Elevated blood pressure prevalence in children did not follow the increase in overweight: results from a school-based study in a rapidly developing country, 1998-2006

Background: Blood pressure (BP) is strongly associated with body weight and there is concern that the pediatric overweight epidemic could lead to an increase in children's mean BP. Objectives: We analyzed BP trends from 1998 to 2006 among children of the Seychelles, a rapidly developing middle-income country in Africa. Methods: Serial school-based surveys of weight, height and BP were conducted yearly between 1998-2006 among all students of the country in four school grades (kindergarten, 4th, 7th and 10th years of compulsory school). We used the CDC criteria to define "overweight" (BMI _95th sex-, and age-specific percentile) and the NHBPEP criteria for "elevated BP" (BP _95th sex-, age-, and height specific percentile). Methods for height, weight, and BP measurements were identical over the study period. The trends in mean BMI and mean systolic/diastolic BP were assessed with linear regression. Results: 27,703 children aged 4-18 years (participation rate: 79%) contributed 43,927 observations on weight, height, and BP. The prevalence of overweight increased from 5.1% in 1998-2000 to 8.1% in 2004-2006 among boys, and from 6.1% to 9.1% among girls, respectively. The prevalence of elevated BP was 8.4% in 1998-2000 and 6.9% in 2004-2006 among boys; 9.8% and 7.8% among girls, respectively. Over the 9-years study period, age-adjusted body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.078 kg/m2/year in boys and by 0.083 kg/m2/year in girls (both sexes, P_0.001). Age- and height-adjusted systolic BP decreased by -0.37 mmHg/year in boys and by -0.34 mmHg/year in girls (both sexes, P_0.001). Diastolic BP did not change in boys (-0.02 mmHg/year, P: 0.40) and slightly increased in girls (0.07 mmHg/year, P: 0.003). These trend estimates were altered modestly upon further adjustment for BMI or if analyses were based on median rather than mean values. Conclusion: Although body weight increased markedly between 1998 and 2006 in this population, systolic BP decreased and diastolic BP changed only marginally. This suggests that population increases in body weight are not necessarily associated with corresponding rises in BP in children.

F+0 renography in neonates and infants younger than 6 months: an accurate method to diagnose severe obstructive uropathy.

We studied the response to F+0 renography and the relative and absolute individual kidney function in neonates and < 6-mo-old infants before and after surgery for unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UJO). METHODS: The results obtained at diagnosis and after pyeloplasty for 9 children (8 boys, 1 girl; age range, 0.8-5.9 mo; mean age +/- SD, 2.4 +/- 1.5 mo) with proven unilateral UJO (i.e., affected kidney [AK]) and an unremarkable contralateral kidney (i.e., normal kidney [NK]) were evaluated and compared with a control group of 10 children (6 boys, 4 girls; age range, 0.8-2.8 mo; mean age, 1.5 +/- 0.7 mo) selected because of symmetric renal function, absence of vesicoureteral reflux or infection, and an initially dilated but not obstructed renal pelvis as proven by follow-up. Renography was performed for 20 min after injection of (123)I-hippuran (OIH) (0.5-1.0 MBq/kg) immediately followed by furosemide (1 mg/kg). The relative and absolute renal functions and the response to furosemide were measured on background-subtracted and depth-corrected renograms. The response to furosemide was quantified by an elimination index (EI), defined as the ratio of the 3- to 20-min activities: An EI > or = 3 was considered definitively normal and an EI < or = 1 definitively abnormal. If EI was equivocal (1 < EI < 3), the response to gravity-assisted drainage was used to differentiate AKs from NKs. Absolute separate renal function was measured by an accumulation index (AI), defined as the percentage of (123)I-OIH (%ID) extracted by the kidney 30-90 s after maximal cardiac activity. RESULTS: All AKs had definitively abnormal EIs at diagnosis (mean, 0.56 +/- 0.12) and were significantly lower than the EIs of the NKs (mean, 3.24 +/- 1.88) and of the 20 control kidneys (mean, 3.81 +/- 1.97; P < 0.001). The EIs of the AKs significantly improved (mean, 2.81 +/- 0.64; P < 0.05) after pyeloplasty. At diagnosis, the AIs of the AKs were significantly lower (mean, 6.31 +/- 2.33 %ID) than the AIs of the NKs (mean, 9.43 +/- 1.12 %ID) and of the control kidneys (mean, 9.05 +/- 1.17 %ID; P < 0.05). The AIs of the AKs increased at follow-up (mean, 7.81 +/- 2.23 %ID) but remained lower than those of the NKs (mean, 10.75 +/- 1.35 %ID; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In neonates and infants younger than 6 mo, (123)I-OIH renography with early furosemide injection (F+0) allowed us to reliably diagnose AKs and to determine if parenchymal function was normal or impaired and if it improved after surgery.

