Climate Variability and Extremes during the Past 100 Years

Large progress has been made in the past few years towards quantifying and understanding climate variability during past centuries. At the same time, present-day climate has been studied using state-of-the-art data sets and tools with respect to the physical and chemical mechanisms governing climate variability. Both the understanding of the past and the knowledge of the processes are important for assessing and attributing the anthropogenic effect on present and future climate. The most important time period in this context is the past approximately 100 years, which comprises large natural variations and extremes (such as long droughts) as well as anthropogenic influences, most pronounced in the past few decades. Recent and ongoing research efforts steadily improve the observational record of the 20th century, while atmospheric circulation models are used to underpin the mechanisms behind large climatic variations. Atmospheric chemistry and composition are important for understanding climate variability and change, and considerable progress has been made in the past few years in this field. The evolving integration of these research areas in a more comprehensive analysis of recent climate variability was reflected in the organisation of a workshop “Climate variability and extremes in the past 100 years” in Gwatt near Thun (Switzerland), 24–26 July 2006. The aim of this workshop was to bring together scientists working on data issues together with statistical climatologists, modellers, and atmospheric chemists to discuss gaps in our understanding of climate variability during the past approximately 100 years.

The time variable in the calculation of building structures. How to extend the working life until the 100 years?

The idea that a building and consequently its structure is for a lifetime has stopped being a reference. CTE establishes that the life utility of a normal construction structure should be of 50years. If the time variable is introduced in the calculation of actions on structures, seems evident thatdifferent values can be used for a standard building, for a provisional structure with ≤ 10 years of life utility or for a monumental building with a life utility of 100 years. The present presentation follows at all moment, the directives and formulations given in the different structural Eurocodes, till the moment not included in the CTE. Finally the values of the actions that must be used to extend the life utility of a building until. 100 years will be deduced, also it suitability and e conomic feasibility will be discuss.

Iron road to empire; the history of 100 years of the progress and achievements of the Rock Island lines.

Includes bibliography.

The first 100 years of Whitman & Barnes [1848-1949.

Mode of access: Internet.

State Mutual's first 100 years, 1844-1944,

"Privately printed."

100 years : the Ensign-Bickford company and the safety fuse industry in America /

Published also without author's name on t.-p. in a limited edition of 125 copies.

The Illinois Department of Public Health, 1877-1977, 100 years : history /

Bibliography: p. 12.

After 100 <]> years : the editorial side of Sonneck ; in memoriam, Oscar George Theodore Sonneck, 1873-1928 : a lecture /

Bibliography: p. 36-38.

Century of service: the first 100 years of the United States Department of Agriculture.

"Literature cited": p. 419-439.