Investigació integrada amb EPs i RMf de la interacció entre la memòria de treball i la distracció

Estudi elaborat a partir d’una estada a la University of Wales, Bangor, Regne Unit entre setembre i desembre del 2006. Els sons distractors augmenten el temps de reacció i el nombre de respostes incorrectes en una tasca de classificació visual, demostrant que hi ha distracció conductual durant la realització de la tasca visual. L’enregistrament concomitant de potencials evocats durant la distracció mostra un patró neuroelèctric característic, el potencial de distracció, que es caracteritza per una ona trifàsica. Darrerament, s’ha demostrat que factors “des de dalt” associats al muntatge experimental tindrien una gran influència en els efectes que els estímuls distractors tindrien en la tasca. Estudis recents mostrarien que aquesta resposta d’atenció exògena es pot modular per la càrrega en memòria de treball, reduint-ne la distracció amb la càrrega, fet que contradiu altres dades que mostraven l’efecte oposat. L’objectiu d’aquest estudi ha estat investigar en quines condicions la càrrega en memòria de treball pot exercir un efecte modulador en les respostes conductuals i cerebrals als sons novedosos distractors, i establir la dinàmica espacio-temporal d’aquesta modulació.

L'anoditzat d'alumini com a eina per a la fabricació de nanomaterials 1D

El projecte se centra en la fabricació de nanomaterials 1D mitjançant una estratègia sintètica, basada en la combinació de metodologies top-down i bottom-up: la deposició de materials diversos a l’interior de l’estructura porosa de l’alúmina anòdica. En una primera etapa del treball, es desenvolupa el procés de fabricació de les membranes poroses, conegut com anoditzat de l’alumini. S’analitzen diversos aspectes del procés per tal d’optimitzar-lo i aconseguir la fabricació de capes poroses d’elevada qualitat de manera controlada, reproduïble i utilitzant un alumini de baixa puresa. Posteriorment, s’avalua la versatilitat de les membranes com a plantilla per a l’obtenció de nanomaterials amb geometria 1D (nanofils i nanotubs) mitjançant tècniques diverses. D’una banda es fabriquen nanofils de níquel magnètics mitjançant tècniques electroquímiques de deposició, amb la novetat que la formació del dipòsit té lloc directament a través del sistema alumini – alúmina. D’altra banda, s’obtenen nanotubs d’òxid de ferro magnètic (Fe3O4) mitjançant la tècnica de deposició per capes atòmiques. Les dues tècniques permeten un alt control de tots els paràmetres estructurals. Finalment, s’inclou un estudi sobre la preparació de membranes poroses d’alúmina anòdica avançades. La principal característica d’aquestes membranes és la modulació a voluntat del diàmetre de porus, resultant en pseudo-nanoestructures 1D.

Política pública en Francia: prohibición general o parcial del velo integral en el territorio nacional: Proyecto de ley del martes 11 de mayo de 2010

La República francesa se ofende por los burkas y de los niqab deambulando por las calles. Ve a sus principios rectores de Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité mofados, a su democracia desafiada, a su convivencia arriesgada. Por ello, el Gobierno francés ha impulsado desde hace un año una política pública que persigue la prohibición del velo integral -llámese burka o niqab- en el conjunto del espacio público. Años atrás, Francia, país que tanto aprecia los debates, se vio inmersa en la cuestión más general de la identidad nacional desde las reacciones de las banlieues en el 2005. Y por ello, Nicolas Sarkosy, en su programa electoral camino de las presidenciales en el 2007, ya incluía como una prioridad el tema de los valores y principios genuinamente franceses y europeos. Y en esta perspectiva, el Ministerio de Inmigración añadió sus calificativos de Integración e Identidad Nacional. El burka en el espacio público ha asaltado los medios de comunicación y la sociedad en su conjunto, especialmente desde hace dos o tres años. Es un problema sin precedentes en las democracias asentadas -aunque podríamos recordar el motín de Esquilache en 1766 bajo el reinado de Carlos III- sin una Jurisprudencia asentada al respecto, ni un marco normativo que lo prevea directamente. Y por ello, la élite política se divide estos días entre los prudentes y los atrevidos, los que se conforman con una prohibición parcial y los que persiguen una prohibición absoluta. Se trata de una política pública atípica, pues los bienes afectados son en realidad valores, principios y conceptos abstractos. Es la República francesa y la cohesión social los que se ven desafiados. Veremos en un primer momento, la etapa de identificación como problema público y su inclusión en la agenda política, por ende desde un punto de vista técnico, analizaremos brevemente esta política pública Top down limitada, y en el último apartado compararemos los argumentos de las dos alternativas que dispone actualmente el Parlamento para aprobar o no una ley al respecto. Por su parte, la Comisión Parlamentaria alegará principios de índole más filosófica que pragmática, mientras que el Consejo de Estado se centrará exclusivamente en los términos jurídicos y en la Jurisprudencia reduciendo en gran medida el impulso inicial del Gobierno. Quedará por ver estos días de debate en l’Assemblée Nationale1 si la prohibición será total o parcial.

