1000 resultados para Ácido cítrico
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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The aim of this study was to evaluate citric acid application with or without chitosan on the maintenance of the quality of litchi 'Bengal'. It was used litchi on mature maturation stage. After selection, fruits were immersed for one minute on the solution of citric acid and chitosan: [1]Control - without immersion; [2] citric acid 300g L-1, [3] citric acid 300 g L-1 + chitosan 0,3%, [4]citric acid 300 g L-1 + chitosan 0,6%, [5] citric acid 600 g L-1, [6] citric acid 600 g L-1 + chitosan 0,3%, [7] citric acid 600 g L-1 + chitosan 0,6%. Chitosan of low molecular weight and deacetylation degree of 75,58% (Sigma - Aldrich®) were used. After immersion, fruits were put to drain the excess of solution. Then, they were stored in cool chamber at 5ºC, previously sanitized, for 20 days. The experiment was conducted following a completely randomized design, with a factorial scheme composed by seven coating solutions and five sampling dates. Every five days were evaluated: loss of fresh mass of fruits; color; content of anthocyanins and the activity of peel enzymes polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase. It was verified that the solution of citric acid 600 g L-1, associated or not to chitosan, and the combination of chitosan 0,3% to 300 g L-1 of citric acid were the most efficient to maintain the quality of litchi 'Bengal' for 20 days at 5ºC.
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This work describes the synthesis and study of the application of a new surfactant (Triester Lipophilic – TEL) obtained by citric acid with octanol. It is reaction was followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and after purification the product was characterized by proton and 13 – carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( H and 13C NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and surface tension analysis of oil-in-water emulsions. The TEL performance as surfactant in ester, n-paraffin and biodiesel based drilling fluids on the 70/30 and 60/40 water- oil rations (WOR) was evaluated by comparative tests of two commercial products used in the fields. These drilling fluids were aged in roller oven at 200 0 F during 16 h. The rheological and electric stability measurements were carried out at 135 ºF, the phase separation was evaluated after seven days at rest and the filtrate volume of drilling fluids was determined at high temperature and high pressure. The rheological behavior of the drilling fluids was evaluated by the flow curves. The results showed that the drilling fluids studied here presented Binghamian behavior as well as the used in the oil fields. The laboratory tests showed that the TEL reduced the filtrate volume and promoted the enhance of the thermal and mechanical stabilities.
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O presente trabalho descreve os dados obtidos sôbre a determinação do pH em soluções, desde 0,005 até 0,50 molar de ácido acético, ácido cítrico, ácido oxálico e ácido tartárico. Os dados obtidos experimentalmente, quando expressos em função de pC, isto é, em função de log log 1/C apresentaram uma relação linear. Por outro lado, calculando-se o pH das diversas soluções dos ácidos estudados, através de duas equações, uma do primeiro grau e outra do segundo grau, observou-se que os resultados calculados pela segunda equação apresentaram valores muito próximos aos determinados experimentalmente, conquanto no cálculo tenha sido usada apenas, a primeira constante termodinâmica de ionização, para os ácido cítrico, oxálico e tartárico. Uma vez que o valor do pH determinado e o do pH calculado constituem uma função linear do pC, foram estabelecidas duas equações de regressão para cada ácido estudado. Na primeira equação de regressão o pH determinado figura como variável dependente e na segunda, o pH calculado é a variável dependente. Nas duas equações o pC é a variável independente.
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O presente trabalho relata a determinação do P2O5 em fertilizantes simples e em misturas, pelos métodos, espectrofotométrico (espectrofotômetro Beckman, modelo B) diferencial do ácido fosfovánadomólíbdico e pelo método volumétrico alcalimétrico (fosfomolibdato de amônio). Relata também a determinação do P2O5 solúvel em solução de ácido cítrico a 2% nos mesmos materiais, pelos métodos espectrofotométrico e colorimétrico (Klett-Summerson) dif erenciais e volumétrico. Os dados obtidos permitem afirmar que os métodos espectrofotométrico e colorimétrico diferenciais são precisos e muito mais simples e rápidos que o método volumétrico. Considerando-se que os métodos espectrofotométrico e colorimétrico são mais simples, e rápidos que o método volumétrico e que êste está mais sujeito à erros devido às operações de precipitação, filtração, lavagem do precipitado, etc, pode-se adotar os dois primeiros em substituição ao método volumétrico de determinação do P2O5 total e solúvel em solução de ácido cítrico a 2%, em fertilizantes fosfatados, simples e em misturas.