The renal hemodynamic effects of ibuprofen in the newborn rabbit.

In early childhood, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are mainly used to either prevent or treat premature labor of the mother and patent ductus arteriosus of the newborn infant. The most frequently used prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor is indomethacin. Fetuses exposed to indomethacin in utero have been born with renal developmental defects, and in both the unborn child and the term and premature newborn this drug may compromise renal glomerular function. The latter has in the past also been observed when i.v. indomethacin or i.v. acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) were administered to newborn rabbits. The present experiments were designed to evaluate whether ibuprofen has less renal side effects than indomethacin, as claimed. Three groups of anesthetized, ventilated, normoxemic neonatal rabbits were infused with increasing doses of ibuprofen (0.02, 0.2, 2.0 mg/kg body weight) and the following renal parameters were measured: urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, GFR, and renal plasma flow. Renal blood flow, filtration fraction, and the renal vascular resistance were calculated according to standard formulae. Intravenous ibuprofen caused a dose-dependent, significant reduction in urine volume, GFR, and renal blood flow with a fall in filtration fraction in the animals receiving the highest dose of ibuprofen (2 mg/kg body weight). There was a very steep rise in renal vascular resistance. Urinary sodium excretion decreased. These experiments in neonatal rabbits clearly show that acute i.v. doses of ibuprofen also have significant renal hemodynamic and functional side effects, not less than seen previously with indomethacin.

Caracterización especiológica bentodemersal durante el crucero de investigación del recurso merluza BIC Jose Olaya Balandra 9901

Los lances de pesca se efectuaron entre 96 y 560 m de profundidad, del 7 al 26 de enero de 1999, frente al área entre Huarmey (10°5 'S) y Puerto Pizarro (3°29 'S). Se registraron 168 especies: 97 peces y 71 invertebrados (35 crustáceos, 19 moluscos, 8 equinodermos, 3 poliquetos y 6 cnidarios). La captura total fue de 19.962,13 kg, de los cuales 18.041,53 kg (90,38%) correspondieron a peces; 93,88 kg (0.47%) a crustáceos; 11,65 kg (0,06%) a moluscos; 7,69 kg (0,04%) a equinodermos; 0,64 kg (0,03%) a poliquetos y 1.806,74 kg (9,05%) a cnidarios. El falso volador Prionotus stephanophrys destacó por su abundancia y frecuencia, habiéndose capturado 6.755,26 kg (33,8% del volumen total), seguido por la merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus con 4.823,99 kg (24,2%) y la cabrilla Paralabrax humeralis con 4.581,23 kg (23,0%). Se analiza también la distribución latitudinal y batimétrica de la fauna registrada, y se presentan las tallas de tres especies de peces (anguila común Ophichthus pacifici, congrio negro Cherublemma emmelas y el pez guadaña Hoplostethus pacificus) capturadas durante cinco operaciones de pesca. La diversidad específica y equitabilidad referidas a la merluza son objeto de análisis, y se determina que son significativamente bajas en el estrato I de la mayoría de subáreas en estudio, donde alcanzan valores hasta de cero, a excepción de la subárea F, mientras que en los estratos II y III de las subáreas A, B, C, D y F alcanzaron valores significativos.

Torasemide is an effective diuretic in the newborn rabbit.