Visual stimulus-dependent changes in interhemispheric EEG coherence in humans.

We analyzed the coherence of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals recorded symmetrically from the two hemispheres, while subjects (n = 9) were viewing visual stimuli. Considering the many common features of the callosal connectivity in mammals, we expected that, as in our animal studies, interhemispheric coherence (ICoh) would increase only with bilateral iso-oriented gratings located close to the vertical meridian of the visual field, or extending across it. Indeed, a single grating that extended across the vertical meridian significantly increased the EEG ICoh in normal adult subjects. These ICoh responses were obtained from occipital and parietal derivations and were restricted to the gamma frequency band. They were detectable with different EEG references and were robust across and within subjects. Other unilateral and bilateral stimuli, including identical gratings that were effective in anesthetized animals, did not affect ICoh in humans. This fact suggests the existence of regulatory influences, possibly of a top-down kind, on the pattern of callosal activation in conscious human subjects. In addition to establishing the validity of EEG coherence analysis for assaying cortico-cortical connectivity, this study extends to the human brain the finding that visual stimuli cause interhemispheric synchronization, particularly in frequencies of the gamma band. It also indicates that the synchronization is carried out by cortico-cortical connection and suggests similarities in the organization of visual callosal connections in animals and in man.

The Institutional Foundations of Regulatory Capitalism: The Diffusion of Independent Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe

This article studies the diffusion of the main institutional feature of regulatory capitalism, namely, independent regulatory agencies. While only a few such authorities existed in Europe in the early 1980s, by the end of the twentieth century they had spread impressively across countries and sectors. The analysis finds that three classes of factors (bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal) explain this trend. First, the establishment of independent regulatory agencies was an attempt to improve credible commitment capacity when liberalizing and privatizing utilities and to alleviate the political uncertainty problem, namely, the risk to a government that its policies will be changed when it loses power. Second, Europeanization favored the creation of independent regulators. Third, individual decisions were interdependent, as governments were influenced by the decisions of others in an emulation process where the symbolic properties of independent regulators mattered more than the functions they performed.

The hierarchical structures of the NEO-PI-R and the 16PF5

The present study compares the higher-level dimensions and the hierarchical structures of the fifth edition of the 16 PF with those of the NEO PI-R. Both inventories measure personality according to five higher-level dimensions. These inventories were however constructed according to different methods (bottom-up vs. top-down). 386 participants filled out both questionnaires. Correlations, regressions and canonical correlations made it possible to compare the inventories. As expected they roughly measure the same aspects of personality. There is a coherent association among four of the five dimensions measured in the tests. However Agreeableness, the remaining dimension in the NEO PI-R, is not represented in the 16 PF 5. Our analyses confirmed the hierarchical structures of both instruments, but this confirmation was more complete in the case of the NEO PI-R. Indeed, a parallel analysis indicated that a four-factor solution should be considered in the case of the 16 PF 5. On the other hand, the NEO PI-R's five-factor solution was confirmed. The top-down construction of this instrument seems to make for a more legible structure. Of the two five-dimension constructs, the NEO PI-R thus seems the more reliable. This confirms the relevance of the Five Factor Model of personality.

Metabolomics in the fight against malaria

Metabolomics uses high-resolution mass spectrometry to provide a chemical fingerprint of thousands of metabolites present in cells, tissues or body fluids. Such metabolic phenotyping has been successfully used to study various biologic processes and disease states. High-resolution metabolomics can shed new light on the intricacies of host-parasite interactions in each stage of the Plasmodium life cycle and the downstream ramifications on the host’s metabolism, pathogenesis and disease. Such data can become integrated with other large datasets generated using top-down systems biology approaches and be utilised by computational biologists to develop and enhance models of malaria pathogenesis relevant for identifying new drug targets or intervention strategies. Here, we focus on the promise of metabolomics to complement systems biology approaches in the quest for novel interventions in the fight against malaria. We introduce the Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center (MaHPIC), a new systems biology research coalition. A primary goal of the MaHPIC is to generate systems biology datasets relating to human and non-human primate (NHP) malaria parasites and their hosts making these openly available from an online relational database. Metabolomic data from NHP infections and clinical malaria infections from around the world will comprise a unique global resource.