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No presente trabalho foram determinadas as solubilidades dos fosfatos naturais mais comumente usados no Brasil, em solição de ácido fórmico a 2%, sob diversos graus de finura e diversas relações entre a massa de material e o volume do extrator. Os resultados, comparados com a solubilidade dos mesmos materiais em solução de ácido cítrico a 2% e nas mesmas condições, permitiram as seguintes conclusões: a) a variação da solubilidade, em ordem decrescente, entre os materiais estudados foi a seguinte nos dois extratores: farinha de ossos degelatinados, hiperfosfato (fosfato da África), fosfato da Flórida, fosfato de Olinda, fosfato de Araxá e fosfato Alvorada; b) a solubilidade do hiperfosfato em solução de ácido fórmico a 2% é acentuadamente superior a sua solubilidade em solução de ácido cítrico a 2%; c) o fosfato de Araxá tem solubilidade semelhante nos referidos extratores; d) o fosfato da Flórida é um pouco menos solúvel em solução do ácido fórmico a 2% do que em solução de ácido cítrico a 2% até a relação 1/300, invertendo-se a situação em menores relações; e) as solubilidades do fosfato de Olinda e do fosfato Alvorada são ligeiramente maiores em solução de ácido cítrico a 2% do que em solução de ácido fórmico a 2%; f) a solução de ácido fórmico a 2% é mais eficiente na solubilização da farinha de ossos degelatinados do que a solução de ácido cítrico a 2%.
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Os efeitos das substâncias húmicas nas propriedades dos solos são conhecidos, porém poucos são os estudos que avaliam os efeitos desses materiais nas plantas; assim, dependendo da concentração e da natureza química das moléculas húmicas aplicadas, pode haver maior expansão radicular, incremento na absorção de nutrientes e maior crescimento das culturas. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de concentrações de C-ácido húmico na nutrição e no crescimento de mudas de eucalipto, foi realizado um experimento em solução nutritiva, em casa de vegetação. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de duas fontes de ácidos húmicos (material húmico - MH e ácido húmico p.a. - AH p.a.), sendo cada fonte adicionada na solução nutritiva nas seguintes concentrações de C-ácido húmico: 0, 10, 30 e 150 mg L-1. Outros tratamentos foram também testados, utilizando-se a fonte AH p.a. nas concentrações de 0, 10, 30 e 150 mg L-1 C-ácido húmico, acrescidas de 21 mg L-1 de ácido cítrico e 9 mg L-1 de ácido oxálico. Foram analisados a condutividade eletrolítica na solução nutritiva, diâmetro do caule e altura das plantas, matéria seca de caule, de folhas, da parte aérea, da raiz e total, relação matéria seca de raiz:parte aérea, acúmulo de nutrientes no caule e nas folhas. A altura e o diâmetro de caule diminuíram linearmente com a aplicação de concentrações de C-ácido húmico da fonte AH p.a. A utilização do MH, em baixas concentrações de C-ácido húmico (0,07-4,3 mg L-1), propiciou a máxima produção de matéria seca de raiz, caule, folha e total. O maior acúmulo de alguns nutrientes (principalmente N, P e B) resultou, em alguns tratamentos, em reduzidos incrementos (2,4 a 9,3 %) nas produções de matéria seca de raiz, folha, caule e total; assim, não é aconselhável, em solução nutritiva, a aplicação das fontes de ácidos húmicos utilizadas neste estudo para o cultivo de mudas de eucalipto.
