Soil management systems for sustainable melon cropping in the Submedian of the São Francisco Valley.

Changes in soils management systems, including the application of green manure, are able to increase crop productivity. The aim of this study was to propose a soil management system with the use of green manure to improve the nutritional status and melon productivity in the submedian of the São Francisco Valley. The experiment was installed in Typic Plinthustalf and conducted in split plot. There were two soil tillage systems, tillage (T) and no tillage (NT), and three types of green manure (two vegetal cocktails: VC1- 75% legumes (L) + 25% non-legumes (NL); VC2- 25% L+ 75% NL and spontaneous vegetation (SV)). The experimental design was a randomised block with four replications. Fourteen species of legumes, grasses and oilseeds were used for the composition of the plant cocktails. We evaluated production of the dry shoot and root biomass and carbon and nutrient accumulation by green manures and melon plant. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the treatment means were compared by Tukey´s test (P<0.05). Shoot biomass production and carbon and nutrient accumulation were higher in plant mixtures compared to spontaneous vegetation. The root system of the plant cocktails added larger quantities of biomass and nutrients to the soil to a depth of 0.60 m when compared to the spontaneous vegetation. The cultivation of plant cocktails with soil tillage, regardless of their composition, is a viable alternative for adding biomass and nutrients to the soil in melon crops in semi-arid conditions, providing productivity increases.

An Environmental Management Experience Within the Project: Improvement of Educational Opportunities in Rural Environmental Management in Sarapiqui and Guapiles’ Schools

A very important aspect of worldwide education and, particularly for Costa Rican education, is the environmental management as an educational strategy. For this reason, this article describes the experience of the project Mejora de la Oferta Educativa en Gestión Ambiental Rural (MOE-GAR) during its first stage in 2009. The population was comprised by teachers from different areas of the rural school districts of Guapiles and Sarapiquí. As a part of this project, we worked with teachers, different government and nongovernment institutions, throughout the 2009 school year; obtaining as a result, a process of knowledge development in environmental management. Based on this, several proposals were developed in different educational institutions.

Relationships between labile soil organic carbon fractions under different soil management systems.

ABSTRACT: The study of labile carbon fractions (LCF) provides an understanding of the behavior of soil organic matter (SOM) under different soil management systems and cover crops. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different soil management systems with respect to tillage, cover crop and phosphate fertilization on the amount of the LCF of SOM. Treatments consisted of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) with millet as the cover crop and a no-tillage system with velvet bean at two phosphorus dosages. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for organic carbon (OC), C oxidizable by KMnO4 (C-KMnO4), particulate OC (POC), microbial biomass carbon and light SOM in the 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m soil layers. The Carbon Management Index (CMI) was calculated to evaluate the impacts of soil management treatments on the quality of the SOM. The different LCFs are sensitive to different soil management systems, and there are significant correlations between them. C-KMnO4 is considered the best indicator of OC carbon lability. In the soil surface layers, the CT reduced the carbon content in all of the labile fractions of the SOM. The use of phosphorus led to the accumulation of OC and carbon in the different soil fractions regardless of the tillage system or cover crop. The application of phosphate fertilizer improved the ability of the NTsystem to promote soil quality, as assessed by the CMI.

PCM-based battery thermal management systems, energy saving materials and LCA strategy for automotive

This PhD work arises from the necessity to give a contribution to the energy saving field, regarding automotive applications. The aim was to produce a multidisciplinary work to show how much important is to consider different aspects of an electric car realization: from innovative materials to cutting-edge battery thermal management systems (BTMSs), also dealing with the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the battery packs (BPs). Regarding the materials, it has been chosen to focus on carbon fiber composites as their use allows realizing light products with great mechanical properties. Processes and methods to produce carbon fiber goods have been analysed with a special attention on the university solar car Emilia 4. The work proceeds dealing with the common BTMSs on the market (air-cooled, cooling plates, heat pipes) and then it deepens some of the most innovative systems such as the PCM-based BTMSs after a previous experimental campaign to characterize the PCMs. After that, a complex experimental campaign regarding the PCM-based BTMSs has been carried on, considering both uninsulated and insulated systems. About the first category the tested systems have been pure PCM-based and copper-foam-loaded-PCM-based BTMSs; the insulated tested systems have been pure PCM-based and copper-foam-loaded-PCM-based BTMSs and both of these systems equipped with a liquid cooling circuit. The choice of lighter building materials and the optimization of the BTMS are strategies which helps in reducing the energy consumption, considering both the energy required by the car to move and the BP state of health (SOH). Focusing on this last factor, a clear explanation regarding the importance of taking care about the SOH is given by the analysis of a BP production energy consumption. This is why a final dissertation about the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a BP unit has been presented in this thesis.

