 años; según el estudio, el papel de la mujer en la actividad de crianza de cerdos criollos en la zona rural es impactante, pues alcanza el 98% como principal ocupación. En lo que respecta a la alimentación de los cerdos en el municipio , esta tiene como base granos básicos, tubérculos y musáceas, además de los desperdicios de cocina. La base genética de los cerdos en el municipio está constituida principalmente por grupos raciales de animales criollos con características diversas en cuanto a su exterior. Según los productores en el último año se registró un 39. 71% de muertes, mientras que el 60. 29 afirmó lo contrario, el 34. 37% de muertes ocurre por trastornos de la salud, un 34 . 37% por causas desconocidas, un 21. 87% por plastamientos y un 9. 37% por diarrea. Las categorías de cerdos lactantes y en desarrollo son las más propensas a trastornos de la salud con un 56% cada un a, la categoría de cerdos en crecimiento con un 32%, cerdas adultas y engorde con 24% y cerdos adultos con 16%. En las cerdas reproductoras se estimó según la información brindada, que incorporan a la cerda hacia los 6.51 meses, obteniendo un promedio de 1. 87 partos por año, con una prolificidad de 8.11 cerditos por camada con una viabilidad del 88.26% que equivale a 7. 16 cerditos por camada al destete. De manera general, se observó que para mejorar la producción de cerdos en la zona, no es necesario reemplazar totalmente a los cerdos criollos por razas mejoradas, sino que hay que mejorar las condiciones de crianza y manejo que hasta el momento se les ofrece

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La pérdida de diversidad genética es un proceso que transcurre a gran velocidad, para preservar y conservar estos recursos genéticos vegetales, se hace necesario el inventario y caracterización (agronómica, morfológica, genética, bioquímica, etc), con el propósito de describir y diferenciar el material genético. Las estrategias de conservación del germoplasma deben basarse en la preservación de las poblaciones en su hábitat ( in situ) y la preservación fuera de su hábitat (ex situ). El presente estudio se desarrolló durante el período de octubre (2002) a noviembre (2002), muestreado en la zona del pacífico en los departamentos de Chinandega, León, Managua, Masaya, Granada, Carazo y Rivas con el objetivo de proponer una guía de descriptores del cultivo de pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus Britt & Rosse), definir descriptores que determinen similitud y relación entre los diferentes materiales genéticos y la realización de un catálogo de los caracteres cuantitativos de la estructura floral y vegetativa de esta especie, mediante análisis de estadística descriptiva, análisis de correlación y técnicas de taxonomía numérica como análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y análisis de agrupamiento (AA). Se encontró que esta especie florece con las primeras lluvias de mayo a junio, el periodo de producción es de mayo a noviembre, obteniendo mayores rendimientos entre agosto y septiembre. El cultivo de la pitahaya tiene amplia distribución en el país, cultivado en huertos familiares y de forma comercial, abasteciendo al mercado local de Masaya principalmente y en menor proporción a los otros departamentos, localizando los mejores frutos en La Concepción (cerro San Ignacio), debido a las condiciones ambientales y de adaptación del material genético en la zona. Tiene usos múltiples como fruta fresca, alimento para el ganado, uso medicinal. Se determinó que la variable diámetro del estilo presentó un C.V de 83.11% y el peso de la cáscara un C.V de 61.24%, siendo estas dos las que presentan mayor variación. Las variables diámetro basal de la flor y número de pétalos presentaron un C.V de 10.60% y 9.37% respectivamente, siendo las de menor variación. Asimismo las variables forma de brácteas inferior y superior al igual que el color primario y secundario presentaron semejanzas. El análisis de componentes principales determinó que el 46.83% de la variación total que la aportan los 3 primeros componentes y las variables que la integran son VOLFRU, PESFRU, LONFRU, PESCAS, VOLPUL y DIAFRU para discriminar un 19.24% en el primer componente; las variables COLFRU, UNIFES, DIAESTI, LONESP aislaron un 14.81% en el segundo componente y un 12.78% para el tercer componente conformado por NUMBRF, DIAEST y DIAFLO, estas variables pueden ser utilizadas para evaluar materiales de pitahayas.

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Se recolectaron muestras de sangre de 633 bovinos de los departamentos de Boaco, Managua, Matagalpa y Granada. Se examino en ellas las presencia de aglutininas para la Leptospirosis por medio de la prueba de aglutinación microscópica. Se encotro que en Boaco y Matagalpa prevalece L. pomona, en Managua L. canicola y L. hyos en Granada. Se encontraron los siguientes porcentajes de infeccion; En Managua 24.66%, en Granada 11.03%, en Boaco 9.37% y en Matagalpa 7.69%.