Neuroplasticity of inhibitory control

Executive control refers to a set of abilities enabling us to plan, control and implement our behavior to rapidly and flexibly adapt to environmental requirements. These adaptations notably involve the suppression of intended or ongoing cognitive or motor processes, a skill referred to as "inhibitory control". To implement efficient executive control of behavior, one must monitor our performance following errors to adjust our behavior accordingly. Deficits in inhibitory control have been associated with the emergènce of a wide range of psychiatric disorders, ranging from drug addiction to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Inhibitory control deficits could, however, be remediated- The brain has indeed the amazing possibility to reorganize following training to allow for behavioral improvements. This mechanism is referred to as neural and behavioral plasticity. Here, our aim is to investigate training-induced plasticity in inhibitory control and propose a model of inhibitory control explaining the spatio- temporal brain mechanisms supporting inhibitory control processes and their plasticity. In the two studies entitled "Brain dynamics underlying training-induced improvement in suppressing inappropriate action" (Manuel et al., 2010) and "Training-induced neuroplastic reinforcement óf top-down inhibitory control" (Manuel et al., 2012c), we investigated the neurophysiological and behavioral changes induced by inhibitory control training with two different tasks and populations of healthy participants. We report that different inhibitory control training developed either automatic/bottom-up inhibition in parietal areas or reinforced controlled/top-down inhibitory control in frontal brain regions. We discuss the results of both studies in the light of a model of fronto-basal inhibition processes. In "Spatio-temporal brain dynamics mediating post-error behavioral adjustments" (Manuel et al., 2012a), we investigated how error detection modulates the processing of following stimuli and in turn impact behavior. We showed that during early integration of stimuli, the activity of prefrontal and parietal areas is modulated according to previous performance and impacts the post-error behavioral adjustments. We discuss these results in terms of a shift from an automatic to a controlled form of inhibition induced by the detection of errors, which in turn influenced response speed. In "Inter- and intra-hemispheric dissociations in ideomotor apraxia: a large-scale lesion- symptom mapping study in subacute brain-damaged patients" (Manuel et al., 2012b), we investigated ideomotor apraxia, a deficit in performing pantomime gestures of object use, and identified the anatomical correlates of distinct ideomotor apraxia error types in 150 subacute brain-damaged patients. Our results reveal a left intra-hemispheric dissociation for different pantomime error types, but with an unspecific role for inferior frontal areas. Les fonctions exécutives désignent un ensemble de processus nous permettant de planifier et contrôler notre comportement afin de nous adapter de manière rapide et flexible à l'environnement. L'une des manières de s'adapter consiste à arrêter un processus cognitif ou moteur en cours ; le contrôle de l'inhibition. Afin que le contrôle exécutif soit optimal il est nécessaire d'ajuster notre comportement après avoir fait des erreurs. Les déficits du contrôle de l'inhibition sont à l'origine de divers troubles psychiatriques tels que l'addiction à la drogue ou les déficits d'attention et d'hyperactivité. De tels déficits pourraient être réhabilités. En effet, le cerveau a l'incroyable capacité de se réorganiser après un entraînement et ainsi engendrer des améliorations comportementales. Ce mécanisme s'appelle la plasticité neuronale et comportementale. Ici, notre but èst d'étudier la plasticité du contrôle de l'inhibition après un bref entraînement et de proposer un modèle du contrôle de l'inhibition qui permette d'expliquer les mécanismes cérébraux spatiaux-temporels sous-tendant l'amélioration du contrôle de l'inhibition et de leur plasticité. Dans les deux études intitulées "Brain dynamics underlying training-induced improvement in suppressing inappropriate action" (Manuel et al., 2010) et "Training-induced neuroplastic reinforcement of top-down inhibitory control" (Manuel et al., 2012c), nous nous sommes intéressés aux changements neurophysiologiques et comportementaux liés à un entraînement du contrôle de l'inhibition. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié l'inhibition à l'aide de deux différentes tâches et deux populations de sujets sains. Nous avons démontré que différents entraînements pouvaient soit développer une inhibition automatique/bottom-up dans les aires pariétales soit renforcer une inhibition contrôlée/top-down dans les aires frontales. Nous discutons ces résultats dans le contexte du modèle fronto-basal du contrôle de l'inhibition. Dans "Spatio-temporal brain dynamics mediating post-error behavioral adjustments" (Manuel et al., 2012a), nous avons investigué comment la détection d'erreurs influençait le traitement du prochain stimulus et comment elle agissait sur le comportement post-erreur. Nous avons montré que pendant l'intégration précoce des stimuli, l'activité des aires préfrontales et pariétales était modulée en fonction de la performance précédente et avait un impact sur les ajustements post-erreur. Nous proposons que la détection d'erreur ait induit un « shift » d'un mode d'inhibition automatique à un mode contrôlé qui a à son tour influencé le temps de réponse. Dans "Inter- and intra-hemispheric dissociations in ideomotor apraxia: a large-scale lesion-symptom mapping study in subacute brain-damaged patients" (Manuel et al., 2012b), nous avons examiné l'apraxie idémotrice, une incapacité à exécuter des gestes d'utilisation d'objets, chez 150 patients cérébro-lésés. Nous avons mis en avant une dissociation intra-hémisphérique pour différents types d'erreurs avec un rôle non spécifique pour les aires frontales inférieures.

