766 resultados para predatory stink bug
Resumo:
Snakehead fish (Ophiocephalus argus cantor), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrtix), crucian carp (Carassius carassius), and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are four common freshwater fish species in China. In this study, the level of methylmercury (MeHg), total mercury (T-Hg), and total selenium (T-Se) in muscle samples of these four fish species from Ya-Er Lake, China, were analyzed using atomic fluorescence spectrometry coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentrations of MeHg in all the fish species were significantly correlated with those of T-Hg. Higher T-Hg and MeHg concentrations had accumulated in the snakehead fish, which is a strongly predatory fish, than in the other three species. The concentration ratios of MeHg and T-Hg in the muscles of these four fish species were almost equal. Conversely, there was negative correlation between the concentrations of T-Hg and T-Se, which implies that there is a competition between these two elements with respect to bioaccumulation. It is noteworthy that of all the muscle samples tested, the level of T-Hg exceeded the maximum allowable limit in fish [0.4 mg kg(-1) (w/w) recommended by the World Health Organization] in 38.46% of those of the silver carp, 18.18% of those of the crucian carp, and 100% of those of snakehead fish. These results show that the consumption of contaminated fish is a potential threat to human health and that necessary preventive measures to safeguard public health should be emphasized.
Resumo:
The Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, is an anadromous protected species that presently only spawns in the Yangtze River. Using laboratory experiments, we examined the behavioral preference of young Chinese sturgeon to physical habitat (water depth, illumination intensity, substrate color, and cover) and monitored their downstream migration. Hatchling free embryos were photopositive, preferred open habitat, and immediately upon hatching, swam far above the bottom using swim-up and drift. Downstream migration peaked on days 0-1, decreased about 50% or more during days 2-7, and ceased by day 8. Days 0-1 migrants were active both day and night, but days 2-7 migrants were most active during the day. After ceasing migration, days 8-11 embryos were photonegative, preferred dark substrate and sought cover. Free embryos developed into larvae and began feeding on day 12, when another shift in behavior occurred-larvae returned to photopositive behavior and preferred white substrate. The selective factor favoring migration of free embryos upon hatching and swimming far above the bottom may be avoidance of benthic predatory fishes. Free embryos, which must rely on yolk energy for activity and growth, only used 19 cumulative temperature degree-days for peak migration compared to 234 degree-days for growth to first feeding larvae, a 1 : 12 ratio of cumulative temperature units. This ratio suggests that sturgeon species with large migratory embryos, like Chinese sturgeon, which require a high level of energy to swim during migration, may migrate only a short time to conserve most yolk energy for growth.
Resumo:
Division of labour is a marked feature of multicellular organisms. Margulis proposed that the ancestors of metazoans had only one microtubule organizing center (MTOC), so they could not move and divide simultaneously. Selection for simultaneous movement and cell division had driven the division of labour between cells. However, no evidence or explanation for this assumption was provided. Why could the unicellular ancetors not have multiple MTOCs? The gain and loss of three possible strategies are discussed. It was found that the advantage of one or two MTOC per cell is environment-dependent. Unicellular organisms with only one MTOC per cell are favored only in resource-limited environments without strong predatory pressure. If division of labour occurring in a bicellular organism just makes simultaneous movement and cell division possible, the possibility of its fixation by natural selection is very low because a somatic cell performing the function of an MTOC is obviously wasting resources. Evolutionary biologists should search for other selective forces for division of labour in cells.
Resumo:
近年来,随着软件在社会生活中的作用越来越重要,软件的正确性也越来越受到人们的重 视。然而如何保证软件的正确性却是一个一直都没有得到很好解决的问题。在上世纪六七 十年代人们就提出了程序验证的概念,但是程序验证一直不能很好的处理用实用的程序设 计语言编写的程序,并且自动化程度也不高,现代软件的规模往往有数百万行代码,导致 程序验证无法得以应用。另一方面,面向大规模实际程序的传统数据流分析主要的应用是 编译优化,它们的目标是获取保守的、粗略的程序信息,从而也不适合于程序正确性的检 测。 随着计算性能的提高以及自动定理证明技术的成熟,另一大类基于符号执行的精确的程序 分析技术逐渐被人们所重视。符号执行是一种假设输入变量为符号值,精确的模拟程序执 行的路径敏感的静态分析方法。符号执行在上世纪七十年代被提出,但是由于无法处理程 序中的指针、数组等语言成分,一直无法得以广泛应用。本文针对使用极为广泛的C语言, 设计了一套完整精确模拟C 语言语义的算法和技术,包括内存建模,对各种表达式语义的 模拟,函数调用的处理等。 作为符号执行技术的两种应用,本文对自动测试数据生成和内存泄漏检测分别进行了研究, 提出了完整的算法,并实现了相应的工具。本文描述的符号执行算法目前已经在开源编译 器Clang中得以实现,并还在不断改进之中。
Resumo:
基于SAT的运算电路查错方法将被验证系统中系统规范成立与否的问题转换为布尔公式和数学公式的混合形式E-CNF,通过采用了标志子句技术的E-SAT求解器进行求解.实验表明该方法自动化程度高,能处理大规模的运算电路,有较强的查找错误能力.
