Cracks in saturated sand

The formation mechanism of water film (or crack) in saturated sand is analyzed numerically It is shown that there will be no stable "water film" in the saturated sand even if the strength of the skeleton is zero and no positions are choked. The stable water films initiate and grow if the choking state keeps unchangeable once the fluid velocities of one position decreases to zero in a liquefied sand column. A simplified method for evaluating the thickness of water film is presented according to a solidification wave theory. The theoretical results obtained by the simplified method are compared with the numerical results and the experimental results of Kokusho.

A model for energy and morphology of crystalline grain boundaries with arbitrary geometric character

It has been well-established that interfaces in crystalline materials are key players in the mechanics of a variety of mesoscopic processes such as solidification, recrystallization, grain boundary migration, and severe plastic deformation. In particular, interfaces with complex morphologies have been observed to play a crucial role in many micromechanical phenomena such as grain boundary migration, stability, and twinning. Interfaces are a unique type of material defect in that they demonstrate a breadth of behavior and characteristics eluding simplified descriptions. Indeed, modeling the complex and diverse behavior of interfaces is still an active area of research, and to the author's knowledge there are as yet no predictive models for the energy and morphology of interfaces with arbitrary character. The aim of this thesis is to develop a novel model for interface energy and morphology that i) provides accurate results (especially regarding "energy cusp" locations) for interfaces with arbitrary character, ii) depends on a small set of material parameters, and iii) is fast enough to incorporate into large scale simulations.

In the first half of the work, a model for planar, immiscible grain boundary is formulated. By building on the assumption that anisotropic grain boundary energetics are dominated by geometry and crystallography, a construction on lattice density functions (referred to as "covariance") is introduced that provides a geometric measure of the order of an interface. Covariance forms the basis for a fully general model of the energy of a planar interface, and it is demonstrated by comparison with a wide selection of molecular dynamics energy data for FCC and BCC tilt and twist boundaries that the model accurately reproduces the energy landscape using only three material parameters. It is observed that the planar constraint on the model is, in some cases, over-restrictive; this motivates an extension of the model.

In the second half of the work, the theory of faceting in interfaces is developed and applied to the planar interface model for grain boundaries. Building on previous work in mathematics and materials science, an algorithm is formulated that returns the minimal possible energy attainable by relaxation and the corresponding relaxed morphology for a given planar energy model. It is shown that the relaxation significantly improves the energy results of the planar covariance model for FCC and BCC tilt and twist boundaries. The ability of the model to accurately predict faceting patterns is demonstrated by comparison to molecular dynamics energy data and experimental morphological observation for asymmetric tilt grain boundaries. It is also demonstrated that by varying the temperature in the planar covariance model, it is possible to reproduce a priori the experimentally observed effects of temperature on facet formation.

Finally, the range and scope of the covariance and relaxation models, having been demonstrated by means of extensive MD and experimental comparison, future applications and implementations of the model are explored.

Estudo da aderência de barras de aço coladas ao concreto com resina Epóxi.

Assim como em outras áreas do conhecimento a construção civil vem evoluindo ao longo dos anos. Grandes investimentos e elevadas taxas de demandas por novos projetos requerem uma maior velocidade na consolidação de obras. Neste cenário, ficam precários os estudos e pesquisas que avaliam a capacidade de novas tecnologias. Na área do concreto e estruturas de concreto armado, depara-se a associação de técnicas consolidadas à métodos inovadores. A utilização de polímeros como material de construção, como é o caso dos aditivos para concreto, dos tubos e conexões, das esquadrias e como adesivos, utilizados em ligações de aduelas de pontes, associados a fibras de vidro ou carbono para reforços estruturais e para fixação de armaduras ou conectores no caso de reparação de estruturas, oferecendo uma solidarização eficiente entre elementos estruturais. O presente trabalho visa avaliar uma pequena parcela de aplicação de materiais poliméricos, principalmente quanto a sua característica de aderência e colagem de barras de aço ao concreto. O desenvolvimento do estudo ocorreu sobre uma perspectiva de ensaios laboratoriais de arrancamento de barras coladas com resina epóxi em blocos de concreto, sendo estes resultados comparados com barras de aço concretadas em blocos de concreto. Desse modo o principal fator de comparação seria a tensão de aderência desenvolvida na área de contato da barra com o substrato. Alguns parâmetros foram inseridos para uma abordagem de maior amplitude, tais como variação do diâmetro da barra (φ = 10,0mm; φ = 12,5mm e φ = 16,0mm), do comprimento de ancoragem (múltiplos do diâmetro, sendo 5φ e 7,5φ) e da espessura da resina (1mm, 2mm e 3mm). De forma complementar procedeu-se ao ensaio de vigas bi-apoiadas submetidas à flexão visando representar o comportamento de uma recuperação/reforço estrutural aplicado em escala. Para avaliar o comportamento destas vigas, foram ensaiados dois espécimes, uma viga padrão concretada de uma única vez e outra submetida a um reparo estrutural, onde possuía a armadura inferior inserida posteriormente à concretagem inicial, colada com resina epóxi nas extremidades da viga.