Disseny d’un model organitzatiu en xarxa per a la gestió de les Direccions Infermeres en una organització sanitària multicèntrica

En la actualitat, el món de la gestió sanitària està centrant esforços en la definició, de nous rols professionals (clínics i de gestió) amb responsabilitats transversals (multiàmbit i/o multicèntric); i en el disseny i implementació d’instruments d’ajuda a la presa de decisions, per permetre als professionals disminuir la variabilitat de la pràctica clínica i afavorir les millores en la gestió. És ben conegut que la disminució de la variabilitat i la utilització de paràmetres comuns permet avaluar els diferents centres, sota la mateixa òptica, fet que afavoreix el benchmark, augmenta la seguretat del pacient i en conseqüència, trobem models de més qualitat i eficiència. Aquesta variabilitat no la trobem només en l’àmbit purament assistencial, sinó també la identifiquem en àmbits de responsabilitat gestora. Un d’aquests entre d’altres, podria ser la de la Direcció Infermera d’una organització sanitària. En aquest treball cerquem un model organitzatiu de coordinació horitzontal, que busca una fórmula de coordinació en les diferents Direccions Infermeres d’un mateix nivell assistencial (atenció especialitzada), a través de la creació de diferents figures de comandaments d’infermeria transversal amb responsabilitat sobre aquells processos claus per la organització.La creació d’aquestes figures transversals, ofereix la possibilitat de transmetre un discurs homogeni i reproduïble a tots els punts sota la seva responsabilitat, afavorint l’alineament d’objectius, i per tant millors resultats en termes de salut, de gestió, i de compartició de coneixement. Objectius són: 1. Dissenyar un nou model organitzatiu en xarxa de la Direcció Infermera compartit per 3 centres d’ Atenció Especialitzada. 2.Definir les diferents figures transversals que lideraran els eixos estratègics de la Direcció Infermera. 3.Crear un quadre de comandament integral multicèntric per la Direcció Infermera.Per assolir aquests objectius s’ha desenvolupat un conjunt d’accions multipalanca: •Definició de funcions, responsabilitats i àmbit d’actuació de les noves figures de comandament transversal (bottom up). •Disseny d’un model organitzatiu que formalitzi i doni resposta a les necessitats d’aquestes (top-down). •Elaboració d’un quadre de comandament integral de la Direcció Infermera per als tres centres. •Elaboració d’un pla d’acció per la implementació d’aquest projecte.

Age-associated modulations of cerebral oscillatory patterns related to attention control.