Resumo:
随着硬件性能的不断提升,计算机正在被赋予越来越艰巨的任务,运行其上的软件作为沟通人类思维和底层硬件的桥梁,其重要性日益增加。与此同时,软件系统的规模也在不断变大,所涉及的逻辑也更为复杂,这导致开发人员难免会由于疏漏在软件设计实现的过程中引入缺陷、埋下隐患。所以,如何检验、确保软件的属性就成为时下一个亟待解决的热点问题。而在此背景下,源代码静态分析技术由于恰好可以弥补现有测试方法的不足,已经开始在这一研究领域崭露头角。有鉴于此,本文为了推进安全信息系统的研发,分别围绕源代码静态分析技术在软件属性保障中两个最主要的应用场景展开研究,涉及高等级安全操作系统开发过程中的源代码自动化审计,以及分布式信息系统中平台间互信建立时针对软件属性所进行的远程验证,其中,前者是为从深度上将现有安全操作系统向更高等级推进提供助力,而后者是为了从广度上将信息安全领域现有的围绕单机平台的研究成果向分布式架构推广建立基础。具体来说,本文选择针对编程接口规范的一致性检验和应用静态分析的软件属性远程验证作为研究的切入点,探讨了应用源代码静态分析技术检验、确保软件属性的方法和用途,主要取得以下几个方面的成果: 第一,本文给出了一个基于值等价类的别名分析方法。该方法依据相关的传值操作维护一个值等价类空间,可以在编程接口规范一致性检验的过程中按需推导变量符号间的等值关系,不仅有能力支持上下文相关、路径相关的全局分析,还可以有效应对C代码中因结构、指针等构件所衍生出来的大量变量符号。 第二,针对大部分现有代码静态分析工具分析规模受限的问题,本文围绕编程接口规范的一致性检验给出了可以与别名分析有效结合的性能优化方案。该方案不仅能通过剔除与分析无关的执行分支和引入缓存机制提高分析效率,还可以尽量确保分析的准确性少受影响。 第三,我们设计、实现了一个C代码静态分析工具ABAZER(A Bug AnalyZER)。该工具可以依据用户使用有限自动机模型描述的编程接口规范,对操作系统内核级别的软件进行全局分析,指出代码中可能有悖于规范的部分。我们使用ABAZER实际考查了FreeBSD内核中锁机制以及GCC 4.x中库GNU Libiberty的使用情况,从中发现了若干真实的缺陷。 第四,本文针对现有应用可信计算技术、基于完整性信息进行远程验证的方案在灵活性和实用性上所存在的不足,给出一个扩展方案。该方案通过引入虚拟机技术,在软件构建过程中收集举证信息,应用静态分析方法分析软件功能模块间的相关性,划分出与验证相关的模块,有效控制用户定制软件验证时所要依赖的可信列表的规模,使其有能力适应当今网络环境中的大量异质平台和各种安全需求。此外,它还可以为自身所依赖的可信计算基的替换和更新提供支持。 第五,本文针对Flask架构的特点,给出了一个既能检验强制访问控制实现正确性,又能最大限度保留软件灵活性、使得用户可以在一定程度上对软件进行定制的远程验证方案。该方案依赖源代码静态分析技术界定软件中无需基于完整性进行验证的模块,在进一步缩减可信列表规模的同时,使用代码改写技术在这些模块中自动化地插入监控代码约束软件的动态行为,以达到确保强制访问控制实现正确性的目的。该方案初步展现了源代码静态分析技术在远程验证中广阔的应用前景。
Resumo:
编译优化是现代编译器不可缺少的重要功能。编译优化技术在过去几十年里取得了显著进展,对提升程序运行速度、节省存储空间、节省能耗等起到了不可替代的作用。然而,编译优化的可靠性却不尽人意。编译优化技术种类多、处理复杂而且可复用性弱,容易出错,即便是成熟的编译器,也不断有与编译优化相关的bug被发现出来。编译器的可靠性对软件产品的可靠性和安全性有直接影响,随着编译优化在现代编译器中的比重不断增加,编译优化的可靠性也日益受到人们的关注。 软件测试是保障编译优化可靠性的基本技术手段之一,然而,编译优化测试涉及测试程序编写、测试执行等过程,人工完成相当费时费力,因此有必要研究编译优化自动测试方法,以提高编译优化测试的效率。基于这一实际需求,Intel、MEI (Matsushita Electric Industrial)、DaimlerChrysler AG等业界产商近年来也相继与有关研究机构开展合作,研究编译优化自动测试方法。 目前已有的编译器自动测试方法中大多数都是以程序设计语言的语法和语义为主要依据,适用于测试语法检查、语义检查、代码生成等基本编译功能,对于编译优化的测试则缺乏针对性,测试效率较低,而已有的若干种面向编译优化的自动测试方法也存在着对编译优化刻画不够准确、自动化程度不高等缺陷。 本文提出一种基于形式描述的编译优化自动测试方法(TEMCOFS),其实现过程分为四个阶段,即:(1) 建立编译优化形式描述;(2) 分析编译优化描述的正确性;(3) 基于编译优化形式描述自动生成测试程序;(4) 自动执行测试。在TEMCOFS方法框架下,本文分别研究了编译优化形式化描述方法、编译优化描述正确性分析方法和基于形式描述的两种自动测试方法,实现了三类典型优化—表达式优化、数据流优化、循环优化的自动测试,主要工作包括: (1) 在编译优化形式描述方面,除了应用前人研究成果—TRANS语言描述了表达式优化和数据流优化之外,还对TRANS语言进行了扩展,建立了循环优化的形式描述机制; (2) 在编译优化正确性分析方面,首先证明了揭示程序数据依赖关系对程序变换正确性影响的依赖基础定理,为循环优化正确性分析提供了基础,然后探讨了编译优化正确性分析的一般方法; (3) 在测试自动执行方面,提出了编译优化自动变形测试执行方法,该方法将变形测试思想引入编译优化测试中,利用测试程序等价性质实现测试结果的自动判定,能够避免传统方法中测试结果判定所存在的问题; (4) 在测试程序自动生成方面,分别对应两种测试自动执行方法—比照法和变形法提出了基于编译优化形式描述的测试程序自动生成方法,能够根据表达式优化、数据流优化、循环优化的形式描述自动生成测试程序集。 在GCC编译器上的实验表明,基于本文方法自动生成的测试程序集可使GCC的编译优化模块较快达到较高的测试覆盖率。与其他编译器自动测试方法相比,本文方法对编译优化测试的针对性较好,自动化程度也较高。总而言之,本文方法对于提高编译优化测试效率、保障优化编译器的质量具有较好的实用和参考价值。
