融合株SPSC发酵生产酒精的工艺研究Ⅰ.絮凝速率、发酵过程的最适温度和pH值

酿酒酵母属(S. cereviae)变异株和粟酒裂殖酵母属(S. pombe)变异株进行属间原生质体融合得到融合株SPSC,该融合株比S. cereviae具有强的自身絮凝能力。以葡萄糖浓度150g/L的底物在30～44℃的温度范围内进行摇瓶厌氧发酵,获得最佳温度范围为34～38℃,最高发酵温度为40℃。在有效容积2.35L悬浮床反应器中,在pH值3.0～5.0范围内进行连续发酵,获得最适发酵pH为3.5～4.5。

树木根际pH环境与氧化还原状况

以3年生红松、核桃楸、水曲柳、椴树苗木为试材，运用琼脂─指示剂法对长白山地区有代表性的4种苗木的根际pH环境与氧化还原状况进行了研究，试验结果表明：红松和核桃楸根际的pH值在5.2和6.0之间，呈酸性；水曲柳和椴树根际呈碱性（pH值大于7.5）。红松根系分泌质子的部位，主要表现在根尖以上4.5～8.0cm的范围内，这是反映根系吸收养分的部位，也是根系生命活动最旺盛的区域，4种苗木根际均为氧化型（态）。

温度、pH及干旱胁迫对沙地樟子松外生菌根菌生长影响

通过对采集于沙地樟子松人工林内的3种外生菌根真菌(牛肝菌Boletussp.、乳菇Lactariussp.、高环柄菇Macrolepiota procera)进行纯培养,在不同温度、pH值和PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下,观测了外生菌根菌的生长发育状况。结果表明,3种外生菌根菌生物量在不同pH范围(3~7)内存在着显著差异(P<0.05);在低于5℃和高于37℃时,3种外生菌根菌均不能生长,其最适生长温度分别为:牛肝菌,25℃高环柄菇,25~28℃,乳菇,25~30℃;在低浓度PEG胁迫处理条件下(10%,-0.20MPa),3种外生菌根菌的生长均有所增加,当PEG胁迫达到30%(-1.53 MPa)时,3种外生菌根菌的生长均受到抑制。与上述结果比较,沙地樟子松人工林地土壤的实际pH值在外生菌根菌的最适生长范围内;林地最高气温值远远超过3种外生菌根菌的最适生长值的时间在每年的生长季都会出现;在极端干旱年份(如1996年),林地土壤的实际含水量在生长季节(5~9月)远远低于抑制外生菌根菌生长的土壤含水量,可能影响到外生菌根菌的生存。因此,可以推断,沙地樟子松人工林地的外生菌根菌的生长与发育,在干旱胁迫及高温作用下受到很大程度的影响,如果仅从微生物角度分析,外生菌根菌在干旱和高温条件下不能生长或已经死亡是导致沙地樟子松人工林衰退的一个原因。

Surface modelling of soil pH

In addition to classical methods, namely kriging, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and splines, which have been frequently used for interpolating the spatial patterns of soil properties, a relatively more accurate surface modelling technique is being developed in recent years, namely high accuracy surface modelling (HASM). It has been used in the numerical tests, DEM construction and the interpolation of climate and ecosystem changes. In this paper, HASM was applied to interpolate soil pH for assessing its feasibility of soil property interpolation in a red soil region of Jiangxi Province, China. Soil pH was measured on 150 samples of topsoil (0-20 cm) for the interpolation and comparing the performance of HASM, kriging. IDW and splines. The mean errors (MEs) of interpolations indicate little bias of interpolation for soil pH by the four techniques. HASM has less mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) than kriging, IDW and splines. HASM is still the most accurate one when we use the mean rank and the standard deviation of the ranks to avoid the outlier effects in assessing the prediction performance of the four methods. Therefore, HASM can be considered as an alternative and accurate method for interpolating soil properties. Further researches of HASM are needed to combine HASM with ancillary variables to improve the interpolation performance and develop a user-friendly algorithm that can be implemented in a GIS package. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of pH on the Interactions and Conformation of Bovine Serum Albumin: Comparison between Chemical Force Microscopy and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

The conformation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), as well as its interactions with negatively charged mica surfaces in saline solutions of different pH values, have been studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and chemical force microscopy (CFM), respectively. A new approach to extract the contribution of elementary interactions from the statistically averaged force-extension curves through self-consistent fitting was proposed and used to understand the effects of pH on the interactions and conformation of BSA in saline solutions. When pH increases, the SANS results reveal that the sizes of BSA molecules increase slightly, while the statistical analysis of the CFM results shows that the averaged pull-off force for the elongation monotonously decreases. The decrease of pull-off force with the increase of pH results from the decrease in the strength of hydrogen bonding and the number of interaction pairs, as well as the slight increase of the strength of van der Waals interaction. When pH approaches the isoelectric point (pI) of BSA, results from both SANS and CFM suggest a loss of long-range interactions in BSA molecules. Our results also suggest that the force-extension curve is mainly contributed by the van der Waals interaction. The combination of SANS and CFM provides new insight to understand the interactions and conformation of BSA molecules

Gold Nanoparticle-based Colorimetric Sensor for pH Sensing

We present a newly designed colormetric sensor sensitive to pH value based on a gold nanocomposite composed of gold nanoparticles and pH-sensitive polymer{dodecylthioether end functionalized poly[2-(diethlamino) ethyl methacrylate], poly(DEAEMA)-DDT}. We have shown that this design can produce stable GNP precipitate under weakly basic condition(pH=7.5) and this precipitate can be dispersed in acidic solution(pH=4.0), due to the 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate protonated by H+.