The effect of intravenous (i.v.) torasemide on diuresis and renal function was evaluated in three groups of normoxemic, 5- to 10-day-old, newborn New Zealand White rabbits. The animals of group 1 received 0.2 mg/kg of torasemide i.v., whereas in group 2 an i.v. dose of 1.0 mg/kg was given. The third group of animals received a bolus i.v. dose of 1.0 mg/kg torasemide with continuous i.v. replacement of estimated urinary fluid and electrolyte losses. Torasemide proved to be an effective, potassium-sparing diuretic, without significant effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Renal blood flow (RBF) fell and the renal vascular resistance (RVR) rose in all three groups of animals, although the rise in RVR in group 3 was not significant. These changes in renal hemodynamics were most pronounced in the animals of group 2 and are probably secondary to torasemide-induced hypovolemia (2.8% loss of body weight) and accompanying humoral reactions, such as an increase in angiotensin II (not measured). When the latter is prevented by simultaneous re-infusion of an electrolyte solution (group 3), replacing urinary losses, GFR increases and the changes in RBF and RVR are blunted. We conclude that torasemide is an effective, potassium-sparing diuretic in newborn rabbits. No evidence was found for a vasodilatory action of the drug.

Runoff and sediment transport in a degraded area

Gully erosion occurs by the combined action of splash, sheetwash and rill-wash (interrill and rill erosion). These erosion processes have a great capacity for both sediment production and sediment transport. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate hydrological and sediment transport in a degraded area, severely dissected by gullies; to assess the hydraulic flow characteristics and their aggregate transport capacity; and to measure the initial splash erosion rate. In the study area in Guarapuava, State of Paraná, Brazil (lat 25º 24' S; long 51º24' W; 1034 m asl), the soil was classified as Cambissolo Húmico alumínico, with the following particle-size composition: sand 0.116 kg kg-1; silt 0.180 kg kg-1; and clay 0.704 kg kg-1. The approach of this research was based on microcatchments formed in the ground, to study the hydrological response and sediment transport. A total of eight rill systems were simulated with dry and wet soil. An average rainfall of 33.7 ± 4.0 mm was produced for 35 to 54 min by a rainfall simulator. The equipment was installed, and a trough was placed at the end of the rill to collect sediments and water. During the simulation, the following variables were measured: time to runoff, time to ponding, time of recession, flow velocity, depth, ratio of the initial splash and grain size. The rainsplash of dry topsoil was more than twice as high as under moist conditions (5 g m-2 min-1 and 2 g m-2 min-1, respectively). The characteristics of the flow hydraulics indicate transition from laminar to turbulent flow [Re (Reynolds number) 1000-2000]. In addition, it was observed that a flow velocity of 0.12 m s-1 was the threshold for turbulent flow (Re > 2000), especially at the end of the rainfall simulation. The rill flow tended to be subcritical [Fr (Froude Number) < 1.0]. The variation in hydrological attributes (infiltration and runoff) was lower, while the sediment yield was variable. The erosion in the rill systems was characterized as limited transport, although the degraded area generated an average of 394 g m-2 of sediment in each simulation.

Discordant secular trends in elevated blood pressure and obesity in children and adolescents in a rapidly developing country

BACKGROUND: The effect of the increasing prevalence of obesity on blood pressure (BP) secular trends is unclear. We analyzed BP and body mass index secular trends between 1998 and 2006 in children and adolescents of the Seychelles, a rapidly developing island state in the African region. METHODS AND RESULTS: School-based surveys were conducted annually between 1998 and 2006 among all students in 4 school grades (kindergarten and 4th, 7th, and 10th years of compulsory school). We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria to define obesity and elevated BP. The same methods and instruments were used in all surveys. Some 25 586 children and adolescents 4 to 18 years of age contributed 43 867 observations. Although the prevalence of obesity in boys and girls increased from 5.1% and 6.0%, respectively, in 1998 to 2000 to 8.0% and 8.7% in 2004 to 2006, the prevalence of elevated BP decreased from 8.4% and 9.8% to 6.9% and 7.8%. During the interval, mean age-adjusted body mass index increased by 0.57 kg/m(2) in boys and 0.58 kg/m(2) in girls. Mean age- and height-adjusted systolic BP decreased by -3.0 mm Hg in boys and -2.8 mm Hg in girls, whereas mean diastolic BP did not change substantially in boys (-0.2 mm Hg) and increased slightly in girls (0.4 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS: At a population level, the marked increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents in the Seychelles was not associated with a commensurate secular rise in mean BP.

