Purification of complex biopharmaceuticals with new processes, advanced analytics and computer-aided process design tools

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

Integrated functional genomics for improved manufacture of recombinant enveloped virus

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Engineering and Technology Sciences-Biotechnology

Immunopathogenesis and neurological manifestations associated to HTLV-1 infection

The human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus identified. The virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing of contaminated needles or syringes and from mother to child, mainly through breastfeeding. In addition to the well-known association between HTLV-1 and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), several diseases and neurologic manifestations have been associated with the virus. This review was conducted through a PubMed search of the terms HTLV-1, immune response and neurological diseases. Emphasis was given to the most recent data regarding pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HTLV-1 infection. The aim of the review is to analyze the immune response and the variety of neurological manifestations associated to HTLV-1 infection. A total of 102 articles were reviewed. The literature shows that a large percentage of HTLV-1 infected individuals have others neurological symptoms than HAM/TSP. Increased understanding of these numerous others clinical manifestations associated to the virus than adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HAM/TSP has challenged the view that HTLV-1 is a low morbidity infection.

Eclectic feeding behavior of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in the transmission area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, state of Paraná, Brazil

Introduction The blood meal source of sandflies provides valuable information about the vector/host interaction and allows for an understanding of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) transmission mechanisms. The aim of this study was to identify the blood meal sources of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia in an endemic area of leishmaniasis in Brazil's State of Paraná using a precipitin test. Methods Sandflies were collected in the rural locality of Epitácio Pessoa within the City of Adrianópolis, State of Paraná, in southern Brazil. A total of 864 female sandflies were captured, and 862 (99.8%) were identified as L. intermedia species. However, two unidentified specimens were considered to be part of the genus Lutzomyia. Results Among the females examined, 396 specimens presented reactions to a certain type of tested antiserum, and most (67.9%) reacted to the simple type. These sandflies fed mainly on the blood of birds, opossums, and rodents, but specimens that fed on the blood of humans, dogs, horses, cattle, and cats were also found. Among the cross-reactions found (32.1%), bird/rodent, bird/opossum, bird/dog, bird/human, and horse/dog cross-reactions were the most common. Conclusions These results demonstrate a tendency in the eclectic feeding behavior of L. intermedia and support its potential role as a vector for ACL in the study area.

Lack of evidence for human infection with Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in the Brazilian Amazon basin

Introduction This study confirmed the absence of natural infection with Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) or XMRV-related disease in human populations of the Brazilian Amazon basin. We demonstrated that 803 individuals of both sexes, who were residents of Belem in the Brazilian State of Pará, were not infected with XMRV. Methods Individuals were divided into 4 subgroups: healthy individuals, individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), individuals infected with human T-lymphotrophic virus, types 1 or 2 (HTLV-1/2), and individuals with prostate cancer. XMRV infection was investigated by nested PCR to detect the viral gag gene and by quantitative PCR to detect pol. Results There was no amplification of either gag or pol segments from XRMV in any of the samples examined. Conclusions This study supports the conclusions of the studies that eventually led to the retraction of the original study reporting the association between XMRV and human diseases.

Injuries caused by aquatic animals in Brazil: an analysis of the data present in the information system for notifiable diseases

AbstractINTRODUCTION:We present a review of injuries in humans caused by aquatic animals in Brazil using the Information System for Notifiable Diseases [ Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN)] database.METHODS:A descriptive and retrospective epidemiological study was conducted from 2007 to 2013.RESULTS:A total of 4,118 accidents were recorded. Of these accidents, 88.7% (3,651) were caused by venomous species, and 11.3% (467) were caused by poisonous, traumatic or unidentified aquatic animals. Most of the events were injuries by stingrays (69%) and jellyfish (13.1%). The North region was responsible for the majority of reports (66.2%), with a significant emphasis on accidents caused by freshwater stingrays (92.2% or 2,317 cases). In the South region, the region with the second highest number of records (15.7%), jellyfish caused the majority of accidents (83.7% or 452 cases). The Northeastern region, with 12.5% of the records, was notable because almost all accidents were caused by toadfish (95.6% or 174 cases).CONCLUSIONS:Although a comparison of different databases has not been performed, the data presented in this study, compared to local and regional surveys, raises the hypothesis of underreporting of accidents. As the SINAN is the official system for the notification of accidents by venomous animals in Brazil, it is imperative that its operation be reviewed and improved, given that effective measures to prevent accidents by venomous animals depend on a reliable database and the ability to accurately report the true conditions.