Análise técnica do uso de resíduos de poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) na indústria têxtil

O aumento no volume de rejeitos industriais e a contínua produção de resíduos de naturezas diversas causam muitas preocupações no âmbito ambiental. Neste contexto, o descarte de embalagens e garrafas de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) tem se tornado um grande problema por conta da pequena atenção que se dá à sua destinação final. Assim sendo, essa pesquisa propõe a análise técnica da utilização de resíduos de PET, oriundos de reciclagem primária, como matéria-prima para a indústria têxtil. Fios de PET reciclado foram comparados aos fios comerciais de poliéster através de diversos ensaios como, por exemplo, resistência à tração e ensaios para solidificação da cor. Ao mesmo tempo, a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi usada para a investigação da morfologia dos fios e melhor interpretação dos resultados. Pôde ser verificado que os fios de PET reciclado apresentam satisfatório desempenho, embora a resistência mecânica e a solidez a cor à luz sejam inferiores àquelas dos fios convencionais de poliéster.

Thermal, spectroscopic and laser properties of Yb3+Na+: CaF2 single crystals

The effects of Na+ doping level on the thermal conductivities, absorption and emission spectra, and fluorescence lifetimes of Yb3+ ,Na+ :CaF2 crystals were systematically studied. Sites structure, covalent force, and crystal field strength of Yb3+ :CaF2 crystals were markedly varied by codoping Na+ as charge compensator. The 2.0at% Yb3+ and 3.0at% Na+-codoped CaF2 crystal was demonstrated to operate in diode-pumped passively mode-locking scheme. Transform-limited 1 ps laser pulses were obtained, showing the crystal capable of producing ultra-short laser pulses. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

O desafio das políticas de redistribuição à luz do continuum clientelismo-cidadania: alguns parâmetros para um equilíbrio entre direitos sociais e direitos políticos

O ideal de efetivação da Constituição Federal nos tempos atuais é a concretização dos direitos sociais nela estampados. No entanto, garantir direitos sociais, essenciais para a consolidação de uma igualdade material, capaz de diminuir as discrepâncias sociais, pode corroborar para uma política de troca de favores e aprofundar as raízes clientelistas do voto, dependendo da forma como as políticas públicas são colocadas em prática. O presente estudo visa a analisar a relação entre a implementação de direitos sociais e o exercício de direitos políticos, considerando as políticas de redistribuição de renda desenvolvidas nos últimos governos, principalmente o Programa Bolsa Família. O objetivo é verificar se há algum clientelismo por parte dos governantes ao estabelecer tais políticas, uma vez que podem eles se valer da desigualdade econômica, da vulnerabilidade cívica e da fragilidade das instituições democráticas do país como instrumentos para forjar sua imagem à semelhança de um pai, protetor de uma sociedade carecedora de direitos básicos. E isso pode acabar por institucionalizar um modelo sutil de clientelismo que descaracteriza os indivíduos como atores capazes de escolher as políticas que melhor implementam seus interesses, impedindo o livre exercício do direito ao voto. Por isso, mesmo a concretização de direitos sociais também deve levar em conta que um modelo de democracia inclui ainda a viabilização de um autogoverno dos cidadãos, razão pela qual parece fundamental que, ao gozar de direitos sociais, os sujeitos percebam a sua participação e ingerência na escolha das políticas públicas. O desafio proposto é utilizar o referencial teórico-metodológico do continuum para, ao longo do espectro formado entre o clientelismo e a cidadania, tentar propor alguns parâmetros para aproximar ao máximo as políticas públicas de concretização de direitos sociais de um ideal de cidadania.

