杉木生殖生物学特性的研究

本文就杉木大小孢子、雌雄配子体发育、受精作用、新细胞质形成以及细胞质遗传进行较为详细的研究，主要结果如下： 1.2月底小孢子母细胞进入减数分裂，其核相的变化与通常所描述的一致，细胞器集中排列在赤道板附近，其中质体有一重建的过程。当分裂完成时，在四个核之间产生胼胝质壁，细胞器随机分配在四分体中，每个四分孢子含有线粒体、质体、核糖体、高尔基体、脂体、RER和一些液泡。 2.花粉外壁的形成开始于四分体。颗粒状外壁外层和纤维状的原外壁几乎同时产生，具有三层结构的片层状外壁内层的形成晚于外壁外层。初期外壁外层的物质由小孢子和绒毡层共同提供，后期则主要由绒毡层形成的乌氏体所叠加;外壁内层则由小孢子本身分泌的物质形成，在液泡化之前厚度及数目达到最大，片层之间存在广泛的交叉和融合。3月底花粉成熟，花粉壁由颗粒状外层、片层结构的外壁内层和厚的纤维状内壁所组成，在喙处只有一层外壁内层和内壁。各种细胞器的活动在四分体及游离小孢子时期最为活跃。 3.绒毡层的变化与小孢子的发育密切相关，前者具有发生、发展和解体的过程。期间绒毡层分泌的圆球体在结构上有所不同，减数分裂时为中间电子密度深、外围浅的圆球体结构;四分体及游离小孢子时为中间电子密度浅、外围沉积有孢粉素的乌氏体;成熟花粉时为星芒状的乌氏体，它们共同形成花粉的我壁。绒毡层细胞中的细胞器也经历一个变化过程，造粉体的含量在四分体时达到高潮，在小孢子液泡期时基本消耗殆尽并解体;大量的粗糙内质网成零分布在质膜处，并与质膜走向平行。绒毡层解体时出现特殊的现象，具多个由多层膜组成的吞噬泡，并成堆分布，RER和线粒体为最后解体的细胞器。绒毡层外切向面的周绒毡层膜由两层膜组成，其上分布有大量的孢粉素和乌氏体。 4.萌发的花粉管4月底穿过珠心顶端，内含两个不育核和一精原细胞，不育核分布在具有淀粉、脂滴、线粒体和RER的原花粉细胞质中，位于精原细胞之前，这种关系保持到受精前。6月初精原细胞体积迅速增加到最大，相应的细胞质也发生变化，以线粒体为主的细胞质中出现少量质体，线粒体再资分化，细胞质中含有大量的可溶性多糖。 5.受精前，精原细胞分裂产生两个大小和形状相同的精细胞，彼此之间由胞间连丝的横壁联系在一起，并被原花粉细胞质所包被。精细胞中质体和淀粉粒的数量大幅度增加。精核们于细胞的中央，细胞质呈现区域分布的特点，据所含细胞器的差别，人核膜向外，细胞质分为五层，中间两层最为突出，即线粒体层和淀粉层，其间有大量核糖体的存在，线粒体层位于淀粉层的里面。这两层占据精细胞的大部分体积。 6.雌配子体游离核时期持续时间较长，近两个月，而从细胞化到卵细胞成熟则非常迅速，大约只需两周左右的时间。进一步发育，颈卵器中的液泡减少，细胞质变浓。初期少量的质体和淀粉粒被膨大的内质网片段和小泡的融合而与细胞质相隔，并最终退化。小内含物增加，亲锇颗粒出现。 7.成熟的卵细胞中具有大量各种形式的小内含物，细胞质被平行和环形的内质网所分隔。核膜外围有一圈疏松排列的亲锇颗粒，核仁变为多个基本为圆形的小核仁。没有质体的存在，大量脱分化的线粒体和核糖体集中分布在卵核的下部。 8.受精作用主要发生在6.9-6.16日期间，雄性细胞质始终伴随着精核向卵核移动，当两核接近时，朝向精核－面的卵核形成凹陷内，性细胞质覆盖在精核之上并最终包围两性核，而把雌性细胞质排除在外。因此，受精卵周围的胞质主要为由质体、线粒体和核糖体组成的新细胞质，且线粒体和质体的分布形式与精细胞的相同，即线粒体在里层，质体在外层。 9.融合后的合子核随即进行有丝分裂，形成两个原胚游离核，两个游离核同步分裂，并向基部移动，游离核始终分布在新细胞质中。八游离核时形成细胞壁，原胚属标准型。胚细胞中基本不含淀粉粒，具有大量的线粒体、高尔基体、RER和原质体。原胚之上的卵细胞质退化解体。杉木的质体和线粒体均为父本遗传。 10.幼胚的胚性细胞和胚柄细胞具有明显的差别，主要表现在质体的存在形式和高尔基体的数量上。胚性细胞中，原质体分布在核周围，大量的RER、高尔基体和线粒体平行于胚的走向;位于其上的胚柄细胞则含有淀粉粒和特别多的高尔基体。具简单多胚和裂生多胚，胚柄系统发达，7月底出现根原始细胞，8月中旬胚分化完成，具有两个子叶。