Human identification and analysis of DNA in bones

The introduction of molecular biology techniques, especially of DNA analysis, for human identification is a recent advance in legal medicine. Substantial effort has continuously been made in an attempt to identify cadavers and human remains after wars, socio-political problems and mass disasters. In addition, because of the social dynamics of large cities, there are always cases of missing people, as well as unidentified cadavers and human remains that are found. In the last few years, there has also been an increase in requests for exhumation of human remains in order to determine genetic relationships in civil suits and court action. The authors provide an extensive review of the literature regarding the use of this new methodology for human identification of ancient or recent bones.

Anomalies of sand flies in Venezuela

Morphological anomalies in phlebotomine sand flies are reviewed and updated with abnormalites observed in Venezuela on the species L. trinidadensis, L.shannoni, L. lichyi and L. gomezi, and the description of a teratological unidentified male.

Síntesis de derivados nucleosídicos con potencial actividad antiviral

La infección por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana tipo 1 (HIV-1), agente causal del Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA) está descripta como la epidemia más importante de los '90 y tal vez del siglo. A pesar de los esfuerzos a nivel mundial, no ha sido exitosa la obtención de compuestos efectivos para la profilaxis y tratamiento del SIDA con un índice terapéutico óptimo. Dado que el HIV-1 es un retrovirus, la transcriptasa reversa se ha convertido en un objetivo importante en la quimioterapia de esta enfermedad. Clínicamente se utiliza como inhibidor de dicha enzima, la zidovudina (3'-azido-3'-deoxitimidina, AZT, 1) y como drogas alternativas en pacientes infectados con el virus HIV, que no responden a la monoterapia con AZT, la zalcitabina (2',3'-dideoxicitidina, ddC, 2) y la didanosina (2',3'-dideoxiinosina, ddl, 3). Estos nucleósidos, al igual que el AZT, actúan como finalizadores de la cadena proviral e inhibidores competitivos de la transcriptasa reversa. Nuestro grupo de trabajo está abocado a la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas terapéuticas y, por lo tanto, encaró la síntesis de análogos de AZT por introducción de halógenos (3'-azido-6-bromo-3'-deoxitimidina, AZT-Br) y por asociación molecular con derivados del ácido isonicotínico (3'-azido-3'-deoxi-5'-O-isonicotinoiltimidina, AZT-ISO). Estos compuestos demostraron poseer una muy importante actividad biológica frente a HIV-1 y una moderada (pero significativa desde el punto de vista terapéutico) actividad frente a infecciones bacterianas. Basándonos en estos alentadores resultados hemos continuado la síntesis de derivadores de AZT con la finalidad de realizar estudios sobre Relación Estructura-Actividad Biológica (QSAR), para lo cual es necesario tener una base de datos lo más completa posible. El trabajo tiene como objetivo la obtención de nuevos fármacos que modulen la conducta farmacocinética de los principales agentes utilizados actualmente en la terapia contra el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (AZT, ddC, ddl). Para tal fin, planificamos la síntesis de derivados de AZT (1), ddC (2) y ddl (3), por modificación de la posición-5'. Dicha modificación favorecerá la farmacocinética de esas drogas ya que puede disminuir la glucoronidación de la posición-5' y, por lo tanto, la velocidad de metabolización. Además, dado que actualmente la terapia para el SIDA involucra el tratamiento de las infecciones oportunistas (principalmente la tuberculosis), se propone la asociación de 1-3 con ácido p-aminosalicílico (PAS, 4).

Levadura de Cerveza ( S. cerevisiae ) como promotor natural de crecimiento en parrilleros

La levadura de cerveza, en la variedades Saccharomyces y Torula , se utilizó en nutrición animal durante las décadas del 50 y 60, actualmente se ha comenzado a incorporarse nuevamente como agregado en las dietas de aves, cerdos y vacas lecheras. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fue tradicionalmente considerada como uno de los UGF (Unidentified Growth Factors), de origen natural, al igual que la harina de alfalfa, los solubles de pescado, suero de leche. En aves, y usado en pequeñas porciones, su acción más provechosa residiría en su 40% de contenido proteico de buen valor biológico (Card, 1961 y Buxade Carbo, 1985), y como aporte de vitaminas del grupo B (Ciba-Geigy, 1975). (...) Objetivo general: * Se propone la inclusión de la levadura de cerveza, en escamas, a diferentes niveles para determinar el porcentaje mínimo y adecuado que actué como verdadero promotor natural de crecimiento en parrilleros, sin dejar de considerar el importante aporte de vitaminas del grupo B, ahorrando estos componentes del núcleo vitamínico-mineral. En todos los casos con el principal propósito de reducir los costos del alimento balanceado.