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银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)是中国特有的濒危裸子植物,孤立分布于我国亚热带山地。虽然以往等位酶和RAPD标记的研究表明,银杉群体的遗传多样性水平很低而群体间的遗传分化很高,但迄今对该种群体的动态变化以及物种的进化历史仍缺乏了解,包括影响群体遗传结构的因素以及物种可能的避难所等,对如何有效地保护和恢复银杉群体仍缺乏科学依据。本文根据8个核基因片段和2个线粒体片段的序列数据,运用群体遗传学和谱系地理学方法,探讨了银杉在DNA水平上的多样性和群体的动态历史,探讨了影响银杉特殊的群体遗传结构的各种因素,并推测了银杉第四纪冰期的避难所,对银杉花粉活力及其变异进行检测。在此基础上,提出了保护和恢复银杉群体的具体策略和措施。主要研究结果如下:   1. 核甘酸多态性和群体遗传结构   从101个核基因片段中筛选了8个适用于银杉的片段,对来自四个地区15个群体共86个个体的胚乳总DNA进行了扩增和测序。8个核基因座位的平均核苷酸多态性(θs=0.0022,πs=0.0027)显著低于其它松杉植物遗传多态性的多座位估计值。四个地区中,大瑶山(DY)的多态性最高(θs=0.0026,πs=0.0027),八面山(BM)最低(θs=0.0014,πs=0.0018),大娄山(DL)和越城岭(YC)介于二者之间。大多数座位内的多态位点间紧密连锁,座位间的连锁只在八面山地区检测到。AMOVA分析表明显著性的多态性比例存在于地区间(20.05%)和地区内群体间(9.37%)。FST分析也显示群体间(FST=0.294)和地区间(FST =0.131-0.319)存在显著的遗传分化。推测伴随着瓶颈效应而出现的遗传漂变及其有限的基因流(Nm=1.2)是导致银杉群体低水平多态性和群体间强烈分化的主要原因。   2.谱系地理学分析   利用2个线粒体片段(nad1和nad4)序列以及高变异量的核2009片段序列对银杉的谱系地理进行了探讨。2个线粒体片段的多态位点组合成3种单倍型,将银杉分成大娄山(DL)、八面山(BM)以及越城岭(YC)和大瑶山(DY)3个地区,地区间的单倍型完全不同(GST=1.0),结合核基因呈现的群体遗传结构,推测现存银杉群体至少来源于4个冰期避难所,相当于银杉现存的4个相互隔离的地区。2009座位上12个变异位点组合成8种单倍型,位于单倍型谱系内部节点的4种祖先单倍型分布广泛、出现频率最高,其它7个核基因座位具有类似谱系结构。遗传距离和地理距离没有相关性,NST (0.138)与GST (0.134)没有显著性差异,说明现存的银杉群体是相对较近的时间内片断化的产物。2009片段分离位点的失配分布(mismatch distribution)呈双峰和多峰,表明银杉群体没有经历近期的扩张,与古生物学研究证据相吻合。   3. 银杉的基因杂合性和花粉生命力   利用2009和cad两个核基因片段,采用多胚乳序列法得到总的杂合体比率为64%(2009)和60%(cad),说明银杉群体中存在高比例的杂合体。大娄山地区的杂合体比率是八面山地区的2倍。银杉杂合体比率的高低可能与其遗传多态性有关,也可能是自然选择的结果。采用TTC染色法对银杉的花粉生命力进行了测定,在干燥低温条件下银杉花粉的活力很稳定,保存一年后有活力的花粉数仍高达80%以上。通过对来自两个地区(DY和YC)7个群体共16个银杉个体花粉活力的测定发现,银杉有活力花粉比例高达93.3%,与其它裸子植物相当。花粉活力在地区间和群体间存在显著差异,花坪地区(95.2%)的花粉活力高于大瑶山(91.3%)。花粉活力在群体内个体间差异不显著。   4.银杉的进化历史及其保护   银杉的低水平的遗传多样性和独特的群体遗传结构对我们推测其冰川期避难所提供了重要依据。本研究在银杉4个孤立分布区发现了彼此不重叠的线粒体单倍型,同时核基因表现出了4个地理群,说明随着第四纪冰期气候的波动和银杉分布范围的片段化,原来广布的群体逐步萎缩,最后被保留在位于西部大娄山(DL),东部八面山(BM),中南部越城岭(YC)和南部大瑶山(DY) 4个相互隔离的避难所。银杉独特的群体结构和动态历史对进一步制定相应的保护措施具有重要参考价值。由于遗传多态性很低,群体又小,几乎所有现存的银杉群体都面临由于随机事件导致的物种灭绝。更严重的是,当前该物种的适生环境不断恶化和片段化,以及异常低的生殖和存活率导致银杉与其它物种竞争能力很低。因此,除目前采取的原地保护策略外,迁地保护应给予优先考虑。此外,采用传统的控制授粉策略(在遗传上有显著差异的群体间开展人工杂交)是丰富其遗传多态性、恢复衰退群体的可行措施之一。