Efeito do pastejo restringido em aveia sobre a produção de leite

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do pastejo restringido em aveia (Avena sp.) sobre a produção de leite. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas mestiças holandês-zebu, distribuídas em blocos ao acaso, em dois tratamentos: A. pastejo restringido em aveia (três horas dia-1) mais 10 kg de silagem de milho; B. silagem de milho à vontade como único volumoso. Todos os animais receberam 5,0 kg de concentrado cabeça-1 dia-1 com 19% de proteína bruta (PB) e 75% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos A e B na produção média de leite (14,6 vs 13,3 kg vaca-1 dia-1). Houve diferença (P < 0,05) no teor de gordura (3,4 vs. 3,8%), porém o mesmo não afetou (P > 0,05) a produção de leite corrigida para 4% de gordura. Houve diferença (P < 0,08 ) no ganho de peso vivo. Os animais que pastejaram aveia ganharam 0,53 kg dia-1, e as vacas que consumiram silagem de milho como único volumoso ganharam 0,25 kg dia-1. Concluiu-se que o pastejo restringido na cultivar de aveia São Carlos permite elevada produção de leite com vacas mestiças.

Correlation of photodynamic activity and fluorescence signaling for free and pegylated mTHPC in mesothelioma xenografts

Rapport de synthèse : Introduction : Les premières applications cliniques de la thérapie photodynamique (PDT) remontent à plus d'une vingtaine d'années. Basée sur l'activation d'un médicament photosensibilisateur par une source lumineuse à une longueur d'onde spécifique, la PDT permet la destruction sélective de tissus contenant le produit actif. Ce procédé a été expérimenté dans le traitement de cancers en raison de la propriété du médicament à se concentrer dans les tumeurs tout en épargnant les structures normales contigües. Cependant, les photosensibilisateurs utilisés jusqu'à ce jour n'ont pas démontré une accumulation exclusive dans les tissus néoplasiques mais également dans les structures saines avoisinantes induisant une destruction tissulaire non sélective. Notamment, d'importantes complications ont été rapportées suite à l'utilisation de la PDT dans la cavité thoracique après la résection de mésothéliomes pleuraux, et ce malgré l'arrivée de photosensibilisateurs de secondes générations. De ce fait, plusieurs études expérimentales ont été menées afin d'améliorer la sélectivité tumorale du médicament en modulant différentes conditions de traitement et en modifiant la structure du photosensibilisateur par pégylation. Le but de cette étude expérimentale est de corréler l'activité photodynamique, la phototoxicité et la distribution du m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) et de sa forme pégylée, le PEG-mTHPC. De ce fait, un modèle de souris nues porteur de xenogreffes de mésothéliome humain a été utilisé pour étudier les deux photosensibilisateurs. De récents travaux avec ce modèle ont montré que la mesure de la concentration tissulaire du mTHPC et de sa forme pégylée par HPLC restait limitée afin de prédire l'activité photodynamique. De ce fait, nous pensons que les mesures de fluorescence peuvent être plus appropriée. Le signalement fluorescent est mesuré dans le tissu tumoral et dans une région contrôle de la peau afin d'étudier la distribution et l'intensité des deux sensibilisateurs. Méthode : Des souris nues (cd1nu/nu mice) de 8 semaines ont été transplantées avec des fragments de mésothéliome malin humain (H-meso-1). Ces derniers ont été obtenus à partir d'une suspension cellulaire. Au moins trois passages ont été faits dans les animaux, avant que le traitement soit initié. Deux groupes de 6 souris chacun ont été utilisés pour l'injection intraveineuse par la queue du mTHPC à 0.15 mg/kg et du PEG-mTHPC à dose équimolaire. Après trois jour, la tumeur ainsi qu'une région contrôle de la cuisse ont été illuminées sur une surface d'un diamètre de 1.2 cm et pendant 133 secondes avec un laser à une longueur d'onde à 652 nm (fluence 20 J/cm2, fluence rate 150 mW/cm2). Les animaux ont été ensuite sacrifiés 72 heures après l'illumination. L'étendue de la nécrose tumorale et de la région