Visual attention depends on bottom-up sensory activation and top-down attentional guidance. Although aging is known to affect sensory processing, its impact on the top-down control of attention remains a matter of debate. We investigated age-related modulations of brain oscillatory activity during visual attention using a variant of the attention network test (ANT) in 20 young and 28 elderly adults. We examined the EEG oscillatory responses to warning and target signals, and explored the correlates of temporal and spatial orienting as well as conflict resolution at target presentation. Time-frequency analysis was performed between 4 and 30Hz, and the relationship between behavioral and brain oscillatory responses was analyzed. Whereas temporal cueing and conflict had similar reaction time effects in both age groups, spatial cueing was more beneficial to older than younger subjects. In the absence of cue, posterior alpha activation was drastically reduced in older adults, pointing to an age-related decline in anticipatory attention. Following both cues and targets, older adults displayed pronounced motor-related activation in the low beta frequency range at the expense of attention-related posterior alpha activation prominent in younger adults. These findings support the recruitment of alternative motor-related circuits in the elderly, in line with the dedifferentiation hypothesis. Furthermore, older adults showed reduced midparietal alpha inhibition induced by temporal orienting as well as decreased posterior alpha activation associated with both spatial orienting and conflict resolution. Altogether, the results are consistent with an overall reduction of task-related alpha activity in the elderly, and provide functional evidence that younger and older adults engage distinct brain circuits at different oscillatory frequencies during attentional functions.

Noninvasive functional and structural exploration of human subcortical structures with high resolution

Projecte de recerca elaborat a partir d’una estada al Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Alemanya, entre 2010 i 2012. El principal objectiu d’aquest projecte era estudiar en detall les estructures subcorticals, en concret, el rol dels ganglis basals en control cognitiu durant processament lingüístic i no-lingüístic. Per tal d’assolir una diferenciació minuciosa en els diferents nuclis dels ganglis basals s’utilitzà ressonància magnètica d’ultra-alt camp i alta resolució (7T-MRI). El còrtex prefrontal lateral i els ganglis basals treballant conjuntament per a mitjançar memòria de treball i la regulació “top-down” de la cognició. Aquest circuit regula l’equilibri entre respostes automàtiques i d’alt-ordre cognitiu. Es crearen tres condicions experimentals principals: frases/seqüències noambigües, no-gramatical i ambigües. Les frases/seqüències no-ambigües haurien de provocar una resposta automàtica, mentre les frases/seqüències ambigües i no-gramaticals produïren un conflicte amb la resposta automàtica, i per tant, requeririen una resposta de d’alt-ordre cognitiu. Dins del domini de la resposta de control, la ambigüitat i no-gramaticalitat representen dues dimensions diferents de la resolució de conflicte, mentre per una frase/seqüència temporalment ambigua existeix una interpretació correcte, aquest no és el cas per a les frases/seqüències no-gramaticals. A més, el disseny experimental incloïa una manipulació lingüística i nolingüística, la qual posà a prova la hipòtesi que els efectes són de domini-general; així com una manipulació semàntica i sintàctica que avaluà les diferències entre el processament d’ambigüitat/error “intrínseca” vs. “estructural”. Els resultats del primer experiment (sintax-lingüístic) mostraren un gradient rostroventralcaudodorsal de control cognitiu dins del nucli caudat, això és, les regions més rostrals sostenint els nivells més alts de processament cognitiu

Emotionally negative stimuli can overcome attentional deficits in patients with visuo-spatial hemineglect.

Left unilateral spatial neglect resulting from right brain damage is characterized by loss of awareness for stimuli in the contralesional side of space, despite intact visual pathways. We examined using fMRI whether patients with neglect are more likely to consciously detect in the neglected hemifield, emotionally negative complex scenes rather than visually similar neutral pictures and if so, what neural mechanisms mediate this effect. Photographs of emotional and neutral scenes taken from the IAPS were presented in a divided visual field paradigm. As expected, the detection rate for emotional stimuli presented in the neglected field was higher than for neutral ones. Successful detection of emotional scenes as opposed to neutral stimuli in the left visual field (LVF) produced activations in the parahippocampal and anterior cingulate areas in the right hemisphere. Detection of emotional stimuli presented in the intact right visual field (RVF) activated a distributed network of structures in the left hemisphere, including anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, insula, as well as visual striate and extrastriate areas. LVF-RVF contrasts for emotional stimuli revealed activations in right and left attention related prefrontal areas whereas RVF-LVF comparison showed activations in the posterior cingulate and extrastriate visual cortex in the left hemisphere. An additional analysis contrasting detected vs. undetected emotional LVF stimuli showed involvement of left anterior cingulate, right frontal and extrastriate areas. We hypothesize that beneficial role of emotion in overcoming neglect is achieved by activation of frontal and limbic lobe networks, which provide a privileged access of emotional stimuli to attention by top-down modulation of processing in the higher-order extrastriate visual areas. Our results point to the importance of top-down regulatory role of the frontal attentional systems, which might enhance visual activations and lead to greater salience of emotional stimuli for perceptual awareness.

Spontaneous pre-stimulus fluctuations in the activity of right fronto-parietal areas influence inhibitory control performance.