Mechanical and leaching behaviour of slag-cement and lime-activated slag stabilised/solidified contaminated soil.

Stabilisation/solidification (S/S) is an effective technique for reducing the leachability of contaminants in soils. Very few studies have investigated the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) for S/S treatment of contaminated soils, although it has been shown to be effective in ground improvement. This study sought to investigate the potential of GGBS activated by cement and lime for S/S treatment of a mixed contaminated soil. A sandy soil spiked with 3000mg/kg each of a cocktail of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu and Pb) and 10,000mg/kg of diesel was treated with binder blends of one part hydrated lime to four parts GGBS (lime-slag), and one part cement to nine parts GGBS (slag-cement). Three binder dosages, 5, 10 and 20% (m/m) were used and contaminated soil-cement samples were compacted to their optimum water contents. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed using unconfined compressive strength (UCS), permeability and acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) tests with determination of contaminant leachability at the different acid additions. UCS values of up to 800kPa were recorded at 28days. The lowest coefficient of permeability recorded was 5×10(-9)m/s. With up to 20% binder dosage, the leachability of the contaminants was reduced to meet relevant environmental quality standards and landfill waste acceptance criteria. The pH-dependent leachability of the metals decreased over time. The results show that GGBS activated by cement and lime would be effective in reducing the leachability of contaminants in contaminated soils.

Development of non-weak link bulk YBCO grain boundaries for high magnetic field eegimeering applications

A non-weak link joining technique has been developed for YBCO pseudo-crystals fabricated by seeded peritectic solidification based on the formation of a liquid phase which segregates from the platelet boundaries at temperatures above = 920 °C. Electrical and magnetic measurements on these boundaries suggest that their irreversibility field can be as high as 7 T at 77 K in fully oxygenated pseudo-crystals joined along their crystallographic ab-planes which is comparable to the irreversibility behaviour of the adjacent YBCO grains. © 1999 IEEE.

Crystal growth of melt-textured Nd-123 under 1% oxygen partial pressure atmosphere

Crystal growth of melt-textured Nd-123 pseudo-crystals was investigated via an isothermal solidification with top-seeding technique under a 1%O2 in N2 atmosphere. Non-steady state solidification was observed at low undercooling, in contrast to an almost linear growth at higher undercooling. Similar to processing in air, the substitution of Nd/Ba was found to decrease from the seed position to the edge of the crystal. In addition, the volume fraction of Nd-422 particles decreased in the solid as solidification proceeded. As a result of these microstructural inhomogeneities, the critical temperature and the critical current density varied within the crystal even for samples processed isothermally, despite the narrow solid solution range of the Nd-123 phase under a reduced pO2 atmosphere.

Comparison of stabilised/solidified mixes of model drill cuttings based on the North Sea and Red Sea Areas