浑善达克沙地优势豆科植物 光合生理特性研究

　　氮素是植物光合生产的决定性因素，尤其是在沙地草地生态系统中，氮素贫乏往往限制植物的生长发育。因此，研究沙地植物光合作用与叶片N含量之间的关系，以及不同植物功能型氮素利用效率，有助于理解不同植物资源利用效率的差异。以浑善达克沙地分布的80种植物为研究对象，对不同生境(固定沙丘、丘间低地和湿地)、不同生活型(乔、灌、草)、不同光合途径(C3和C4)以及豆科和非豆科植物等功能型进行研究，结果表明：无论在单位叶面积水平还是单位干重水平上的叶片氮含量，均与光合速率成极显著正相关，但单位氮素的光合利用效率在不同生境以及不同功能型之间差异很大;光合氮素利用效率表现为：湿地植物>沙丘>丘间低地植物;草本植物>灌木>乔木;C4草本>C3草本植物，非豆科植物>豆科植物。 　　为了验证浑善达克沙地豆科植物是否比非豆科植物具有更高的光合潜力，我们比较研究了3种优势豆科植物小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)、木岩黄芪(Hedysarum fruticosum var. lignosum)、披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolata)和2种非豆科植物羊草(Leymus chinensis)和黄柳(Salix gordejeviii)，结果表明并非所有豆科植物都比非豆科植物有着显著高的光合速率，仅木岩黄芪表现出较高的光合速率，其它两种豆科植物的光合速率和羊草、黄柳的差异并不显著(P>0.05)，甚至低于后者，这是因为氮素利用效率(PNUE)在其中起关键作用，通过对影响PNUE的几个主要因素进行分析得出：叶绿素对光能的吸收、光化学转换效率和CO2分压并不是构成豆科和非豆科植物PNUE差异的主要因素，而Rubisco羧化效率决定了所实验的5种植物对氮素利用效率的高低。 　　木岩黄芪在浑善达克沙地的沙丘上为优势种，甚至成为流动沙丘的先锋种。除了其显著高的氮含量外，对沙丘胁迫生境的光合适应性是我们关注的另一个重点。通过对木岩黄芪和其伴生种黄柳的光反应曲线以及光合日动态的研究，发现木岩黄芪具有显著高的光合速率、水分利用效率和PSII 光化学效率，其忍受中午强光和高温的能力较强(即“光合午休”现象不明显)。另外，该物种还表现出了显著高的光饱和点和低光补偿点。 对木岩黄芪的模拟降雨试验结果表明：气体交换参数以及叶绿素荧光参数均受到干旱和模拟降雨的影响，其中气孔因素和非气孔因素共同决定了干旱条件下木岩黄芪光合速率的降低;但降雨解除干旱后，气孔导度恢复较快，而PSII 潜在活性和PSII 光能转换效率的恢复却比较缓慢。在0-15mm的降雨量范围内，随降雨量的增加各项生理指标不断升高，但大于15mm的降雨量对木岩黄芪影响不大，因此木岩黄芪可被视为低耗水型植物。 　　对木岩黄芪光合酶的研究结果表明，其C4光合酶的活性很高，磷酸稀醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPcase)、NAD-苹果酸酶(NAD-ME)、NADP-苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)、NAD-苹果酸脱氢酶(NAD-MDH)、NADP-苹果酸脱氢酶(NADP-MDH) 和丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK)等酶的活性，在整个生育期内为黄柳的5倍以上，但稳定性碳同位素测定结果却表明木岩黄芪为C3植物。因此，我们认为C3豆科植物木岩黄芪体内可能存在着C4光合途径，这种机制使得其对于流动沙丘的胁迫环境有着很强的适应性和很高的资源利用效率。

Contributions of Pelagic and Benthic Dietary Sources to Freshwater Mussels: Evidence from Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis

In Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu, tissue of five mussel species showed delta C-13 values similar to or slightly below that of pelagic suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM). This indicated that mussels in this area either fed non-selectively and so reflected available carbon in the pelagic habitat or selected for phytoplankton. The situation was the same for Anodonta woodiana woodiana and Cristaria plicata in Meiliang Bay; however, for the remaining three species, Hyriopsis cumingii, Arconaia lanceolata, and Lamprotula rochechouarti, tissue had intermediate delta C-13 values, falling between those for pelagic SPOM and benthic sediment organic matter (SOM), suggesting a possible preferential selection of phytoplankton from the pelagic SPOM but more likely reflecting local differences in pelagic SPOM and benthic SOM composition and available organic carbon sources. The mixing model showed that pelagic SPOM accounted for over 98% of carbon incorporated by all mussels in Gonghu Bay and two mussels in Meiliang Bay, suggesting the dietary importance of pelagic food sources for mussels. Less than 50% of the assimilation in H. cumingii, A. lanceolata, and L. rochechouarti came from the pelagic carbon sources in Meiliang Bay, which suggested that these species consumed a mix of benthic and pelagic derived carbon sources.

Spatial distribution of benthic algae in the Gangqu River, Shangrila, China

This study consisted of sampling benthic algae at 32 sites in the Gangqu River, an important upstream tributary of the Yangtze River. Our aims were to characterize the benthic algae communities and relationships with environmental variables. Among the 162 taxa observed, Achnanthes linearis and Achnanthes lanceolata var. elliptica were the dominant species (17.10% and 14.30% of the total relative abundance, respectively). Major gradients and principal patterns of variation within the environmental variables were detected by principal component analysis (PCA). Then non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) divided all the sites into three groups, which were validated by multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that three environmental variables (TN, TDS, and TP) significantly affected the distribution of benthic algae. Weighted averaging regression and cross-calibration produced strong models for predicting TN and TDS concentration, which enabled selection of algae taxa as potentially sensitive indicators of certain TN and TDS levels: for TN, Achnanthes lanceolata, Achnanthes lanceolata var. elliptica, and Cymbella ventricosa var. semicircularis; for TDS, Cocconeis placentula, Cymbella alpina var. minuta, and Fragilaria virescens. The present study represents an early step in establishing baseline conditions. Further monitoring is suggested to gain a better understanding of this region.

Benthic algae of the Gangqu River, Shangrila, China

We surveyed the benthic algae at 32 sites in the Gangqu River system during May 2005. Among the 162 different taxa observed, 88.8% were diatoms. Achnanthes linearis and Achnanthes lanceolata var. elliptica were the dominant species, comprising 17.1% and 14.3% of the total relative abundance, respectively.

Variation of benthic diatoms in a shallow, eutrophic Chinese Lake, Lake Donghu

Benthic diatom communities were sampled monthly from May 2004 to May 2005 at four different sites in the littoral zone of Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic lake of China. The seasonal patterns of the total abundance, which were lowest in summer and highest in spring, were found at all sites. Total densities of diatom assemblages were significantly higher at hyper-eutrophic sites than at moderately eutrophic sites. Melosira varians was the most abundant species and dominant contributor to total abundance at all sites during spring, autumn and winter, whereas Achnanthes exigua dominated benthic diatom assemblages at the site with the highest nutrient concentrations during the summer. Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula similis, Navicula verecunda and Nitzschia amphibia were generally observed at all sites throughout the year and were dominant at higher-nutrient sites. The abundance of ambient nutrients was probably responsible for the spatial variation in biomass, composition and diversity of benthic diatom assemblages, and lake water temperature was the major factor that controlled seasonal distribution.

亚热带主要树种细根分解对土壤活性有机碳的影响

土壤有机碳是全球碳循环的重要组成部分，土壤碳库是陆地生态系统最大的碳库。在一定时间内土壤有机碳含量通常代表了植物碳输入和微生物分解之间的相对量的大小。土壤活性有机碳是土壤有机碳的一部分，土壤活性有机碳是土壤有机碳中周转速率最快的。土壤活性有机碳可以用微生物碳和水溶性有机碳等指标进行表征，它们可以较早指示土壤质量的变化。植物通过根系分泌和周转向土壤输入碳，而有关树木细根分解对土壤活性有机碳影响的文献很少。细根是植物凋落物的一部分，在物质循环中起到重要作用。 本文采用实验室培养方法，以桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和火力楠(Michelia macclurei)细根为材料研究了不同树种细根、不同添加量细根以及不同培养温度对土壤活性有机碳的影响，以揭示人工林细根对土壤有机碳的影响。 第3章研究结果表明，培养结束后CO2-C累积释放量依次为：火力楠细根处理>桤木细根处理>杉木细根处理，添加细根的处理土壤微生物碳和水溶性有机碳含量均显著高于对照，而土壤全碳含量只在添加火力楠细根处理下显著高于对照，结果表明细根可以在短时间内提高土壤活性有机碳的含量。 第4章研究了不同细根量对土壤活性有机碳的影响，结果表明同一树种细根不同添加量对土壤全碳的影响程度不同，土壤全碳随着细根添加量的增加而显著增加。各树种均以添加2.0g细根处理的土壤微生物碳含量最高。各树种细根不同添加量的处理对土壤水溶性有机体碳的影响均不显著。培养结束时土壤硫酸钾浸提溶解性有机碳含量变化不大，只有杉木细根0.6g处理土壤硫酸钾浸提有机碳含量显著高于0.3g处理，其他处理间差异不显著。 第5章研究了不同温度对土壤活性有机碳的影响，结果表明温度显著影响细根的分解速率，温度对土壤微生物碳没有产生显著影响，而对土壤可溶性有机碳含量的影响达到了显著水平。