Inhibitory control refers to the ability to suppress planned or ongoing cognitive or motor processes. Electrophysiological indices of inhibitory control failure have been found to manifest even before the presentation of the stimuli triggering the inhibition, suggesting that pre-stimulus brain-states modulate inhibition performance. However, previous electrophysiological investigations on the state-dependency of inhibitory control were based on averaged event-related potentials (ERPs), a method eliminating the variability in the ongoing brain activity not time-locked to the event of interest. These studies thus left unresolved whether spontaneous variations in the brain-state immediately preceding unpredictable inhibition-triggering stimuli also influence inhibitory control performance. To address this question, we applied single-trial EEG topographic analyses on the time interval immediately preceding NoGo stimuli in conditions where the responses to NoGo trials were correctly inhibited [correct rejection (CR)] vs. committed [false alarms (FAs)] during an auditory spatial Go/NoGo task. We found a specific configuration of the EEG voltage field manifesting more frequently before correctly inhibited responses to NoGo stimuli than before FAs. There was no evidence for an EEG topography occurring more frequently before FAs than before CR. The visualization of distributed electrical source estimations of the EEG topography preceding successful response inhibition suggested that it resulted from the activity of a right fronto-parietal brain network. Our results suggest that the fluctuations in the ongoing brain activity immediately preceding stimulus presentation contribute to the behavioral outcomes during an inhibitory control task. Our results further suggest that the state-dependency of sensory-cognitive processing might not only concern perceptual processes, but also high-order, top-down inhibitory control mechanisms.

Aging effects on selective attention-related electroencephalographic patterns during face encoding.

Previous electrophysiological studies revealed that human faces elicit an early visual event-related potential (ERP) within the occipito-temporal cortex, the N170 component. Although face perception has been proposed to rely on automatic processing, the impact of selective attention on N170 remains controversial both in young and elderly individuals. Using early visual ERP and alpha power analysis, we assessed the influence of aging on selective attention to faces during delayed-recognition tasks for face and letter stimuli, examining 36 elderly and 20 young adults with preserved cognition. Face recognition performance worsened with age. Aging induced a latency delay of the N1 component for faces and letters, as well as of the face N170 component. Contrasting with letters, ignored faces elicited larger N1 and N170 components than attended faces in both age groups. This counterintuitive attention effect on face processing persisted when scenes replaced letters. In contrast with young, elderly subjects failed to suppress irrelevant letters when attending faces. Whereas attended stimuli induced a parietal alpha band desynchronization within 300-1000 ms post-stimulus with bilateral-to-right distribution for faces and left lateralization for letters, ignored and passively viewed stimuli elicited a central alpha synchronization larger on the right hemisphere. Aging delayed the latency of this alpha synchronization for both face and letter stimuli, and reduced its amplitude for ignored letters. These results suggest that due to their social relevance, human faces may cause paradoxical attention effects on early visual ERP components, but they still undergo classical top-down control as a function of endogenous selective attention. Aging does not affect the face bottom-up alerting mechanism but reduces the top-down suppression of distracting letters, possibly impinging upon face recognition, and more generally delays the top-down suppression of task-irrelevant information.

Relationships between host plant architecture and gall abundance and survival

The plant architecture hypothesis predicts that variation in host plant architecture influences insect herbivore community structure, dynamics and performance. In this study we evaluated the effects of Macairea radula (Melastomataceae) architecture on the abundance of galls induced by a moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Plant architecture and gall abundance were directly recorded on 58 arbitrarily chosen M. radula host plants in the rainy season of 2006 in an area of Cerrado vegetation, southeastern Brazil. Plant height, dry biomass, number of branches, number of shoots and leaf abundance were used as predicting variables of gall abundance and larval survival. Gall abundance correlated positively with host plant biomass and branch number. Otherwise, no correlation (p > 0.05) was found between gall abundance with shoot number or with the number of leaves/plant. From a total of 124 galls analyzed, 67.7% survived, 14.5% were attacked by parasitoids, while 17.7% died due to unknown causes. Larvae that survived or were parasitized were not influenced by architectural complexity of the host plant. Our results partially corroborate the plant architecture hypothesis, but since parasitism was not related to plant architecture it is argued that bottom-up effects may be more important than top-down effects in controlling the population dynamics of the galling lepidopteran. Because galling insects often decrease plant fitness, the potential of galling insects in selecting for less architectural complex plants is discussed.