Analgesic efficacy of perioperative use of vedaprofen, tramadol or their combination in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

The analgesic efficacy of tramadol and/or vedaprofen was evaluated in cats submitted for elective ovariohysterectomy, using a randomised double blind placebo controlled design. Forty adult female cats (3.0 +/- 0.32 kg; 1.8 +/- 0.7 years) were distributed into four groups. Vedaprofen PO (0.5 mg/kg), tramadol SC (2 mg/kg), both, or placebo was administered 1 h before surgery and every 24 and 8 h, respectively, for 72 h after surgery. Pain score evaluated by interactive visual analogue and composite pain score and hyperalgesia by the von Frey filament test were recorded at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32, 48, 52, 56, 72, 96 h and on the 7th day after surgery. Animals treated with combined vedaprofen and tramadol treatment did not need rescue analgesia, did not develop hyperalgesia, and their serum cortisol concentrations and pain scores were lower than placebo until 24 and 72 h after surgery, respectively. Combined vedaprofen and tramadol treatment provided more effective postoperative analgesia and prevented hyperalgesia than when used on their own. Multimodal technique is a superior method of treating pain after feline ovariohysterectomy. This work also provides evidence for the benefits of analgesia for up to 3 days following ovariohysterectomy. (C) 2008 ESFM and AAFP. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Use of anaerobic cecal microflora, lactose and acetic acid for the protection of broiler chicks against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Complementarity of eastern and western hemisphere long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments

We present a general formalism for extracting information on the fundamental parameters associated with neutrino masses and mixings from two or more long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. This formalism is then applied to the current most likely experiments using neutrino beams from the Japan Hadron Facility (JHF) and Fermilab's NuMI beamline. Different combinations of muon neutrino or muon anti-neutrino running are considered. The type of neutrino mass hierarchy is extracted using the effects of matter on neutrino propogation. Contrary to naive expectation, we find that both beams using neutrinos is more suitable for determining the hierarchy provided that the neutrino energy divided by baseline (E/L) for NuMI is smaller than or equal to that of JHF, whereas to determine the small mixing angle, theta(13), and the CP or T violating phase delta, one neutrino and the other anti-neutrino are most suitable. We make extensive use of bi-probability diagrams for both understanding and extracting the physics involved in such comparisons.

Effects of olive oil and its minor constituents on serum lipids, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism in cardiac muscle

Recent lines of evidence suggest that the beneficial effects of olive oil are not only related to its high content of oleic acid, but also to the antioxidant potential of its polyphenols. The aim of this work was determine the effects of olive oil and its components, oleic acid and the polyphenol dihydroxyphenylethanol (DPE), on serum lipids, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism on cardiac tissue. Twenty four male Wistar rats, 200 g, were divided into the following 4 groups (n = 6): control (C), OO group that received extra-virgin olive oil (7.5 mL/kg), OA group was treated with oleic acid (3.45 mL/kg), and the DPE group that received the polyphenol DPE (7.5 mg/kg). These components were administered by gavage over 30 days, twice a week. All animals were provided with food and water ad libitum The results show that olive oil was more effective than its isolated components in improving lipid profile, elevating high-density lipoprotein, and diminishing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Olive oil induced decreased antioxidant Mn-superoxide dismutase activity and diminished protein carbonyl concentration, indicating that olive oil may exert direct antioxidant effect on myocardium. DPE, considered as potential antioxidant, induced elevated aerobic metabolism, triacylglycerols, and lipid hydroperoxides concentrations in cardiac muscle, indicating that long-term intake of this polyphenol may induce its undesirable pro-oxidant activity on myocardium. © 2006 NRC Canada.

Tax performance and reform in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)

Includes bibliography

New information and communications technologies for education in Latin America: risks and opportunities

Includes bibliography

Growth crises and strategic turnarounds

Includes bibliography

Notes on the measurement of poverty by the income method

Includes bibliography

Investing better in order to invest more. Finance and management of education in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Social cohesion: inclusion and a sense of belonging in Latin America and the Caribbean. Summary

Includes bibliography

An assessment of fiscal and regulatory barriers to deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Guyana

Includes bibliography.