Circulación y epidemiología molecular de virus emergentes asociados a patologías humanas linfoproliferativas, neurológicas y gastrointestinales en Córdoba

Desde hace mucho tiempo las enfermedades diarreicas y linfoproliferativas constituyen un importante problema de Salud Pública. Sin embargo hasta el momento no existen datos sobre la prevalencia de los virus emergentes entericos y los retrovirus humanos HTLV-I y HTLV-II en la ciudad de Córdoba, información imprescindible para conocer la magnitud del problema y para la implementación de programas preventivos y asistenciales que reduzcan la diseminación y morbi mortalidad por estas patologías. Los objetivos generales de este proyecto son: * Establecer la prevalencia y perfil local de las infecciones producidas por los retrovirus humanos HTLV-I y HTLV-II en la Provincia de Córdoba. * Identificar, caracterizar y determinar la frecuencia etiológica de agentes virales emergentes asociados a gastroenteritis en la provincia de Córdoba. * Desarrollar, estandarizar e implementar metodologías moleculares suplementarias para el diagnóstico confirmatorio de la infección por retrovirus humanos y virus asociados a gastroenteritis. * Realizar estudios de epidemiología molecular para caracterizar las cepas circulantes en Córdoba. La importancia de la estandarización e implementación de metodologías serológicas y moleculares para los virus en estudio se fundamenta en la necesidad de disponer de técnicas sensibles y específicas que permitan realizar estudios continuados de la circulación de estos virus en nuestra comunidad. (...) Siendo la sangre vía transfusión una de las principales formas de transmisión de estos agentes y cuyo control a tiempo evitaría la diseminación de los mismos, creemos que nuestros resultados serán de fundamental importancia para ilustrar a las autoridades de salud sobre cuál es la situación en nuestro medio y poder así evaluar la necesidad de iniciar el control de los virus HTLV-I y HTLV-II en los bancos de sangre de nuestra ciudad, como se está haciendo en otros países no endémicos del mundo. Los resultados del proyecto informarán sobre la magnitud del problema en nuestro medio, los grupos más expuestos al riesgo de infección, la época del año en la que prevalecen las diferentes infecciones y otros datos que servirán para la aplicación de eventuales medidas preventivas (control de Bancos de Sangre, control de pacientes inmunodeprimidos hospitalizados por diarreas, etc.).

Bioremediation of diesel contaminated soils : an investigation into the effects of biosurfactant and organic matter amendments

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of biosurfactants and organic matter amendments on the bioremediation of diesel contaminated soil. Two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the ability to produce biosurfactant were isolated from a water and soil sample in Co. Sligo. The first strain, Isolate A, produced a biosurfactant which contained four rhamnose containing compounds, when grown in proteose peptone glucose ammonium salts medium with glucose as the carbon source. Two of the components were identified as rhamnolipid 1 and 2 whilst the other two components were unidentified. The second strain, Isolate GO, when grown in similar conditions produced a biosurfactant which contained only rhamnolipid 2. The type of aeration system used had a significant effect on the abiotic removal of diesel from soil. Forced aeration at a rate of 120L 02/kg soil/ hour resulted in the greatest removal. Over a 112 day incubation period this type o f aeration resulted in the removal o f 48% o f total hexane extractable material. In relation to bioremediation of the diesel contaminated sandy soil, amending the soil with two inorganic nutrients, KH2PO4 and NÜ4N03, significantly enhanced the removal of diesel, especially the «- alkanes, when compared to an unamended control. The biosurfactant from Isolate A and a biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIMB 8628 (a known biosurfactant producer), when applied at a concentration of three times their critical micelle concentration, had a neutral effect on the biodégradation o f diesel contaminated sandy soil, even in the presence o f inorganic nutrients. It was deduced that the main reason for this neutral effect was because they were both readily biodegraded by the indigenous microorganisms. The most significant removal of diesel occurred when the soils were amended with two organic materials plus the inorganic nutrients. Amendment of the diesel contaminated soil with spent brewery grain (SBG) removed significantly more diesel than amendment with dried molassed sugar beet pulp (DMSBP). After a 108 day incubation period, amendment of the diesel contaminated soil with DMSBP plus inorganic nutrients and SBG plus inorganic nutrients resulted in 72 and 89% removal of diesel range organics (DRO), in comparison to 41% removal of DRO in an inorganic nutrient amended control. The first order kinetic model described the degradation of the different diesel components with high correlation and was used to calculate Vi lives. The V2 life, of the total «-alkanes in the diesel was reduced from 40 days in the control to 8.5 and 5.1 days in the presence of DMSBP and SBG, respectively. The V2 life o f the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) in the diesel contaminated soil was also significantly reduced in the presence o f the two organics. DMSBP and SBG addition reduced UCM V2 life to 86 and 43 days, respectively, compared to 153 days in the control. The component of diesel whose removal was enhanced the greatest through the organic material amendments was the isoprenoid, pristane, a compound which until recently was thought to be nonbiodegradable and was used as an inert biomarker in oil degradation studies. The V2 life of pristane was reduced from 533 days in the nutrient amended control to 49.5 and 19.5 days in DMSBP and SBG amended soils. These results indicate that the addition o f the DMSBP and SBG to diesel contaminated soil stimulated diesel biodégradation, probably by enhancing the indigenous diesel degrading microbial population to degrade diesel hydrocarbons, whilst the addition o f biosurfactants had no enhanced effect on the bioremediation process.

