Mid-to Late Holocene flood frequency in the northeastern Alps as recorded in varved sediments of Lake Mondsee

Annually laminated (varved) lake sediments with intercalated detrital layers resulting from sedimentary input by runoff events are ideal archives to establish precisely dated records of past extreme runoff events. In this study, the mid- to late Holocene varved sediments of Lake Mondsee (Upper Austria) were analysed by combining sedimentological, geophysical and geochemical methods. This approach allows to distinguish two types of detrital layers related to different types of extreme runoff events (floods and debris flows) and to detect changes in flood activity during the last 7100 years. In total, 271 flood and 47 debris flow layers, deposited during spring and summer, were identified, which cluster in 18 main flood episodes (FE 1-18) with durations of 30-50 years each. These main flood periods occurred during the Late Neolithic (7100-7050 vyr BP and 6470-4450 vyr BP), the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age (3300-3250 and 2800-2750 vyr BP), the late Iron Age (2050-2000 vyr BP), throughout the Dark Ages Cold Period (1500-1200 vyr BP), and at the end of the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age (810-430 vyr BP). Summer flood episodes in Lake Mondsee are generally more abundant during the last 1500 years, often coinciding with major advances of alpine glaciers. Prior to 1500 vyr BP, spring/summer floods and debris flows are generally less frequent, indicating a lower number of intense rainfall events that triggered erosion. In comparison with the increase of late Holocene flood activity in western and northwestern (NW) Europe, commencing already as early as 2800 yr BP, the hydro-meteorological shift in the Lake Mondsee region occurred much later. These time lags in the onset of increased hydrological activity might be either due to regional differences in atmospheric circulation pattern or to the sensitivity of the individual flood archives. The Lake Mondsee sediments represent the first precisely dated and several millennia long summer flood record for the northeastern (NE) Alps, a key region at the climatic boundary of Atlantic, Mediterranean and East European air masses aiding a better understanding of regional and seasonal peculiarities of flood occurrence under changing climate conditions.

Episodes of French history.

Mode of access: Internet.

The cankerworm : being episodes of a woman's life.

Mode of access: Internet.

The romance of the ranks; or, Anecdotes, episodes, and social incidents of military life.

Mode of access: Internet.

Episodes of insect life.

In three series.

Lebanon, limited interest, limited involvement, frequent accounting : report of the Delegation to Lebanon--1983 of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Ninety-eight Congress, first session.

At head of title: 98th Congress, 1st session. Committee print. No. 9.

The gentlemen in the white hats; dramatic episodes in the history of the Texas rangers,

Mode of access: Internet.

Episodes of French history, during the consulate and the first empire.

Title vignette.

Jennifer Lorn : a sedate extravaganza : illuminating episodes in the lives of the Hon. Gerald Poyngard and his bride /

First ed. with uncorrected t.p., which was subsequently excised and a cancellans (with "Poyngard" corrected to "Poynyard" and 4th word of Latin quotation changed from "tegmine" to "tegmina") tipped in on stub of original t.p.

Current episodes; New York State Extension Service.

Dec. 1960 incorrectly marked v. 22; v. 22 omitted in vol. enumeration.

Anecdotes of the aristocracy, and episodes of ancestral story.

Mode of access: Internet.

Address to the veterans of the Mexican war. Embodying a historical contrast of the two great political parties of the United States on vital issues, with personal reminiscences and other pertinent episodes. Also: an appendix of three chapters, entitled "The California democratic state club pilloried."--"A new plundercrat organ disguised in the garb of democracy."--"To the greenback-labor voters."

Mode of access: Internet.

Episodes from Sans famille /

Mode of access: Internet.

The Little regiment, and other episodes of the American civil war,

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of the life and religious experience of Ray Potter : published with a design to magnify the grace of God in shewing mercy to the chief of sinners, and to illustrate the clorious doctrines of the gospel, by giving a circumstancial account of the travel of the author's mind, into that view of the doctrine of Christ, which he considers to be the truth, the subject being generally treated argumentatively, with frequent doctrinal inferences drawn from experience /

"Letter to Lorenzo Dow [on Freemasonry]": 14 p. at end.