433 resultados para suburban
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The development of wireless telecommunication in the last years has been great. It has been taking academics to conceive new ideas and techniques. Their aims are to increase the capacity and the quality of the system s services. Cells that are smaller every time, frequencies that are every time higher and environments that get more and more complex, all those facts deserve more accurate models the propagation prediction techniques are inserted in this context and results with a merger of error that is compatible with the next generations of communication systems. The objective of this Work is to present results of a propagation measurement campaign, aiming at pointing the characteristics of the mobile systems covering in the city of Natal (state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). A mobile laboratory was set up, using the infra-structure available and frequently used by ANATEL. The measures were taken in three different areas: one characterized by high buildings, high relief, presence of trees and towers of different highs. These areas covered the city s central zone, a suburban / rural zone and a section of coast surrounded by sand dunes. It is important to highlight that the analysis was made taking into consideration the actual reality of cellular systems with covering ranges by reduced cells, with the intent of causing greater re-use of frequencies and greater capacity of telephone traffic. The predominance of telephone traffic by cell in the city of Natal occurs within a range inferior to 3 (three) km from the Radio-Base Station. The frequency band used was 800 MHz, corresponding to the control channels of the respective sites, which adopt the FSK modulation technique. This Dissertation starts by presenting a general vision of the models used for predicting propagation. Then, there is a description of the methodology used in the measuring, which were done using the same channels of control of the cellular system. The results obtained were compared with many existing prediction models, and some adaptations were developed by using regression techniques trying to obtain the most optimized solutions. Furthermore, according to regulations from the old Brazilian Holding Telebrás, a minimum covering of 90% of a determined previously area, in 90% of the time, must be obeyed when implanting cellular systems. For such value to be reached, considerations and studies involving the specific environment that is being covered are important. The objective of this work is contribute to this aspect
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This thesis discusses family as a social and historical construction and concerns to the perceptions developed by the peripheral youth living in suburbs. It investigates the speeches of young boys and girls who take part in Engenho de sonhos a forum composed by a pool of eleven non-governmental organizations and UFRN which aim is the elaboration and execution of projects focusing local development of poor communities in violence and social exclusion context. Throughout interactive diagnosis seminars in five communities in West Side of Natal with six hundred teenagers, it was detected the need to work with family relationships. In order to build the methodological corpus a range variety of procedures were done such as: interviews, focal groups and psychosocial questionnaires with nine local young leaders. The purpose to understand data guided the research through the theory of social imagery and pointed out the following themes: conceptions, relationship, roles, family projects. Live stories of these young population reveals conflicts when it comes to the configuration of family ties, far from the family model stated by society. Family is also, in their perception, an important space to the development of affection, in experiences of all sorts, affecting personality development and determining behaviors in local contexts. The research concludes stating the urge to comprehend this academic work as a way to fight against symbolic and emotional poverty in family context producing discussions and critical reflection in a permanent relation between juvenile social vulnerability (characterized by lacks of all orders) and potential
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The intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia) is a widespread enteric pathogen in human and domestic animals. This organism is one of the most common parasites in domestic dogs in Brazil. In this study, we determined the occurrence and genetic characterization of G. duodenalis isolated from dogs from south-central São Paulo state, Brazil. A total of 300 fecal samples were collected. Fecal specimens were screened for the presence of G. duodenalis using microscopy (zinc sulfate solution flotation technique) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the small subunit ribosomal (SSU-rDNA) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes. Genetic characterization was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and sequencing analysis of the GDH gene. In addition, selected samples were further characterized by RFLP and sequencing of the beta-giardin gene. The overall occurrence of G. duodenalis was 17.3% (52/300). The occurrence was higher in stray dogs (28%) than in household dogs (6.25%). of the 36 PCR-positive samples that were selected for genotyping, only dog-specific genotype C (20 isolates), D (11 isolates) and mixed C+D (five isolates) isolates were detected in the study. This study provides current information on the infection rates of G. duodenalis genotypes in canine populations and describes for the first time the presence of mixed infections within host-specific C and D genotypes in dogs in Brazil. These genotypes were widespread and commonly found in domestic dogs living in urban and suburban environments of the studied area and confirmed the endemic status of Giardia in this region.
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The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was investigated in a primary school located in Rubiao Junior, a peri-urban district of Botucatu, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, in order to assess the effect of treatment and practical measures of prophylaxis in the control of parasitic infections among 7-to-18-year-old school children of a low socio-economic status. The first series of parasitological examinations included 219 school children, of which 123 (56.1%) were found to be infected with one or more parasite species. Eighty-four children carrying pathogenic parasites were submitted to various anti-parasitic treatment schedules. We re-evaluated 75 (89%) students after 4 to 6 months postchemotherapy. The results indicate that the combination of treatment with prophylactic measures has been successful in the control of parasitic infections, since reinfection rates were generally low (≤5.3%), except for Giardia lamblia infections (18.6%), and a marked reduction on the prevalence rates was observed with a significant percentage of cure (≤73.1%) in children infected with most parasite species. The reasons for the apparent failure in the control of infections caused by Hymenolepsis nana and Strongyloides stercoralis are discussed.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE
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Trains in Latin America and the Caribbean mainly serve as a means of mass transit, bearing passengers along local and suburban routes of cities and transporting freight beyond. Non-urban passenger trains almost disappeared during the last few decades of the twentieth century. In the new emerging markets, however, demand is based on the train itself or the scenery en route rather than a wish to arrive at a given station as in the past. The new tourist trains, which are often well-restored historical engines, are expensive to operate and their special characteristics make it difficult to integrate them with mass transit railway services. However, some may be profitable when run privately and others may have a social justification, based on the boost they can provide to economic development in the often isolated and relatively depressed areas where they tend to operate.