contrôle ont été déterminées en aveugle par histomorphometrie par un pathologue (HJA). La fluorescence microscopique a été évaluée dans 12 souris à une concentration de 0.15 et 0.5 mg/kg pour le mTHPC, et à doses équimolaires pour le PEG-mTHPC. Trois animaux ont été injectés avec le mTHPC à 0.15 mg/kg, 3 autres à dose équimolaire avec la forme pégylée et 6 souris avec le mTHPC à 0.5 mg/kg et à dose équimolaire. Les animaux ont été sacrifiés 72 heures après injection. L'intensité fluorescente des sensibilisateurs a été mesurée dans la tumeur et la région contrôle. Suite à cela, les coupes ont été fixées par H&E et superposées aux images fluorescentes, afin de localiser la distribution des deux photosensibilisateurs dans les différents compartiments tissulaires. Six souris transplantées n'ayant ni été injectées avec les sensibilisateurs ou illuminées ont servi de groupe contrôle. Résultats : Trois jours après l'illumination, la PDT provoque une nécrose tumorale de 10 ±5.4 mm2 pour le mTHPC à 0.15mg/kg et 5.2 ± 4.6 mm2 pour sa forme pégylée à dose équimolaire. Cependant, la nécrose tumorale induite par les deux formulations du sensibilisateur est significativement plus élevée que dans le groupe contrôle (0.33 ± 0.58 mm2) (P=0.02). Toutefois, le mTHPC pégylé provoque une photosensibilité cutanée moins importante que la forme non-pegylée. Dans les deux groupes, aucune nécrose n'a été observée dans la cuisse des animaux. Trois jours après l'injection du mTHPC et de la forme pégylée à 0.15 mg/kg, aucune activité fluorescente n'a été détectée. Cependant, à 0.5 mg/kg, la fluorescence microscopique révèle une distribution hétérogène des deux photo-sensibilisateurs dans le tissu tumoral avec une accumulation prédominante dans les régions peri-vasculaires. Les deux médicaments montrent une distribution intracellulaire homogène dans le cytoplasme et une absence de signalement dans le nucleus. La mesure de l'intensité fluorescente du mTHPC à 0.5mg/kg ne montre pas de différence significative entre le tissu tumoral et la région contrôle. Par contre, le PEG-mTHPC montre une intensité fluorescente supérieure dans le tissu tumoral que dans la peau (ratio tumeur- peau 0.94 pour le mTHPC et 1.73 pour le PEG-mTHPC). Conclusion : L'utilisation du mTHPC à 0.15mg/kg induit une nécrose tumorale similaire à celle du PEG-mTHPC à dose équimolaire. Cependant, ce dernier démontre une photo-toxicité plus atténuée de la peau. La fluorescence microscopique permet de localiser les deux sensibilisateurs dans les différents compartiments tissulaires à partir d'une dose de 0.5 mg/kg. Le PEG-mTHPC induit un signalement fluorescent supérieur dans le tissu tumoral par rapport à la peau. La mesure du signalement fluorescent a le potentiel de prédire l'activité photodynamique du mTHPC et de sa forme pégylée dans les xénogreffes de mésothéliome humain dans un modèle de souris nue.

Efeito de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares associados a compostos fenólicos, no crescimento de mudas de mamoeiro

Este trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) associados a compostos fenólicos (rutina e quercetina), sobre o crescimento e os conteúdos de P de mudas de mamoeiro, sob duas doses de P (0 e 50 mg kg-1). As espécies de fungos utilizadas foram Glomus clarum (Gc), G. macrocarpum (Gm) e uma população nativa de FMAs (Pn) isolada de uma área de plantio de mamão na Estação Experimental da PESAGRO-RIO, em Macaé, RJ. Na dose 0 mg kg-1 de P, a inoculação de Gc aumentou significativamente a produção de matéria seca e os conteúdos de P da parte aérea, independentemente da adição dos compostos rutina ou quercetina. Entretanto, no caso da espécie Gm, estes aumentos só foram observados no tratamento onde se adicionou rutina, o que indica que este composto aumentou a eficiência desta espécie. Não ocorreu influencia significativa da Pn sobre a produção de matéria seca e os conteúdos de P da parte aérea. Com o aumento da dose P (50 mg kg-1), as espécies de FMAs utilizadas não induziram aumento significativo na produção de matéria seca e no conteúdo de P da parte aérea do mamoeiro.