Multimodality Imaging of Heart Valve Disease

Unidentified heart valve disease is associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. It has therefore become important to accurately identify, assess and monitor patients with this condition in order that appropriate and timely intervention can occur. Although echocardiography has emerged as the predominant imaging modality for this purpose, recent advances in cardiac magnetic resonance and cardiac computed tomography indicate that they may have an important contribution to make. The current review describes the assessment of regurgitant and stenotic heart valves by multimodality imaging (echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance) and discusses their relative strengths and weaknesses.

Lifetime Prevalence of Transient Loss of Consciousness in an Urban Russian Population

Abstract Background: Most international studies on epidemiology of transient loss of consciousness (TLC) were performed many years ago. There are no data about the lifetime prevalence of TLC in Russia. Objective: To identify the lifetime prevalence and presumed mechanisms of TLC in an urban Russian population. Methods: 1796 individuals (540 males [30.1%] and 1256 females [69.9%]) aged 20 to 69 years (mean age 45.8 ± 11.9 years) were randomly selected and interviewed within the framework of multicentre randomised observational trial. Results: The overall prevalence of TLC in the studied population was 23.3% (418/1796), with the highest proportion (28%) seen in 40-49 year age group. TLC was significantly more common in women than in men (27.5% vs 13.5%). The mean age of patients at the time of the first event was 16 (11; 23) years, with 333 (85%) individuals experiencing the first episode of TLC under 30 years. The average time after the first episode of TLC was 27 (12; 47) years. The following mechanisms of TLC were determined using the questionnaire: neurally-mediated syncope (56.5%), arrhythmogenic onset of syncope (6.0%), nonsyncopal origin of TLC (1.4%), single episode during lifetime (2.1%). Reasons for TLC remained unidentified in 34% cases. 27 persons (6.5%) reported a family history of sudden death, mainly patients with presumably arrhythmogenic origin (24%). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the overall prevalence of TLC in individuals aged 20-69 years is high. The most common cause of TLC is neurally-mediated syncope. These data about the epidemiology can help to develop cost-effective management approaches to TLC.

Host plants of root-knot nematodes

Root-knot nematodes were found attacking Coffea spp. and also roots of a few weed species usually found in the coffee orchards in São Paulo. C. arabica cv. Catuaí, C. arabica cv. Mundo Novo, Timor Hybrid and a few plants of C. racemosa showed to be susceptible to Meloidogyne exigua. Roots of Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridis, Bidens pilosa, Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo, Coffea racemosa, Commelina virginica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Galinsoga parviflora, Gnaphalium spathulatum, Porophyllum ruderale, Portulaca oleracea, Pterocaulon virgatum and Solanum americanum were disfigured by M. incognita M. arenaria was found attacking roots of Eleusine indica and Gnaphalium spathulatum, and the presence of an unidentified Meloidogyne species was verified in roots of the following species: Vernonia ferruginea, C. arabica x C. canephora, Eupatorium pauciflorum, Coffea canephora cv. Kouillou, Coffea eugenioides, Coffea racemosa, Coffea stenophylla, Euphorbia pilullifera, Solanum americanum, Ageratum conyzoides, Phyllanthus corcovadensis, and Emilia sagittata.