A evolução do trabalho infantil no Brasil contemporâneo: fatores associados e limites do PETI para o seu enfrentamento

O estudo analisa a ocorrência do trabalho infantil no Brasil, investigando os fatores associados à sua evolução e alguns dos limites do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) para o enfrentamento da questão na atualidade. O trabalho está organizado em quatro capítulos, além daquele que o encerra com um breve comentário conclusivo. No primeiro são apresentados o problema de pesquisa, seus objetivos e pressupostos, e as principais características do PETI, para em seguida ser analisado o referencial teórico sobre a cooperação intergovernamental no âmbito das políticas sociais no Brasil. No segundo capítulo é discutida a ocorrência do trabalho infantil em âmbito internacional, por meio de esforço analítico que compara a associação entre as taxas de atividade da população de 10 a 14 anos e um conjunto de variáveis que expressam fatores de ordem socioeconômica e demográfica para uma amostra de 25 países com mais de 20 milhões de habitantes. O terceiro capítulo é desenvolvido em termos similares ao anterior, analisando como evoluiu a ocupação de crianças no país desde meados do século passado, e em que medida as diferenças entre os Estados brasileiros a respeito estão associadas a variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas, com ênfase na estrutura do mercado de trabalho. O quarto capítulo analisa as diferenças entre os municípios brasileiros a respeito, e conclui que o PETI não pode ser considerado entre os principais fatores que explicam as variações nas taxas de atividade da população infantil na década passada, apontando alguns dos limites do Programa relacionados à promoção da cooperação intergovernamental necessária para que o país continue avançando de forma mais efetiva no enfrentamento da questão. O trabalho inclui também um balanço sobre a produção acadêmica brasileira a respeito do trabalho infantil, destacando o conjunto de estudos voltados à análise das ações do Estado frente à questão (Apêndice A).

Histological Characterization and Immunohistochemical Localization of Ki-67 and VEGF Factors in Bitches' Corpus Luteum at Cyclic and Early and Late Gestational Diestrous

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

From doubly labelled water to half-life; validating radio-isotopic rubidium turnover to measure metabolism in small vertebrates

The doubly labelled water method (DLW) is widely used to measure field metabolic rate (FMR), but it has some limitations. Here, we validate an innovative technique for measuring FMR by comparing the turnover of isotopic rubidium (86Rb kb) with DLW depletion and the rate of CO2 production (V·co2) measured by flow-through respirometry (FTR) for two dunnart species (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae), Sminthopsis macroura (17 g) and Sminthopsis ooldea (10 g). The rate of metabolism as assessed by V·co2 (FTR) and 86Rb kb was significantly correlated for both species (S. macroura, r2 = 0·81, P = 1·19 × 10-5; S. ooldea, r2 = 0·63, P = 3·84 × 10-4), as was V·co2 from FTR and DLW for S. macroura (r2 = 0·43, P = 0·039), but not for S. ooldea (r2 = 0·29, P = 0·168). There was no relationship between V·co2 from DLW and 86Rb kb for either species (S. macroura r2 = 0·22, P = 0·169; S. ooldea r2 = 0·21, P = 0·253). We conclude that 86Rb kb provided useful estimates of metabolic rate for dunnarts. Meta-analysis provided different linear relationships between V·co2 and 86Rb kb for endotherms and ectotherms, suggesting different proportionalities between metabolic rate and 86Rb kb for different taxa. Understanding the mechanistic basis for this correlation might provide useful insights into the cause of these taxonomic differences in the proportionality. At present, it is essential that the relationship between metabolic rate and 86Rb kb be validated for each taxon of interest. The advantages of the 86Rb technique over DLW include lower equipment requirements and technical expertise, and the longer time span over which measurements can be made. The 86Rb method might be particularly useful for estimating FMR of groups for which the assumptions of the DLW technique are compromised (e.g. amphibians, diving species and fossorial species), and groups that are practically challenging for DLW studies (e.g. insects). © 2013 British Ecological Society.