濒危植物毛柄小勾儿茶生存群落的数量分类

应用除趋势对应分析(DCA)与双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)对濒危植物毛柄小勾儿茶(Berchemiella wilsoniivar.pubipetiolata)69块样地进行了排序与分类,共划分9个群落类型。结果表明,毛柄小勾儿茶生境特异性高。毛柄小勾儿茶在枫香(Liquidambar formosana)林、马尾松(Pinusmassoniana)+杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)+青冈栎(Quercus glauca)针阔混交林、杂木林和青榨槭(Acer davidii)+大果山胡椒(Lindera praecox)林中生长较好。这4个群落林下层优势种具有相似性:草本层的优势种中均有求米草(Oplismenus undulatifolius),常有三脉紫菀(Aster ageratoides);灌木层优势种常有大果山胡椒。毛柄小勾儿茶分布于海拔500~900 m的低山区,多分布于湿润、排水良好的沟谷边,生境坡向多为阴坡。

杉木天然次生林金龟子多样性及季节动态变化

According to two times investigation on Scarabaeoidea of Huitong secondary Cunninghamia lanceolata forest in early spring,summer, the number of species Scarabaeoidea in early spring,and summer is 23 and 24,respectively; the Shannon diversity index is 2.067 and 2.417, respectivety; the Shannon evenness is 0.659 and 0.761.In early spring, the dominant species are Malatera horosericea,Melolontha frater and Granida albosparsa.In summer, The dominant species are Anomala vividana, Anomala alabopilosa and Anomala lucens.The species abundance distribution of Scarabaeoidea in two different seasons is fitted in to logarithmic series distribution. A small number of species often become dominant in different seasons.

杉木与主要阔叶造林树种叶凋落物的混合分解

杉木 (Cunninghamia lanceolata)与主要阔叶造林树种叶凋落物混合分解实验是用网袋法进行的。目的是检验“杉木叶凋落物与阔叶树叶凋落物混合分解时 ,杉木叶凋落物的分解速率和养分释放都可得到加强”这样一个假设。结果发现 ,杉木与火力楠 (Michelia macclurei var. sublanea)、桤木 (Alnus cremastogyne)叶凋落物混合分解时分解速率有较强的促进作用 ,而与红栲 (Castanopsishystrix)、樟树 (Cinnamomum camphora)、刺楸 (K alopanax pictus)、木荷 (Schima superba)叶凋落物分解时不存在相互作用。至于养分的释放 ,除与木荷叶凋落物混合分解时没有发现相互作用外 ,而与其它阔叶树种叶凋落物混合分解时或强或弱表现出促进作用 ,而且促进作用的强弱与阔叶树叶凋落物初始 N含量有一定的正相关关系。如果仅从阔叶树叶凋落物与杉木叶凋落物混合分解的作用形式和强弱来考虑选择杉木的伴生树种时 ,首选树种是桤木 ,其次是刺楸 ,再其次是火力楠、红栲 ,最后才是樟树和木荷。当然只依据此单一条件来选择混交树种还不科学。

Relationships between precipitation, soil water and groundwater at Chongling catchment with the typical vegetation cover in the Taihang mountainous region, China