Use of antimicrobial biodegradable packaging to control Listeria monocytogenes during storage of cooked ham

The antimicrobial effect against L. monocytogenes of biodegradable films (alginate, zein and polyvinyl alcohol) containing enterocins was investigated. Survival of the pathogen was studied by means of challenge tests performed at 6 °C during 8 and 29 days, for air-packed and vacuum-packed sliced cooked ham, respectively. Air packaging was tested with two concentrations of enterocins (200 and 2000 AU/cm2). Control air-packed cooked ham showed an increase of L. monocytogenes from 104 to 107 CFU/g after 8 days. By contrast, packaging with antimicrobial films effectively slowed down the pathogen's growth, leading to final counts lower than in control lots. Air-packaging with alginate films containing 2000 AU/cm2 of enterocins effectively controlled L. monocytogenes for 8 days. An increase of only 1 log unit was observed in zein and polyvinyl alcohol lots at the same enterocin concentration. Vacuum packaging with films containing enterocins (2000 AU/cm2) also delayed the growth of the pathogen. No increase from inoculated levels was observed during 15 days in antimicrobial alginate films. After 29 days of storage, the lowest counts were obtained in samples packed with zein and alginate films containing enterocins, as well as with zein control films. The most effective treatment for controlling L. monocytogenes during 6 °C storage was vacuum-packaging of sliced cooked ham with alginate films containing 2000 AU/cm2 of enterocins. From the results obtained it can concluded that antimicrobial packaging can improve the safety of sliced cooked ham by delaying and reducing the growth of L. monocytogenes.

Suplementação com aditivos nutricionais e minerais orgânicos no desempenho de bezerros Nelore recém-desmamados em pastagem

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de bezerros Nelore recém-desmamados em resposta à suplementação com aditivos nutricionais e minerais orgânicos no sal mineral proteinado, em pastagem de Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu', na época seca. Foram utilizados 112 bezerros com idade entre 7-8 meses e com 252±24 kg. Os animais foram divididos em pastos sob lotação rotativa e receberam os tratamentos: sal mineral proteinado (controle); e sal mineral proteinado com minerais na forma orgânica, com monensina ou com óleos funcionais. A cada ciclo de pastejo, foram calculados o consumo de suplemento, o ganho de peso e a eficiência; coletadas amostras de sangue para análise de minerais; e feitas ultrassonografias de carcaça. O consumo do tratamento com monensina foi inferior ao dos demais (0,47 kg por dia); os consumos dos tratamentos controle (0,82 kg por dia) e com óleo (0,8 kg por dia) foram semelhantes; e o do tratamento com minerais orgânicos foi superior ao dos outros (0,92 kg por dia). Diferenças entre os tratamentos não foram observadas para ganho de peso (0,123 kg por dia) e para eficiência (0,161). A área de olho de lombo (46,81 cm2) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (0,77 mm) não diferiram significativamente entre os tratamentos. A adição de monensina diminui o consumo do suplemento, o que pode significar menor ingestão de proteína e prejuízo ao desempenho dos animais.