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With the advances in medicine, life expectancy of the world population has grown considerably in recent decades. Studies have been performed in order to maintain the quality of life through the development of new drugs and new surgical procedures. Biomaterials is an example of the researches to improve quality of life, and its use goes from the reconstruction of tissues and organs affected by diseases or other types of failure, to use in drug delivery system able to prolong the drug in the body and increase its bioavailability. Biopolymers are a class of biomaterials widely targeted by researchers since they have ideal properties for biomedical applications, such as high biocompatibility and biodegradability. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a biopolymer used as a biomaterial and its monomer, lactic acid, is eliminated by the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle). It is possible to synthesize PLA through various synthesis routes, however, the direct polycondensation is cheaper due the use of few steps of polymerization. In this work we used experimental design (DOE) to produce PLAs with different molecular weight from the direct polycondensation of lactic acid, with characteristics suitable for use in drug delivery system (DDS). Through the experimental design it was noted that the time of esterification, in the direct polycondensation, is the most important stage to obtain a higher molecular weight. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrograms obtained were equivalent to the PLAs available in the literature. Results of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that all PLAs produced are semicrystalline with glass transition temperatures (Tgs) ranging between 36 - 48 °C, and melting temperatures (Tm) ranging from 117 to 130 °C. The PLAs molecular weight characterized from Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), varied from 1000 to 11,000 g/mol. PLAs obtained showed a fibrous morphology characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
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This study was to evaluate the solubility of nepheline syenite rocks and glauconite as alternative sources of K by organic humic acid arrays, citrus and coffee pods at various times from 0 to 180 days of incubation. The experiment was conducted in the fertility laboratory in the Department of Soil Science at the Federal University of Lavras in a completely randomized design with 90 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial arrangement (2 x 3 x 7 + 3), 2 nepheline syenite rocks and glauconite incubated with water and 3 matrix organic humic acid, citric acid and coffee husk in six different incubation times of 0, 7, 15, 30, 75, 120 and 180 days, incubation were performed with the three above-mentioned organic matrix in increasing doses of 0, 1, 2, 5 and 10% humic acids and citric 0, 5, 10 20 and 40% for coffee husk. We evaluated the K2O content by different extractants soluble in 2% citric acid and water all treatments at all incubation times quoted above. Incubation and the application of organic matrix rocks nepheline syenite and generally glauconite provided a significant increase in solubility of K of the rocks studied in this work. Among the organic matrix has been observed that the coffee husk which provided the greatest release of K2O in both rocks mainly into the extractor 2% citric acid showed that the most efficient extraction K2O in all treatments.
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With the advances in medicine, life expectancy of the world population has grown considerably in recent decades. Studies have been performed in order to maintain the quality of life through the development of new drugs and new surgical procedures. Biomaterials is an example of the researches to improve quality of life, and its use goes from the reconstruction of tissues and organs affected by diseases or other types of failure, to use in drug delivery system able to prolong the drug in the body and increase its bioavailability. Biopolymers are a class of biomaterials widely targeted by researchers since they have ideal properties for biomedical applications, such as high biocompatibility and biodegradability. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a biopolymer used as a biomaterial and its monomer, lactic acid, is eliminated by the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle). It is possible to synthesize PLA through various synthesis routes, however, the direct polycondensation is cheaper due the use of few steps of polymerization. In this work we used experimental design (DOE) to produce PLAs with different molecular weight from the direct polycondensation of lactic acid, with characteristics suitable for use in drug delivery system (DDS). Through the experimental design it was noted that the time of esterification, in the direct polycondensation, is the most important stage to obtain a higher molecular weight. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrograms obtained were equivalent to the PLAs available in the literature. Results of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that all PLAs produced are semicrystalline with glass transition temperatures (Tgs) ranging between 36 - 48 °C, and melting temperatures (Tm) ranging from 117 to 130 °C. The PLAs molecular weight characterized from Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), varied from 1000 to 11,000 g/mol. PLAs obtained showed a fibrous morphology characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
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The aim of this research was to optimize osmotic dehydration of pineapple, according to two criteria: maximize water loss and minimize solid gain. The process was made as an application to Combined Methods Technology, in which three preservation factors were combined: water activity, pH and chemical preservatives, all being applied at low levels, in order to get a product resembling non-processed fruit. The experiment was divided into three treatments, being: non-coated pineapple pieces (A), pieces coated with alginate (B) and coated with low-methoxyl pectin (C). Process involved the following main steps: enzymatic inactivation of fruit pieces; in treatments B and C, incorporation of their respective coatings; and osmotic dehydration, in sucrose syrup containing potassium sorbate and citric acid. Optimum conditions, determined from Response Surface Methodology, were the following: dehydration of fruit pieces coated by alginate, at 42-47° C, in sucrose syrup at 66-69° Brix, for 220 to 270 minutes. Results indicated that both coatings significantly affected the mass transfers of the process, reducing solid incorporation and increasing water loss; therefore, increasing weight loss and performance ratio (water loss: solid incorporation) took place. Water activity was not significantly affected by the coatings. The product obtained under optimum conditions was submitted to sensorial evaluation, and presented a good general acceptance. Moulds and yeasts countings indicated good microbiological stability of the product for at least 60 days at 30ºC.