Psicoterapia analítico-funcional: efeitos de um curso sobre a interação terapêutica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The use of key indicators to assess Latin America’s long-term economic performance

Through the astute analysis of official statistics, we can gather a more complete picture of the economic performance of a given country, and understand more fully what have been its drivers, leading to a more effective use of national resources and a more efficient design of policy options. However, the myriad of information and numerical data across the system of macroeconomic statistics can be challenging to interpret in a straightforward manner. In order to synthetically assess economic performance across countries in Latin America we propose the use of a composite indicator, which builds upon the methodology of Khramov and Lee (2013) and incorporates key indicators from each of the pillars of macroeconomic statistics: the System of National Accounts, the Balance of Payments Statistics, Monetary and Financial Statistics and Public Finance Statistics. Through a composite examination of key statistical indicators in each country across their long-term trends, we can more fully understand the underlying macroeconomic dynamics.

Aproveitamento de resíduos florestais de Eucalyptus spp na indústria de fabricação de celulose para geração de energia térmica e elétrica

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Ensino de leitura de frases com compreensão a alunos de 1ª série de escolas públicas de Belém

O fracasso escolar é uma realidade nacional alarmante que torna indispensável o aprimoramento da tecnologia de ensino. O paradigma de equivalência tem contribuído para a compreensão de processos comportamentais relacionados à aquisição de repertórios lingüísticos e de habilidades cognitivas. As investigações acerca da aprendizagem de leitura por meio deste paradigma tem sido relevantes tanto para a identificação das variáveis de controle de respostas corretas e de respostas incorretas na leitura de palavras com função substantiva, quanto para a análise de quais procedimentos são eficazes no sentido de o responder ficar sob controle de propriedades relevantes dos estímulos impressos. Investigou-se, por meio de uma replicação sistemática, o ensino de leitura com compreensão de frases compostas por pronome demonstrativo, substantivo, adjetivo e verbo intransitivo. Participaram cinco alunos com dificuldades em leitura. Os estímulos foram de modalidade auditiva (sílabas, palavras e frases faladas), representada pela letra A; visual (grafia de sílabas, palavras, frases e figuras que representam palavras e frases), representada pela letra B para as figuras e pela letra C para os estímulos impressos e modalidade auditivo-visual. Foi realizado o treino das discriminações condicionais entre palavras/frases faladas e figuras (relações AB) e sílabas/palavras/frases faladas e estímulos impressos (relações ACs, ACp e ACf). Foram programadas conseqüências diferenciais (reforço social) para os acertos e aplicação de procedimentos de correção ou procedimentos especiais para respostas incorretas. Pretendeu-se investigar se após o ensino destas relações pré-requisitos ocorreriam relações equivalentes (palavras impressas e figuras e vice-versa), bem como se os participantes demonstrariam o desempenho de leitura generalizada. Não foram programadas conseqüências diferenciais durante a aplicação dos testes. Ao término de cada sessão, os participantes recebiam brindes variados. Foram programadas quatro fases experimentais. Na Fase I, os estímulos impressos eram palavras com função substantiva. Na Fase II, frases formadas por palavras com funções substantiva e adjetiva. Na Fase III, acrescentou-se o pronome demonstrativo às frases. Na Fase IV, acrescentaram-se verbos intransitivos às frases. Na Fase V, programou-se a retenção do desempenho aprendido durante o experimento. Todos os participantes, com exceção de um, aprenderam o desempenho de linha de base. Nos testes de equivalência e de leitura generalizada, houve maior variabilidade em relação aos estudos anteriores. Todos os participantes apresentaram a leitura com compreensão em pelo menos uma das fases envolvendo frases. Nas Etapas de leitura Generalizada, apenas uma participante obteve 100% de acertos nos testes da Fase II. Os demais participantes apresentaram leitura generalizada parcial ou ausência de leitura recombinativa, sendo necessária a aplicação de procedimento especial para promover escores mais elevados. Considerou-se o paradigma de equivalência promissor para proporcionar o ensino de leitura de frases com compreensão. Propôs-se mudanças no procedimento que tornem o controle experimental mais rígido. Sugeriu-se ainda a investigação da pertinência do paradigma de equivalência para o ensino de leitura de frases, com compreensão, envolvendo classes gramaticais como artigos, advérbios, verbos transitivos diretos e objetos diretos.