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谷氨酰胺酶是催化谷氨酰胺分解为谷氨酸的氨基酸水解酶。它广泛存在于真核生物和原核生物中,在许多微生物和哺乳动物的氮代谢过程中起重要作用。但蓝藻中谷氨酰胺酶的酶学特征及生理功能尚不清楚,仅在一些蓝藻的基因组中发现有假定谷氨酰胺酶基因,这些基因编码的未知功能蛋白中有谷氨酰胺酶功能结构域,如集胞藻6803基因组中的slr2079基因。因此,本研究以模式蓝藻集胞藻6803 为研究对象,研究蓝藻谷氨酰胺酶的酶学特征及其生理功能。 为研究蓝藻谷氨酰胺酶的酶学特征,本研究克隆了集胞藻6803 slr2079基因,并在大肠杆菌中融合表达,经Ni-NTA亲合柱纯化后,通过对重组蛋白进行酶活测定及动力学分析,发现Slr2079蛋白是以谷氨酰胺为唯一催化底物的谷氨酰胺酶。 重组酶Slr2079的最适反应pH为9;最适反应温度为37C - 42C。该酶和绝大多数微生物源性的谷氨酰胺酶一样均为非磷酸依赖型。有趣的是该酶活性受Na+调节,而这种调节是通过提高对底物的亲和力来实现的。 为研究蓝藻谷氨酰胺酶在细胞内的生理功能,本研究通过基因插入失活,构建了缺失slr2079基因的集胞藻6803突变体,并对其进行生理、生化研究。在正常生长条件下,突变体和野生型蓝藻的生长未见差异,表明该基因不是集胞藻6803生长所必需的基因。但在700 mM NaCl胁迫条件下,突变体的生长速率比野生型快1.25倍。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,几个盐胁迫相关基因在突变体与野生型中的表达有所不同:与耐受盐胁迫的相关基因slr1608 (gdhB) 和slr1751 (prc)在突变体中表达提高,而盐敏感的基因sll0262 (desD) 和 slr0213 (guaA)在突变体中表达下降。由于重组的Slr2079具有谷氨酰胺酶活性,因此我们试图通过检测在蓝藻中参与氨同化作用的关键酶谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶在集胞藻6803中的表达情况来揭示Slr2079在集胞藻6803谷氨酰胺代谢中的生理功能。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,仅谷氨酸合成酶在突变体中表达提高,而谷氨酰胺合成酶表达未见明显变化。这些研究结果表明,在集胞藻6803中,Slr2079可能是通过调节与盐胁迫相关基因的表达来参与应对盐胁迫,而在氮代谢中起次要作用。

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结果显示 :当年草鱼种和中华鳖脾细胞培养上清液中能检测出IL 2活性 ,而且 1龄以上草鱼、中华鳖的IL 2活性高于当年孵化的草鱼和中华鳖。草鱼、中华鳖脾细胞在 2 5℃培养温度条件下 ,其上清液中IL 2活性最高 ,35℃次之 ,1 5℃最低。因此 ,草鱼、中华鳖IL 2活性在一定范围内是随着年龄增加而增强和依赖温度的。通过小鼠胸腺细胞增殖和对小鼠L92 9细胞杀伤率的实验表明 37℃比 2 5℃检测温度下所测的IL 2活性高 ,而中华鳖胸腺细胞增殖实验却显示 2 5℃检测温度下IL 2活性高于 37℃

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Coupled Monte Carlo depletion systems provide a versatile and an accurate tool for analyzing advanced thermal and fast reactor designs for a variety of fuel compositions and geometries. The main drawback of Monte Carlo-based systems is a long calculation time imposing significant restrictions on the complexity and amount of design-oriented calculations. This paper presents an alternative approach to interfacing the Monte Carlo and depletion modules aimed at addressing this problem. The main idea is to calculate the one-group cross sections for all relevant isotopes required by the depletion module in a separate module external to Monte Carlo calculations. Thus, the Monte Carlo module will produce the criticality and neutron spectrum only, without tallying of the individual isotope reaction rates. The onegroup cross section for all isotopes will be generated in a separate module by collapsing a universal multigroup (MG) cross-section library using the Monte Carlo calculated flux. Here, the term "universal" means that a single MG cross-section set will be applicable for all reactor systems and is independent of reactor characteristics such as a neutron spectrum; fuel composition; and fuel cell, assembly, and core geometries. This approach was originally proposed by Haeck et al. and implemented in the ALEPH code. Implementation of the proposed approach to Monte Carlo burnup interfacing was carried out through the BGCORE system. One-group cross sections generated by the BGCORE system were compared with those tallied directly by the MCNP code. Analysis of this comparison was carried out and led to the conclusion that in order to achieve the accuracy required for a reliable core and fuel cycle analysis, accounting for the background cross section (σ0) in the unresolved resonance energy region is essential. An extension of the one-group cross-section generation model was implemented and tested by tabulating and interpolating by a simplified σ0 model. A significant improvement of the one-group cross-section accuracy was demonstrated.