Induction of ankylosis in the incisor for orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Background/Aim: The present research evaluated the induction of ankylosis and the eruption rate in rat incisors, with the aim of achieving stable anchorage for orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) of the molars. Material and methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were used. In the Experimental group, the right superior incisor of each animal was extracted, denuded of the PDL and the dental papilla, and reimplanted. The Control group was the left superior incisors. The eruption rate was measured at 7, 10, 12, 14, and 16 days after replantation. NiTi closed springs with a 50cN release force were installed for additional 9 days, and the eruption rate was determined. Then, the rats were sacrificed, and ankylosis was examined by microscopic analysis. Differences with P < 0.01 were defined as statistically significant. Results: The eruption rates were 0 and 0.39 mm day-1 in the Experimental group and Control group, respectively. All incisors of the Experimental group showed ankylosis according to histological analysis. Conclusions: The methodology used to induce ankylosis in this study was effective for anchoring the incisors during the OTM of rat molars, eliminating the undesirable effects consequent to continuous eruption. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Oral health status of people living with HIV/AIDS attending a specialized service in Brazil

Verify factors that influence the oral health status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Brazil. The study was cross-sectional and includes 177 HIV-positive individuals, who answered questionnaire on the sociodemographic conditions, HIV aspects, habits, and satisfaction with the service. The oral health data were collected by means of the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, use and need of dentures, and the Community Periodontal Index. Average number of the DMFT was 17.64. Most HIV-positive patients presented good periodontal status, 35.0% used dentures, 41.5% needed denture in the maxilla, and 62.0% in the mandible. In the multivariate analysis, older age and dissatisfaction with health care were associated with nonuse of dentures. The abandonment of the use of antiretroviral therapy increased the risk of PLWHA presenting more than three decayed teeth. Poor oral health of the PLWHA was mainly influenced by sociodemographic factors and use and satisfaction with service.

Similar ethanol drinking in adolescent and adult C57BL/6J mice after chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence shows that excessive alcohol consumption during adolescence increases vulnerability to alcohol use disorders in adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine differences between adolescent and adult C57BL/6J mice in drinking behavior and blood ethanol (EtOH) concentrations (BECs) after chronic EtOH exposure and withdrawal. METHODS: Male adolescent (PND = 28 to 30) and adult (PND = 70) C57BL/6J mice were allowed to consume EtOH in a 2-bottle choice paradigm (15% EtOH vs. water) for 3 weeks (Baseline drinking, Test 1, and Test 2), which were interspersed with 2 cycles (Cycles I and II) of chronic EtOH vapor or air inhalation (16 hours) and withdrawal (8 hours). BECs were determined during both cycles. RESULTS: Chronic EtOH exposure led to increased EtOH intake during Test 1 and Test 2 in both adolescent and adult mice compared with air-exposed controls, and no differences between age groups were observed. During Cycle I adult mice showed higher BECs compared with adolescents. During Cycle II, BECs were lower in adult mice as compared to Cycle I, and BECs in adolescent mice did not change between the 2 cycles. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic EtOH exposure followed by withdrawal periods increases EtOH consumption similarly in both adolescent and adult mice, despite differences in BECs

O comportamento de instrução dos trinadores de jovens de futebol em competição

[POR] O objetivo deste estudo centra-se na análise do comportamento de instrução dos treinadores de jovens em competição. O segundo objetivo é efetuar a comparação entre treinadores que orientam equipas na etapa direção (n=6) e especialização (n=3) da formação de jovens jogadores. Os nove treinadores observados, dirigiam equipas de juniores “A” (17-18 anos), “B” (15-16 anos) e “C” (13-14 anos).

Establishment of diagnostic criteria for feline nonflea-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis

Hypersensitivity dermatitides (HD) are commonly seen in cats, and they are usually caused by environmental, food and/or flea allergens. Affected cats normally present with one of the following clinical reaction patterns: head and neck excoriations, usually symmetrical self-induced alopecia, eosinophilic skin lesions or miliary dermatitis. Importantly, none of these clinical presentations is considered to be pathognomonic for HD skin diseases, and the diagnosis of HD is usually based on the exclusion of other pruritic diseases and on a positive response to therapy. The objectives of this study were to propose sets of criteria for the diagnosis of nonflea-induced HD (NFHD). We recruited 501 cats with pruritus and skin lesions and compared clinical parameters between cats with NFHD (encompassing those with nonflea, nonfood HD and those with food HD), flea HD and other pruritic conditions. Using simulated annealing techniques, we established two sets of proposed criteria for the following two different clinical situations: (i) the diagnosis of NFHD in a population of pruritic cats; and (ii) the diagnosis of NFHD after exclusion of cats with flea HD. These criteria sets were associated with good sensitivity and specificity and may be useful for homogeneity of enrolment in clinical trials and to evaluate the probability of diagnosis of NFHD in clinical practice. Finally, these criteria were not useful to differentiate cats with NFHD from those with food HD.

