Malignant catarrhal fever-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in young calves (Bos indicus): a case report

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fever response induced by intravenous and intracerebrovascular injection of pyrogen in thyroidectomised and protein-calorie malnourished rabbits

The development of a fever in response to intravenous (IV, 1.5 μg/kg body mass) and intracerebroventricular (ICV, 1.5 μg/animal) injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied in control, thyroidectomised and protein-calorie malnourished rabbits (New Zealand Whites, n = 55). ICV injection of LPS is control rabbits produced a fever response, the characteristics of which differed from those obtained after IV pyrogen injection. Thyroid deficiency caused an attenuated fever response, irrespective of whether LPS had been administered by IV or ICV injection. Protein-calorie malnourished rabbits showed a smaller fever response after IV or ICV pyrogen injections. Malnourished rabbits, refed over a period of 15 days, showed a typical biphasic fever response, but with lower magnitude than controls. The results of these experiments suggest that ICV injection of LPS is not an appropriate model for the study of fever mechanisms in disease states, and that the attenuated fever response observed in protein-calorie malnourished rabbits may be related, at least in part, to a decreased ability to produce the endogenous pyrogen interleukin-1.

Growing labour absorption with persistent underemployment

Includes bibliography

Persistent efficacy of 3.5% doramectin compared to 3.15% ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in experimentally-infected cattle in Brazil

The present study aimed to evaluate the persistent efficacy of a 3.5% doramectin* (700μg/kg) formulation compared to 3.15% ivermectin** (630μg/kg) treatment, administered subcutaneously at a dose of 1mL/50kg body weight in cattle experimentally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Seventy-two male crossbred Holstein cattle that were negative for helminth infection were divided into nine groups. Treatments of 3.5% doramectin (Groups 2, 4, 6 and 8) and 3.15% ivermectin (Groups 3, 5, 7 and 9) were administered on days 49, 42, 35 and 28 prior to challenge with infectious nematode larvae (L3). Animals in the control group (Group 1) received saline solution on day 49 before challenge. Beginning on day zero, each animal received 50mL orally of a mixed culture containing approximately 3,000 third stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus (60%), Oesophagostomum (20%), Cooperia (15%) and Trichostrongylus (5%) for seven consecutive days, resulting in a total challenge of 21,000 larvae/animal. Due to the large number of cattle, autopsies were performed between days 28 and 35 after the last day of inoculation. The formulation containing doramectin (700 mcg/kg) achieved persistent efficacy against H. placei and C. punctata for 49 and 35days, respectively. The persistent efficacy of ivermectin (630 mcg/kg) against H. placei lasted for 49days, but this treatment was ineffective against C. punctata. Both formulations demonstrated persistent efficacy against T. axei for 49days. The persistent efficacy of doramectin (700 mcg/kg) and ivermectin (630 mcg/kg) lasted for 49 and 42days against O. radiatum, respectively. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L protein interacts with Flavivirus NS5 and may modulate yellow fever virus replication

Background: Yellow fever virus (YFV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus and causes an important disease. An alarming resurgence of viral circulation and the expansion of YFV-endemic zones have been detected in Africa and South America in recent years. NS5 is a viral protein that contains methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains, which are essential for viral replication, and the interactions between NS5 and cellular proteins have been studied to better understand viral replication. The aim of this study was to characterize the interaction of the NS5 protein with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L (eIF3L) and to evaluate the role of eIF3L in yellow fever replication. Methods. To identify interactions of YFV NS5 with cellular proteins, we performed a two-hybrid screen using the YFV NS5 RdRp domain as bait with a human cDNA library, and RNApol deletion mutants were generated and analyzed using the two-hybrid system for mapping the interactions. The RNApol region involved was segmented into three fragments and analyzed using an eIF3L-expressing yeast strain. To map the NS5 residues that are critical for the interactions, we performed site-direct mutagenesis in segment 3 of the interaction domain (ID) and confirmed the interaction using in vitro assays and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation. The significance of eIF3L for YFV replication was investigated using eIF3L overexpression and RNA interference. Results: In this work, we describe and characterize the interaction of NS5 with the translation factor eIF3L. The interaction between NS5 and eIF3L was confirmed using in vitro binding and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays. This interaction occurs at a region (the interaction domain of the RNApol domain) that is conserved in several flaviviruses and that is, therefore, likely to be relevant to the genus. eIF3L overexpression and plaque reduction assays showed a slight effect on YFV replication, indicating that the interaction of eIF3L with YFV NS5 may play a role in YFV replication. Conclusions: Although the precise function of eIF3L on interactions with viral proteins is not entirely understood, these results indicate an interaction of eIF3L with YF NS5 and that eIF3L overexpression facilitates translation, which has potential implications for virus replication. © 2013 Morais et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Persistent inflammation in the CNS during chronic EAE despite local absence of IL-17 production