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O estudo da perda de propagação, nas cidades da região amazônica, envolve ambiente caracterizado pelo clima tropical e, suburbano densamente arborizado. Levando consideração à importância da faixa ISM 5,8 GHz, esta dissertação apresenta um modelo propagação para a faixa de frequência em questão, agregando as características da atenuação experimentada pela onda de rádio quando se propaga em ambientes de cidades típicas região amazônica. Para tanto, medidas de potência recebida foram coletadas em 335 clientes fixos, distribuídos em 12 cidades na região norte do Brasil, sendo estes atendidos pelo programa de inclusão digital do estado do Pará, Navega Pará. Também foram realizadas medidas com mobilidade no campus da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA). Apresenta ainda o desempenho do modelo proposto sobre outros modelos (Modelo SUI e COST231-Hata) descritos na literatura, para redes sem fio fixas e com mobilidade. As métricas desempenho utilizadas foram o erro RMS e o desvio padrão com relação aos dados medidos. O ajuste dos parâmetros do modelo proposto é realizado através do método de mínimos quadrados lineares, aplicado em duas etapas para diminuir a incerteza sobre os parâmetros ajustados. O modelo proposto alcançou um erro RMS de 3,8 dB e desvio padrão de 2,3 dB, superando os demais modelos que obtiveram erros RMS acima de 10 dB e desvios padrão acima de 5 dB. Os resultados obtidos mostram a sua eficiência sobre outros modelos para predição de perdas na faixa de 5,8 GHz em sistemas fixos e móveis.
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A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar o currículo da Escola Normal do Pará, mais especificamente no que se refere às Ciências Naturais que constaram em sua estrutura, desde 1870 até 1930. Esta instituição foi criada em 1871 com o fim de formar professores para atuarem na instrução primária. Situada em Belém, que era o centro mais urbanizado da região, a Escola Normal estava entre as principais instituições da instrução pública paraense. As Ciências Naturais fizeram parte do primeiro currículo da Escola Normal do Pará, sendo elas a Física e a Química, contudo deixaram de fazer parte em 1874. O retorno das Ciências da Natureza se deu durante a Primeira República, por meio da Física, da Química e da História Natural, as quais se consolidaram ao longo deste período. A pesquisa analisa esta trajetória partindo do pressuposto que o currículo é um artefato social e histórico, sujeito a flutuações e que refletiu e continua a refletir as relações de poder envolvidas nos processos de seleção e transmissão cultural. Outra perspectiva analítica deste estudo considera o currículo como um meio de difusão científica, que também determina os modos que esta deve ocorrer. Sobre a difusão científica, parte-se do princípio que este processo não é simétrico, que os saberes científicos são criados em centros mais fortes e que ao serem difundidos para a periferia tem que interagir com a cultura que os recebe, os quais são conformados e modificados, sendo-lhes agregados valores diferentes dos que possuem nos países de centro. Assim, a pesquisa divide-se em três capítulos. O primeiro tem o objetivo de ver o desenvolvimento das Ciências Naturais no currículo do município do Rio de Janeiro, entre 1850 e 1890, que era a sede do governo central e o principal centro difusor de idéias para outras localidades do país, tanto em termos de educação quanto em outras áreas da administração pública. Com isso, analisa-se o desenvolvimento curricular do ensino primário, secundário e normal do Rio, mais especificamente em relação as Ciências Naturais, a partir das Reformas Coutto Ferraz (1854), Leôncio de Carvalho (1879) e Benjamin Constant (1890), as quais determinaram mudanças no currículo e na educação de modo geral. O segundo capítulo faz um resgate do desenvolvimento curricular da instrução pública primária e secundária paraense (1840-1870), isto para ver qual era o cenário curricular da instrução pública as vésperas da criação da Escola Normal, o que permite perceber e analisar que mudanças foram introduzidas por esta instituição neste contexto. O terceiro capítulo, num primeiro momento, revê a trajetória da Escola Normal do Pará e, num segundo momento, analisa-se o desenvolvimento do currículo normalista do Pará em relação as Ciências Naturais, de modo que é evidenciado a emergência e solidificação dos saberes científicos, tal como a distribuição de carga-horária em relação aos outros saberes e as próprias ciências constituintes do currículo.