Vegetation cover plays an important role in the process of evaporation and infiltration. To explore the relationships between precipitation, soil water and groundwater in Taihang mountainous region, China, precipitation, soil water and water table were observed from 2004 to 2006, and precipitation, soil water and groundwater were sampled in 2004 and 2005 for oxygen-18 and deuterium analysis at Chongling catchment. The soil water was sampled at three sites covered by grass (Carex humilis and Carex lanceolata), acacia and arborvitae respectively. Precipitation is mainly concentrated in rainy seasons and has no significant spatial variance in study area. The stable isotopic compositions are enriched in precipitation and soil water due to the evaporation. The analysis of soil water potential and isotopic profiles shows that evaporation of soil water under arborvitae cover is weaker than under grass and acacia, while soil water evaporation under grass and acacia showed no significant difference. Both delta O-18 profiles and soil water potential dynamics reveal that the soil under acacia allows the most rapid infiltration rate, which may be related to preferential flow. In the process of infiltration after a rainstorm, antecedent water still takes up over 30% of water in the topsoil. The soil water between depths of 0-115 cm under grass has a residence time of about 20 days in the rainy season. Groundwater recharge from precipitation mainly occurs in the rainy season, especially when rainstorms or successive heavy rain events happen.

Monitoramento da fenologia de espécies arbóreas das florestas brasileiras: canela-branca.

2009

The effect of spatial scale on interactions between two weevils and their parasitoid

1. The effect of spatial scale on the interactions between three hymenopteran parasitoids and their weevil hosts was investigated. The parasitoid Mesopolobus incultus (Walker) parasitised Gymnetron pascuorum Gyll.; the parasitoids Entodon sparetus (Walker) and Bracon sp. parasitised Mecinus pyraster Herbst. Both of these weevils develop inside the seedhead of Plantago lanceolata L. but occupy different niches. Seedheads were sampled annually from 162 plants at each of two experimental sites consisting of a series of habitat patches of two distinct sizes. Data were analysed from three site-years. 2. Parasitoid densities at each site-year were closely related to the abundance of their respective weevil hosts. The overall proportion of hosts parasitised was more variable for M. incultus than for E. sparetus and Bracon sp. 3. Changes in spatial scale affected the variability of parasitoid densities. For M. incultus, there was generally a greater degree of additional heterogeneity for all increases of scale; for E. sparetus, this was true only at the largest scales; for Bracon sp., all components of variance were negative. 4. The rate of parasitism was related to host density in different ways at different spatial scales. Mesopolobus incultus exhibited inverse density dependence at the finest (seedhead) scale, direct density dependence at the intermediate (plant) scale, and density independence at the large (habitat area 729 m2) scale. Entodon sparetus showed no response to variation in host density at any spatial scale. Bracon sp. showed direct density dependence only at the intermediate and largest scales. 5. Parasitoids E. sparetus and Bracon sp. seemed able to detect more than one M. pyraster individual in seedheads with multiple host occupancy; a greater incidence of conspecific parasitoids than expected emerged from such seedheads.

The Richit-Richards family of distributions and its use in forestry

Johnson's SB and the logit-logistic are four-parameter distribution models that may be obtained from the standard normal and logistic distributions by a four-parameter transformation. For relatively small data sets, such as diameter at breast height measurements obtained from typical sample plots, distribution models with four or less parameters have been found to be empirically adequate. However, in situations in which the distributions are complex, for example in mixed stands or when the stand has been thinned or when working with aggregated data, then distribution models with more shape parameters may prove to be necessary. By replacing the symmetric standard logistic distribution of the logit-logistic with a one-parameter “standard Richards” distribution and transforming by a five-parameter Richards function, we obtain a new six-parameter distribution model, the “Richit-Richards”. The Richit-Richards includes the “logit-Richards”, the “Richit-logistic”, and the logit-logistic as submodels. Maximum likelihood estimation is used to fit the model, and some problems in the maximum likelihood estimation of bounding parameters are discussed. An empirical case study of the Richit-Richards and its submodels is conducted on pooled diameter at breast height data from 107 sample plots of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.). It is found that the new models provide significantly better fits than the four-parameter logit-logistic for large data sets.

Use of a lux-marked rhizobacterium as a biosensor to assess changes in rhizosphere C flow due to pollutant stress

The flow of carbon from plant roots into soil supports a range of microbial processes and is therefore critical to ecosystem function and health. Pollution-induced stress, which influences rhizosphere C flow is of considerable potential importance, and therefore needs to be evaluated. This paper reports on a method, based on reporter gene technology, for quantifying pollutant effects on rhizosphere C flow. The method uses the lux-marked rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, where bioluminescence output of this biosensor is directly correlated with the metabolic activity and reports on C flow in root exudate. Plantago lanceolata was treated with paraquat (representing a model pollutant stress) in a simple microcosm system. The lux-biosensor response correlated closely with C concentrations in the exudate and demonstrated that the pollutant stress increased the C flow from the plantago roots, 24 h after application of the herbicide. The lux-reporter system therefore potentially offers a technique for use in assessing the impact of pollutant stress on rhizosphere C flow through the soil microbial biomass.