温度和pH双敏性PVME/CMCS水凝胶辐射交联制备及其性能

以聚甲基乙烯基醚(PVME)和羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)为原料,采用电子束辐照交联方法制备聚甲基乙烯基醚/羧甲基壳聚糖(PVME/CMCS)水凝胶,研究了温度、pH值、CMCS含量等对PVME/CMCS水凝胶溶胀度的影响,同时以5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)作模型药物,初步探讨了凝胶药物释放性能

A simple and sensitive colorimetric pH meter based on DNA conformational switch and gold nanoparticle aggregation

A simple and rapid colorimetric pH meter has been developed based on the conformational switch of i-motif DNA and non-crosslinking AuNP aggregation, the average accuracy of the nano-meter was found to be +/- 0.04 pH unit across the physiological operating range.

Novel temperature- and pH-responsive graft copolymers composed of poly(L-glutamic acid) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

A series of novel temperature- and pH-responsive graft copolymers, poly(L-glutamic acid)-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), were synthesized by coupling amino-semitelechelic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated poly(L-glutamic acid). The graft copolymers and their precursors were characterized, by ESI-FTICR Mass Spectrum, intrinsic viscosity measurements and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 NMR). The phase-transition and aggregation behaviors of the graft copolymers in aqueous solutions were investigated by the turbidity measurements and dynamic laser scattering.

Novel pH- and temperature-responsive block copolymers with tunable pH-responsive range

A series of novel pH- and temperature-responsive diblock copolymers composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly[(L-glutamic acid)-co-(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate)] [P(GA-co-BLG)] were prepared. The influence of hydrophobic benzyl groups on the phase transition of the copolymers was studied for the first time. With increasing BLG content in P(GA-co-BLG) block, the thermal phase transition of the diblock copolymer became sharper at a designated pH and the critical curve of phase diagram of the diblock copolymer shifted to a higher pH region.

Effects of soil pH and organic matter on distribution of thorium fractions in soil contaminated by rare-earth industries

The labilities of thorium fractions including mobility and bioavailability vary significantly with soil properties. The effects of soil pH and soil organic matter on the distribution and transfer of thorium fractions defined by a sequential extraction procedure were investigated. Decrease of soil pH could enhance the phytoavailability and the potential availability of thorium in soil. Increase of organic matter reduced the phytoavailability of thorium, but enhanced the potential availability of it.

Thermo- and pH-sensitive poly(vinylmethyl ether)/carboxymethylchitosan hydrogels crosslinked using electron beam irradiation or using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker

BACKGROUND: Stimuli-sensitive or intelligent hydrogels have been investigated for many biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Those hydrogels with dual sensitivity will have more extensive potential applications. The aim of the work presented was to prepare a series of thermo- and pH-sensitive hydrogels based on poly(vinylmethyl ether) (PVME) and carboxymethylchitosan (CMCS). The hydrogels were crosslinked using electron beam irradiation (EB) or using glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinker at room temperature.

Fabrication and characterization of microstructured and pH sensitive interpenetrating networks hydrogel films and application in drug delivery field

Novel microstructured and pH sensitive poly(acryliac acid-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (P(AA-co-HEMA)/PVA) interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel films were prepared by radical precipitation copolymerization and sequential IPN technology. The first P(AA-co-HEMA) network was synthesized in the present of IPN aqueous solution by radical initiating, then followed by condensation reaction (Glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent) within the resultant latex, it formed multiple IPN microstructured hydrogel film. The film samples were characterized by IR, SEM and DSC. Swelling and deswelling behaviors and mechanical property showed the novel multiple IPN nanostuctured film had rapid response and good mechanical property. The IPN films were studied as controlled drug delivery material in different pH buffer solution using cationic compound, crystal violet as a model drug.

Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured and High Transparent Hydrogel Films with pH Sensitivity and Application

Novel nanostructured, high transparent, and pH sensitive poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methacryliac acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (P(HEMA-co-MA)/PVA) interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel films were prepared by precipitation copolymerization of aqueous phase and sequential IPN technology. The first P(HEMA-co-MA) network was synthesized in aqueous solution of PVA, then followed by aldol condensation reaction, it formed multiple IPN nanostructured hydrogel film. The film samples were characterized by IR, SEM, DSC, and UV-vis spectrum. The transmittance arrived at 93%. Swelling and deswelling behaviors showed the multiple IPN nanostructured film had rapid response. The mechanical properties of all the IPN films improved than that of PVA film. Using crystal violet as a model drug, the release behaviors of the films were studied.

Synthesis of biodegradable thermo- and pH-responsive hydrogels for controlled drug release

Novel intelligent hydrogels composed of biodegradable and pH-sensitive poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA) and temperature sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PNH) were synthesized and characterized for controlled release of hydrophilic drug. The influence of pH on the equilibrium swelling ratios of the hydrogels was investigated. A higher PNH content resulted in lower equilibrium swelling ratios. Although temperature had little influence on the swelling behaviors of the hydrogels, the changes of optical transmittance of hydrogels as a function of temperature were marked, which showed that the PNH part of hydrogel exhibited hydrophobic property at temperature above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The biodegradation rate of the stimuli-sensitive hydrogels in the presence of enzyme was directly proportional to the PGA content. Lysozyme was chosen as a model drug and loaded into the hydrogels.