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O Brasil está realizando testes para selecionar o padrão de transmissão digital a ser adotado. Sistemas como Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) e Rádio de Alta Definição (HD Radio), desenvolvido apenas para frequências abaixo de 30 MHz permitem a operação com largura de banda compatível com a utilizada no país, abrindo a possibilidade de coexistência de radiodifusão analógica e digital. Para qualquer sistema a ser adotado são necessários estudos que permitem uma melhor gestão do espectro eletromagnético, que exige conhecimento real do alcance do sinal. A propagação de ondas eletromagnéticas na faixa de ondas médias (MW) é caracterizada pela dependência do campo em relação aos parâmetros elétricos do solo. Para contribuir para o planejamento e adaptação do Plano Básico de Radiodifusão em Onda Média – PMWB, a inclusão de novas estações que operam principalmente em simulcast-canal, torna-se necessário desenvolver ferramentas que permitem a avaliação das características do solo onde não fornece dados precisos, permitindo uma revisão de modelos teóricos para prever a adoção, contribuindo para a implantação do rádio digital em nosso país. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados dos ensaios de campo realizados pela ANATEL (Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações) e Radiobrás para analisar um sistema de DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale) na faixa de ondas médias. Foi gerada uma potência de 50kW, com antenas omni-direcionais operando na frequência de 980kHz e utilizando um veículo de medição para recepção fixa e móvel. Várias vias radiais foram percorridas a partir do transmissor localizado em uma área urbana e rural nos entorno da capital do Brasil, Brasília. A partir desses dados é proposto um modelo para avaliação das características elétricas do solo correspondente ao campo elétrico, através da aplicação do método de Equações Parabólicas e comprovação da eficácia do modelo proposto.
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Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC
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Esse trabalho tem por objetivo, mostrar a evolução do sistema de transporte coletivo intermunicipal do Estado de São Paulo. Nesse sentido, partimos do processo de industrialização e nacionalização da indústria automobilística. Procuramos também mostrar a evolução do Departamento de Estradas e Rodagem [DER], no papel de direcionador e gerenciador do sistema. Nesse processo, detalhamos o papel de todos os governos do Estado de São Paulo, na implantação de sistema viário estadual [1950-2006]. Também procuramos demonstrar o surgimento dos principais grupos que monopolizam cada vez mais o setor dos transportes coletivo intermunicipal. Assim, vamos comprovar a tese de que as empresas do transporte coletivo intermunicipal estão utilizando as linhas suburbanas para fazer frente ao grande avanço do transporte clandestino intermunicipal no Estado de São Paulo.
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This study aims to analyze the intermunicipal collective transportation in The State of São Paulo, according to the relation of lines per permittee company of June/2002 and June/2012. We worked on the suburban and road bus lines. After analyzing the data, we seek to know how was the evolution of these lines in the State of São Paulo, the regions in which these lines were more developed and the groups that monopolize increasingly the intermunicipal collective transportation. It was made a list of some variables that enabled a comparison with the road system and we also showed the considerable increase of the suburban lines, which became more common as time goes by to compete against the clandestine transportation
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Understanding the geographic and environmental characteristics of islands that affect aspects of biodiversity is a major theme in ecology (Begon et al. 2006; Krebs 2001) and biogeography (Cox and Moore 2000; Drakare et al. 2006; Lomolino et al. 2006). Such understanding has become particularly relevant over the past century because human activities on continents have fragmented natural landscapes, often creating islands of isolated habitat dispersed within a sea of land uses that include agriculture, forestry, and various degrees of urban and suburban development. The increasingly fragmented or islandlike structure of mainland habitats has critical ramifications to conservation biology, as it provides insights regarding the mechanisms leading to species persistence and loss. Consequently, the study of patterns and mechanisms associated with island biodiversity is of interest in its own right (Whittaker 1998; Williamson 1981), and may provide critical insights into mainland phenomena that otherwise could not be studied because of ethical, financial, or logistical considerations involved with the execution of large-scale manipulative experiments.
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This manuscript provides an overview of past wildlife contraception efforts and discusses the current state of research. Two fertility control agents, an avian reproductive inhibitor containing the active ingredient nicarbazin and an immunocontraceptive vaccine, have received regulatory approval with the Environmental Protection Agency and are commercially available in the USA. OvoControl G Contraceptive Bait for Canada Geese and Ovo Control for pigeons are delivered as oral baits. An injectable immunocontraceptive vaccine (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine) was registered with the Environmental Protection Agency for use in female white-tailed deer in September 2009. An injectable product (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine) is registered for use in female white-tailed deer. Both products are labeled for use in urban/suburban areas where these species are overabundant. Several other compounds are currently being tested for use in wildlife in the USA, Europe, Australia and New Zealand that could have promise in the future. The development and use of reproductive inhibitors for resolving human–wildlife conflicts will depend on a number of factors, including meeting the requirements of regulatory agencies for use in the environment and on the biological and economical feasibility of their use. Use will also be dependent on health and safety issues and on public acceptance of the techniques.