Plant-microbe-herbivore interactions in invasive and non-invasive alien plant species

1. Plants interact with many organisms, such as microbes and herbivores, and these interactions are likely to affect the establishment and spread of plants. In the context of plant invasions, mycorrhizal fungi and constitutive and induced resistance of plants against herbivores have received attention independently of each other. However, plants are frequently involved in complex multi-trophic interactions, which might differ between invasive and non-invasive alien plants. 2. In a multi-species comparative experiment, we aimed to improve our understanding of plant traits associated with invasiveness. We tested whether eight invasive alien plant species use the mycorrhizal symbiosis in a more beneficial way, and have higher levels of constitutive or induced resistance against two generalist bioassay herbivores, than nine non-invasive alien species. We further assessed whether the presence of mycorrhizal fungi altered the resistance of the plant species, and whether this differed between invasive and non-invasive alien species. 3. While invasive species produced more biomass, they did not differ in their biomass response to mycorrhizal fungi from non-invasive alien species. Invasive species also did not have higher levels of constitutive or induced resistance against the two generalist herbivores. Mycorrhizal fungi greatly affected the resistance of our plant species, however, this was also unrelated to whether the alien species were invasive or not. 4. Our study confirms the previous findings that invasive species generally grow faster and produce more biomass than non-invasive alien species. We further show that alien plant species used a variety of defence strategies, and also varied in their interactions with mycorrhizal fungi. These multi-trophic interactions were not consistently related to invasiveness of the alien plant species. 5. We suggest that awareness of the fact that alien plant species are involved in multi-trophic interactions might lead to a more complete understanding of the factors contributing to a plant's success.

Long-term outcomes of dental implants with a titanium plasma-sprayed surface: a 20-year prospective case series study in partially edentulous patients

BACKGROUND Long-term studies of ≥10 years are important milestones to get a better understanding of potential factors causing implant failures or complications. PURPOSE The present study investigated the long-term outcomes of titanium dental implants with a rough, microporous surface (titanium plasma sprayed [TPS]) and the associated biologic and technical complications in partially edentulous patients with fixed dental prostheses over a 20-year follow-up period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-seven patients, who received 95 implants in the 1980s, were examined with well-established clinical and radiographic parameters. Based on these findings, each implant was classified as either successful, surviving, or failed. RESULTS Ten implants in nine patients were lost during the observation period, resulting in an implant survival rate of 89.5%. Radiographically, 92% of the implants exhibited crestal bone loss below 1 mm between the 1- and 20-year follow-up examinations. Only 8% yielded peri-implant bone loss of >1 mm and none exhibited severe bone loss of more than 1.8 mm. During the observation period, 19 implants (20%) experienced a biologic complication with suppuration. Of these 19 implants, 13 implants (13.7%) had been treated and were successfully maintained over the 20-year follow-up period. Therefore, the 20-year implant success rate was 75.8 or 89.5% depending on the different success criteria. Technical complications were observed in 32%. CONCLUSION The present study is the first to report satisfactory success rates after 20 years of function of dental implants with a TPS surface in partially edentulous patients.

Preliminary Study on Finite Element Simulation for Optimizing Acetabulum Reorientation after Periacetabular Osteotomy

Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is an effective approach for surgical treatment of hip dysplasia. The aim of PAO is to increase acetabular coverage of the femoral head and to reduce contact pressures by reorienting the acetabulum fragment after PAO. The success of PAO significantly depends on the surgeon’s experience. Previously, we have developed a computer-assisted planning and navigation system for PAO, which allows for not only quantifying the 3D hip morphology for a computer-assisted diagnosis of hip dysplasia but also a virtual PAO surgical planning and simulation. In this paper, based on this previously developed PAO planning and navigation system, we developed a 3D finite element (FE) model to investigate the optimal acetabulum reorientation after PAO. Our experimental results showed that an optimal position of the acetabulum can be achieved that maximizes contact area and at the same time minimizes peak contact pressure in pelvic and femoral cartilages. In conclusion, our computer-assisted planning and navigation system with FE modeling can be a promising tool to determine the optimal PAO planning strategy.

Ms. Carm. 30 - Philosophische Studienhandschrift

Vorbesitzer: Karmeliterkloster Frankfurt am Main