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an artificially induced demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) that resembles multiple sclerosis in its clinical, histopathological, and immunological features. Activated Th1 and Th17 cells are thought to be the main immunological players during EAE development. This study was designed to evaluate peripheral and local contribution of IL-17 to acute and chronic EAE stages. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG plus complete Freund's adjuvant followed by pertussis toxin. Mice presented an initial acute phase characterized by accentuated weight loss and high clinical score, followed by a partial recovery when the animals reached normal body weight and smaller clinical scores. Spleen cells stimulated with MOG produced significantly higher levels of IFN-γ during the acute period whereas similar IL-17 levels were produced during both disease stages. CNS-infiltrating cells stimulated with MOG produced similar amounts of IFN-γ but, IL-17 was produced only at the acute phase of EAE. The percentage of Foxp3+ Treg cells, at the spleen and CNS, was elevated during both phases. The degree of inflammation was similar at both disease stages. Partial clinical recovery observed during chronic EAE was associated with no IL-17 production and presence of Foxp3+ Treg cells in the CNS. © 2013 Sofia Fernanda Gonçalves Zorzella-Pezavento et al.

Employment Situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent improvements and persistent gaps in rural employment

This new edition of Employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean, a twice-yearly report prepared jointly by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Office for the Southern Cone of Latin America of the International Labour Organization (ILO), discusses how weak job creation led to the third consecutive annual decline in the employment rate, which fell by 0.4 percentage points in 2015, indicating a reduction in the number of labour income earners per household. The ensuing drop in household income has played a large part in the increase estimated in the poverty rate for 2015. The second section of this report examines employment trends in rural areas of the countries of the region between 2005 and 2014, seeing to establish whether the improvements seen in the labour markets overall in that period also occurred in rural areas, and whether the gaps compared with urban areas decreased. The data presented in that section were generated from special processing of data from national household surveys.

Estudo clínico e imunopatológico da infecção experimental em cães com a amostra Jaboticabal de Ehrlichia canis na fase aguda e após o tratamento: expreção de citocinas no baço e sangue e de subpopulações de células imunes no baço

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Febre tifóide: a experiência do Instituto Evandro Chagas

A febre tifóide é doença infecciosa de distribuição mundial e, estando estreitamente relacionada com baixos níveis sócio-econômicos, ocorre com maior freqüência nos países em desenvolvimento. Neste trabalho é apresentada a experiência do Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEe) com essa doença desde 1987 até 2004, período no qual se construiu uma casuística de 443 casos, todos diagnosticados por meio do isolamento da Salmonella Typhi no sangue e/ou nas fezes, sendo alguns deles complementados com a reação soro lógica de Widal. Os casos foram procedentes de Belém e do interior do Estado, ora encaminhados ao IEC pelas respectivas unidades do Sistema Único de Saúde para esclarecimento diagnóstico de síndrome febril, a maioria de curso prolongado, aqui designados como "demanda espontânea", ora detectados por ocasião da investigação de surtos ocorridos em localidades do interior. Discutiram-se aspectos relacionados à apresentação clínica, com ênfase às manifestações atípicas; à distribuição por gênero e faixa etária; à sazonalidade; e à distribuição por área de procedência, identificando-se os municípios de maior prevalência, e a distribuição por bairros, em relação aos casos procedentes de Belém. Foram discutidos, também, aspectos relacionados ao diagnóstico laboratorial com ênfase à aplicação dos métodos de cultivo (coprocultura e hemocultura) comparando o rendimento delas em relação ao tempo de doença e a relação dessas provas com a reação de Widal, comparando o valor desta como método auxiliar ou complementar no diagnóstico da doença. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio do programa Bio Estat versão 3.0, aplicando-se o teste do qui-quadrado e teste "G" e a significância estatística foi aceita ao nível de 95%. Os resultados nos permitiram tirar as seguintes conclusões: 1) em situações de normalidade epidemiológica a febre tifóide acomete mais a faixa etária do adulto jovem, enquanto que, nas situações epidêmicas, a faixa etária mais atingida é a infantil; 2) existem homogeneidade entre as amostras provenientes dos casos de surtos e da demanda espontânea quanto à distribuição dos gêneros, sendo que o masculino está mais exposta à febre tifóide; 3) no interior do Estado a doença se mostrou mais freqüente nas regiões onde se concentra maior número de populações ribeirinhas e, em relação à capital, ela mostra a maior prevalência no bairro do Jurunas; 4) a enfermidade tem um perfil sazonal, que mostra a maior ocorrência na segunda metade do ano, favorecida provavelmente por fatores geo-climáticos e culturais; 5) a febre tifóide constitui sério problema de saúde pública no Estado do Pará, confirmando sua estreita relação com os elevados níveis de pobreza; 6) a fórmula leucocitária revelou padrão normal ou leucocitose em maior percentual em relação à leucopenia; 7) na abordagem laboratorial não se deve prescindir dos ensaios que visam ao isolamento em detrimento do teste sorológico, e a coprocultura e a hemocultura devem ser solicitadas em todos os casos sem se levar em conta o tempo de evolução do quadro clínico; 8) em nossa região, nas áreas onde não há disponibilidade das provas de cultivo a reação de Widal pode ser uma alternativa de valor diagnóstico; 9) é enfermidade de curso clínico prolongado e com manifestações clínicas atípicas (pneumonias e hepatite colestática) cujos sinais/sintomas, quando presentes, devem suscitar a suspeita por parte do investigador; 10) nas regiões de elevada endemicidade, a febre tifóide pode causar um impacto negativo na economia tanto pelos custos gerados com exames laboratoriais, tratamento, hospitalizações e eventuais intervenções cirúrgicas, como por afastar o trabalhador do seu posto de trabalho por um período de tempo prolongado.