Resumo:
较早时期的实时监控应用软件,从分析设计到代码实现,采用的都是结构化方法,有的甚至没有经过分析设计阶段,直接进行编程。也曾有过分析和设计阶段采用结构化方法,编程实现采用面向对象语言的尝试。但由于分析设计的缺陷导致在软件生命周期的维护阶段出现许多问题,如存在较多的缺陷(bug)、结构性错误、修改困难、功能扩展工作量太大等等。统一建模语言(UML)的出现是面向对象建模领域的一个里程碑,它将面向对象方法和以往的面向过程的结构化方法做了较为完善的结合,使在分析、设计、实现阶段都采用面向对象方法完成实时系统成为可能。这次在开发新系统的过程中首次尝试了采用面向对象分析设计语言(UML)和面向对象语言(MS VC++)相结合,在整个软件生命周期均采用面向对象方法和工具实现工业远程实时监控系统,在解决以上问题及优化系统性能、结构方面皆取得了很好的效果。得到了结构良好、高内聚、低藕合、容易理解、易于扩展、维护的系统。这个系统主要实现工业现场仪表的调控,数据的采集、直观图实时监控生产状况,利用电话网及计算机技术自动实现输油管线远程实时监控、统计与处理等功能。
Resumo:
FlexRay是一种用于汽车的高速可确定性的,具备故障容错的总线系统,作下一代汽车网络协议,提供了充足的带宽、可靠性和实时响应能力,以实现线控应用,如节流阀、制动、转向和动态稳定性控制。该标准已经被越来越多的汽车制造商采用。目前国内尚未成功开发出相关产品,因此研究开发具有自主知识产权的IP具有十分重要的意义。 随着芯片复杂度的快速增长,验证成为SoC开发过程中面临的最有挑战性的一个环节。验证要占整个设计开发60%-80%的工作量。对于千万门级的SoC,充分、全面的验证尤为复杂,需要耗费大量的人力以及时间。为了缩短项目开发时间,加快产品面市步伐,要采用先进高效的验证方法,提高验证效率,同时保障验证的覆盖率。 本文所用到的FlexRay通信控制器IP核是由中科院沈阳自动化所SOC项目组自主设计的,本文对其进行了详细的功能验证。首先介绍了集成电路设计中的验证方法学,接着介绍了验证语言SystemVerilog,以及基于SystemVerilog语言的一种新的高效验证方法学VMM。在对FlexRay通信控制器IP核的结构及功能进行分析后采用VMM建立一个基于事务的、带约束的随机化验证平台对IP核进行了全面的功能验证。通过设计足够的case来保证模块的功能覆盖率。通过引用这种高效的验证方法学,发现了设计中存在的一些bug,对后续的改进与完善具有一定的指导意义。
Resumo:
为了避免人眼对产品外观质量检测时,人眼视觉疲劳所产生的产品错检、漏检,提出了基于机器视觉的烟支条盒包装质量检测系统的设计。该系统由光源、相机、图像采集卡和工业控制计算机组成视觉系统处理单元,应用定位配准、边缘检测和斑点分析等图像处理算法完成对产品缺陷的检测。该视觉检测系统已经在烟厂得到了实际应用,对今后开发类似的基于机器视觉的产品外观质量检测系统具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。
Resumo:
Software bugs are violated specifications. Debugging is the process that culminates in repairing a program so that it satisfies its specification. An important part of debugging is localization, whereby the smallest region of the program that manifests the bug is found. The Debugging Assistant (DEBUSSI) localizes bugs by reasoning about logical dependencies. DEBUSSI manipulates the assumptions that underlie a bug manifestation, eventually localizing the bug to one particular assumption. At the same time, DEBUSSI acquires specification information, thereby extending its understanding of the buggy program. The techniques used for debugging fully implemented code are also appropriate for validating partial designs.
Resumo:
What are the characteristics of the process by which an intent is transformed into a plan and then a program? How is a program debugged? This paper analyzes these questions in the context of understanding simple turtle programs. To understand and debug a program, a description of its intent is required. For turtle programs, this is a model of the desired geometric picture. a picture language is provided for this purpose. Annotation is necessary for documenting the performance of a program in such a way that the system can examine the procedures behavior as well as consider hypothetical lines of development due to tentative debugging edits. A descriptive framework representing both causality and teleology is developed. To understand the relation between program and model, the plan must be known. The plan is a description of the methodology for accomplishing the model. Concepts are explicated for translating the global intent of a declarative model into the local imperative code of a program. Given the plan, model and program, the system can interpret the picture and recognize inconsistencies. The description of the discrepancies between the picture actually produced by the program and the intended scene is the input to a debugging system. Repair of the program is based on a combination of general debugging techniques and specific fixing knowledge associated with the geometric model primitives. In both the plan and repairing the bugs, the system exhibits an interesting style of analysis. It is capable of debugging itself and reformulating its analysis of a plan or bug in response to self-criticism. In this fashion, it can qualitatively reformulate its theory of the program or error to account for surprises or anomalies.
Resumo:
Wydział Biologii i Hodowli Zwierząt Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu
Resumo:
This book was donated to BU by its author Stephanie Angelini, 2005 College of Communication alumna. All e-book versions of this work display best on the widest margin settings and the largest font setting. You may download the free Kindle reading software here: http://is.gd/yg9P5k ***PLEASE NOTE:*** The author has permitted us to make the book available to the BU community only. To download the files, please click on the appropriate lock icon and log in with your BU credentials. Thank you.