Following the global stringent legislations regulating the wastes generated from the drilling process of oil exploration and production activities, the management of hazardous drill cuttings has become one of the pressing needs confronting the petroleum industry. Most of the prevalent treatment techniques adopted by oil companies are extremely expensive and/or the treated product has to be landfilled without any potential end-use; thereby rendering these solutions unsustainable. The technique of stabilisation/solidification is being investigated in this research to treat drill cuttings prior to landfilling or for potential re-use in construction products. Two case studies were explored namely North Sea and Red Sea. Given the known difficulties with stabilising/solidifying oils and chlorides, this research made use of model drill cutting mixes based on typical drill cutting from the two case studies, which contained 4.2% and 10.95% average concentrations of hydrocarbons; and 2.03% and 2.13% of chlorides, by weight respectively. A number of different binders, including a range of conventional viz. Portland cement (PC) as well as less-conventional viz. zeolite, or waste binders viz. cement kiln dust (CKD), fly ash and compost were tested to assess their ability to treat the North Sea and Red Sea model drill cuttings. The dry binder content by weight was 10%, 20% and 30%. In addition, raw drill cuttings from one of the North Sea offshore rigs were stabilised/solidified using 30% PC. The characteristics of the final stabilised/solidified product were finally compared to those of thermally treated cuttings. The effectiveness of the treatment using the different binder systems was compared in the light of the aforementioned two contaminants only. A set of physical tests (unconfined compressive strength (UCS)), chemical tests (NRA leachability) and micro-structural examinations (using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)) were used to evaluate the relative performance of the different binder mixes in treating the drill cuttings. The results showed that the observed UCS covered a wide range of values indicating various feasible end-use scenarios for the treated cuttings within the construction industry. The teachability results showed the reduction of the model drill cuttings to a stable non-reactive hazardous waste, compliant with the UK acceptance criteria for non-hazardous landfills: (a) by most of the 30% and 20% binders for chloride concentrations, and (b) by the 20% and 30% of compost-PC and CKD-PC binders for the Red Sea cuttings. The 20% and 30% compost-PC and CKD-PC binders successfully reduced the leached oil concentration of the North Sea cuttings to inert levels. Copyright 2007, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Soil mix technology for land remediation: Recent innovations

The past 15 years have seen increasing applications of soil mix technology in land remediation, mainly in stabilisation/solidification treatments and the construction of low-permeability cut-off walls and permeable reactive barriers; clear evidence of the versatility of the technology and its wide-ranging applications. This paper provides an overview of some of the recent innovations of soil mix technology in land remediation covering equipment developments and applications, including systems for rectangular panels and trenching systems, treatments, such as chemical oxidation, and additives, such as modified clays, zeolites and reactive magnesia. The paper also provides case studies for such innovations. The paper concludes with an overview of an on-going research and development project SMiRT (Soil Mix Remediation Technology) which will involve field trials on a contaminated site and will employ some of the innovations discussed in the paper. The range of significant advantages that soil mix technology now offers compared to other remediation techniques is likely to place this remediation method at the forefront of remedial options for future brownfield projects.

Accelerated ageing of a stabilised/solidified contaminated soil at elevated temperatures

Despite the widespread use of stabilisation/solidification (S/S) techniques, the validation and the availability of predictive modelling of the behaviour of stabilised/solidified soils in the longer-term is very limited. The authors were involved in the assessment of the behaviour of a contaminated site in the UK treated with cement-based in-situ S/S over the first five years after treatment. In parallel, two experimental methods, namely elevated temperatures and combined elevated temperatures and accelerated carbonation, were used in the laboratory to model accelerated ageing of the site soil. A graphical technique, based on the Arrhenius equation, was then used to model the laboratory observations and the in-situ five-year behaviour. The paper presents the details of the two experimental methods used for the accelerated ageing of stabilised/solidified model site soil, the numerical predictive model and a comparison between the results of the two experimental techniques and with the site results. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group.

Part I: Binders & technologies - Basic principles

The first three reports in this series (Parts I, II and III) deals with binders and technologies used in stabilisation/ solidification (S/S) practice and research in the UK. This first part covers 'basic principles'while the second covers 'research' and the third 'applications'. The purpose of this work, which forms part of the Network STARNET on stabilisation/solidification treatment and remediation, is to identify the knowledge gaps and future research needs in this field. This paper describes the details and basic principles of available binders and technologies in the UK. The introduction in the report includes background on S/S, legislation aspects, overview of STARNET and its activities and details of commonly used binder selection criteria. The report is then divided into two main sections. The first covers binders and includes cement, blastfurnace slag, pulverised fuel ash, lime, natural and organophilic clays, bitumen, waste binders and concludes with proprietary binders. The second part details implementation processes for S/S treatment systems starting with ex-situ treatment systems, such as plant processing, direct mixing and in-drum processing and finishes with in-situ treatment processes, such as mechanical mixing and pressure mixing. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group.