Hormônio de crescimento na regeneração hepática em ratos

Muitas substâncias têm sido utilizadas após hepatectomias parciais com o fim de se saber como elas atuam no processo de regeneração. Entre elas encontra-se o hormônio de crescimento. Visando conhecer a influência deste hormônio, 50 ratos Wistar, machos, com idade de 170 dias e peso médio de 380g, foram divididos em dois grupos de 25 animais, respectivamente experimento e controle. Sob anestesia inalatória de éter etílico sofreram laparotomia mediana e hepatectomia de aproximadamente 70%, ressecando-se os lobos mediano e lateral esquerdo que eram pesados e em seguida fazia-se a laparorrafia. Os ratos do grupo experimento receberam hormônio de crescimento através de injeção diária, subcutânea, de 0,4U/kg num volume de 0,12 ml. Os animais do controle receberam igual volume de água destilada pela mesma via. Sacrificados em lotes de cinco animais de cada grupo com 36, 72, 168, 240 e 336 horas. Avaliava-se o peso do animal e o peso total do fígado. Através da fórmula de Kwon et al. a regeneração hepática foi calculada. No estudo microscópico conhecia-se as figuras de mitose em 20 campos. O percentual de regeneração do peso da víscera mostrou-se maior no grupo tratado com hormônio de crescimento nas aferições de 168h (p = 0,011), 240 h (p = 0,011) e 336h (p < 0,0001). Nos animais do grupo experimento a regeneração foi completa a partir de 168h enquanto que no controle não atingira 100% com 336h. As figuras de mitose estiveram presentes no grupo experimento até 240h sendo significativamente maior no grupo experimento nas aferições de 36h (p < 0,001) e 72h (p < 0,01). Concluiu-se que o hormônio de crescimento leva à regeneração mais rápida do fígado após hepatectomia, em ratos.

Avaliação da eficiência do herbicida sulfentrazone no controle da tiririca, na cultura da cana-de-açúcar

O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do herbicida sulfentrazone no controle de tiririca (Cyperus rotundus L.) e a sua seletividade na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O ensaio foi instalado no município de Santa Bárbara do Oeste - São Paulo. O solo da áre a experimental apresenta textura leve, sendo classificado como Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo. A variedade utilizada foi RB 76-5418, plantada dia 13/01/94. 0 delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. A aplicação foi feita com um pulver izador cos tal pre ssur izado a CO2, com pressão de trabalho de 2,106 kg/cm2 (30 psi), equipado com bicos de jato plano do tipo Teejet 11 00 3 XR e com consumo de cald a de 300 litros/ha. A operação foi realizada no dia 20 de janeiro de 1994 , com so lo úmido e em pré emergência da cultura e das plantas daninhas. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: testemunha sem capina; testemunha capinada; sulfentrazone aplicado nas doses de 500, 600, 700, 800:900 e 1000g i.a./ha. A tiririca foi a planta daninha predominante na área, alcançando 312 manifestações epígeas/m2 aos 30 dias após aplicação. Avaliou-se a eficiência, a intensidade das injúrias provocadas e várias características referentes ao cres cimento e produtividade da cultura. Verificou-se que o herbicida sulfentrazone apresentou bom controle da tiririca em doses iguais ou superiores a 800g i.a./ha. Em todas as doses o herbicida foi seletivo à cultura de cana-de-açúcar, não afetando a altura de plantas, o estande, a produtividade e a qualidade industrial dos colmos obtidos.

Controle químico de plantas daninhas na cultura do arroz irrigado no estado do Ceará

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida, em condições de irrigação por inundação, em um solo de aluvião eutrófico da Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste-CE, em 1995. Teve como objetivo verificar a ação dos herbicidas propanil (4,80 kg/ha de i.a.), fenoxaprop-ethyl (0,14 kg/ha de i.a.), fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (0,11 kg/ha de i.a.), oxadiazon (0,62 kg/ha de i.a.) e as misturas: propanil + molinate (2,52 kg/ha de i.a. + 2,52 kg /ha de i.a.) e propanil + 2,4-D (2,72 kg/ha de i.a. + 2,52 kg/ha de i.a.), no controle das plantas daninhas e efeito fitotoxico sobre as plantas das cultivares de arroz CICA-8 e METICA-1. Foi avaliado também o efeito dos herbicidas sobre a produção de arroz em casca e outros componentes da produção de grãos. Os herbicidas mais eficientes no controle das plantas daninhas foram: propanil e as misturas propanil + 2,4-D e propanil + molinate, com 90%, 98% e 95% de controle, respectivamente. Esses herbicidas proporcionaram também as maiores produções de arroz em casca, semelhantes à testemunha capinada. A altura da planta; o número de dias para o início de floração; o comprimento da panícula e o peso de 1.000 sementes, não foram afetados pelos herbicidas testados. Os sintomas de fitotoxidade causados pelos herbicidas as plantas de arroz, variaram de leve a muito leve, tendo o propanil se mostrado o mais severo, porém sem causar decréscimo significativo a produção de arroz em casca.