The thermal stability of yellow fever vaccines

The assessment of yellow fever vaccine thermostability both in lyophilized form and after reconstitution were analyzed. Two commercial yellow fever vaccines were assayed for their thermal stability. Vaccines were exposed to test temperatures in the range of 8 (graus) C to 45 (graus) C. Residual infectivity was measured by a plaque assay using Vero cells. The titre values were used in an accelerated degradation test that follows the Arrhenius equation and the minimum immunizing dose was assumed to be 10 (ao cubo) particles forming unit (pfu)/dose. Some of the most relevant results include that (i) regular culture medium show the same degradation pattern of a reconstituted 17D-204 vaccine; (ii) reconstituted YF-17D-204 showed a predictable half life of more than six days if kept at 0 (graus) C; (iii) there are differences in thermostability between different products that are probably due to both presence of stabilizers in the preparation and the modernization in the vaccine production; (iv) it is important to establish a proper correlation between the mouse infectivity test and the plaque assay since the last appears to be more simple, economical, and practical for small laboratories to assess the potency of the vaccine, and (v) the accelerated degradation test appears to be the best procedure to quantify the thermostability of biological products.

Yellow fever: reemerging in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2009

OBJECTIVE: To describe the investigation of a sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in the state of Sao Paulo and the main control measures undertaken.METHODS: This is a descriptive study of a sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in the Southwestern region of the state from February to April 2009. Suspected and confirmed cases in humans and in non-human primates were evaluated. Entomological investigation in sylvatic environment involved capture at ground level and in the tree canopy to identify species and detect natural infections. Control measures were performed in urban areas to control Aedes aegypti. Vaccination was directed at residents living in areas with confirmed viral circulation and also at nearby cities according to national recommendation.RESULTS: Twenty-eight human cases were confirmed (39.3% case fatality rate) in rural areas of Sarutaia, Piraju, Tejupa, Avare, and Buri. The deaths of 56 non-human primates were also reported, 91.4% were Allouatta sp. Epizootics was confirmed in two non-human primates in the cities of Itapetininga and Buri. A total of 1,782 mosquitoes were collected, including Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Hg. janthinomys/capricornii, and Sabethes chloropterus, Sa. purpureus and Sa. undosus. Yellow fever virus was isolated from a group of Hg. Leucocelaenus from Buri. Vaccination was carried out in 49 cities, with a total of 1,018,705 doses. Nine serious post-vaccination adverse events were reported.CONCLUSIONS: The cases occurred between February and April 2009 in areas with no recorded yellow fever virus circulation in over 60 years. The outbreak region occurred outside the original recommended vaccination area with a high percentage of susceptible population. The fast adoption of control measures interrupted the human transmission within a month and the confirmation of viral circulation in humans, monkeys and mosquitoes. The results allowed the identification of new areas of viral circulation but further studies are required to clarify the dynamics of the spread of this disease.

Recent and future environmental suitability to dengue fever in Brazil using species distribution model

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A genetic linkage study in Brazil identifies a new locus for persistent developmental stuttering on chromosome 10

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A persistent organic pollutant related with unusual high frequency of hermaphroditism in the neotropical anuran Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger, 1826

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)