Multidisciplinary approach to horse welfare in different management systems

From its domestication until nowadays, the horse has assumed multiple roles in human society. Over time, this condition and the lack of specific regulation have led to the development of different kinds of management systems for this species. This Ph.D. research project aims to investigate horses' welfare in different management practices and housing systems, considering a multidisciplinary approach, taking into account biological function, naturalness, and affective dimension. The results are presented in five articles that evidence risk factors that can mine horse welfare, and examine tools and parameters that can be employed for its assessment. Our research shows the importance of considering the evolutionary history and the species-specific and behavioural needs of horses in their management and housing. Sociality, free movement, diet composition and foraging routine, and the workload that these animals undergo are important factors that should be taken into account. Furthermore, this research has evidenced the importance of employing different parameters (e.g., behaviour, endocrinological parameters, and immune activity) in welfare assessment and proposes the use of horsehair DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) as a possible useful additional non-invasive measure for the investigation of long-term stress conditions. Finally, our results underline the importance of considering the affective dimension in welfare research. Recently, Judgement Bias Tests (JBT), which are based on the influence of affective states on the decision-making process, have been widely employed in animal welfare research. However, our studies show that the use of spatial JBT in horses can have some limitations. Still today several management systems do not fulfill species-specific needs of horses, thus the implementation of specific regulations could ameliorate horse welfare. A multidisciplinary approach to welfare assessment is fundamental, but it should be always remembered the individual and its own characteristics, which can influence not only physiological, immunological, and behavioural responses but also emotional and cognitive dimensions.

Certification and integration of environment with quality and safety – a path to sustained success

According to Wright [1] certification of products and processes began during the 1960’s in the manufacturing industry, as a tool to control and assure the quality/conformity of products and services provided by suppliers to customers/consumers. Thus, the series of ISO 9000 was published first time, in 1987 and it was been created with a flexible character, to be reviewed periodically. Later, were published others normative references, which highlight the ISO 14001 in 1996 and OHSAS 18001 in 1999. This was also, the natural sequence of the certification processes in the organizations, i.e., began with the certification of quality management systems (QMS) followed by the environmental management systems (EMS) and after for the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS). Hence, a high percentage of organizations with an EMS, in accordance with the ISO 14001, had also implemented, a certified QMS, in accordance with ISO 9001. At first the implementation of a QMS was particularly relevant in high demanding activity sectors, like the automotive and aeronautical industries, but it has rapidly extended to every activity sector, becoming a common requisite of any company worldwide and a factor of competitiveness and survival. Due to the increasingly demanding environmental legislation in developed countries, companies nowadays are required to seriously take into consideration not only environmental aspects associated to the production chain itself, but also to the life cycle of their products.

Implementing and certifying ISO 14001 in Portugal: motives, difficulties and benefits after ISO 9001 certification

The purpose of this study is to characterise the environmental management systems (EMS) certification process (International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001) in Portuguese small and medium enterprises (SMEs) following quality management system (QMS) certification (ISO 9001). The study is based on a sample from Portuguese SMEs which characterise the local reality in terms of companies certified in accordance with ISO 14001 after ISO 9001 certification. Some Portuguese SMEs have the EMS implemented but not certified, mainly given the lack of investment support and because it is considered merely a form of marketing. As such, they do not feel motivated to certificate an EMS in the company since they consider that it is a form of advertising and not a way to protect the environment. Nonetheless, it is already evident form other Portuguese SMEs that gained EMS certification that gains supersede marketing benefits and allow for evermore enduring benefits such as prevention of environmental risks, environment protection, improved company image, compliance with legislation and efficient use of natural resources. This paper also presented the main difficulties in achieving an EMS certification, including high certification costs, human resources, motivation issues and difficulties in changing the company’s culture.

Responsabilidade ambiental: análise das divulgações ambientais das empresas do PSI-20 comparativamente com empresas não cotadas

Orientador: Mestre, António Pinto Marques

Diagnóstico ambiental dos estabelecimentos de ensino orientado para a implementação de um sistema de gestão ambiental

As instituições de ensino procuram ser impulsionadoras de boas práticas ambientais demonstrando com isso o seu compromisso com o meio ambiente e com as gerações futuras. Os Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental (SGA), nomeadamente as exigências da ISO 14001:2004 podem ser uma oportunidade para as instituições gerirem correctamente todos os seus recursos, assim como eliminarem os riscos e custos desnecessários, ao mesmo tempo que reforçam os seus valores quanto à protecção do meio ambiente, prevenção da poluição, cumprimento legal e as necessidades socioeconómicas. Pretendeu-se com este estudo determinar quais os factores que condicionam a abordagem de uma política ambiental nos estabelecimentos de ensino, relacionando-as com as diferentes características das escolas com as suas abordagens ambientais, assim como determinar quais os factores que influenciam a postura ambiental das escolas. Os resultados foram recolhidos através de um inquérito por questionário, direccionado para os estabelecimentos de ensino pré-escolar, 1º, 2º, 3º ciclos e secundário da Área Metropolitana do Porto. Através da análise das respostas de 405 escolas, conclui-se que aqueles com melhores desempenhos ambientais e melhores condições para implementar um SGA são os estabelecimentos de ensino com a tipologia EB2,3/ES, públicos, pertencentes aos concelhos de Gondomar, Mais e Sto Tirso, localizados nas zonas urbanas e com edifícios escolares recentes em excelentes ou bons estados de conservação. De um modo geral todos os estabelecimentos de ensino demonstram um desempenho ambiental considerado bom e acima do considerado satisfatório para a implementação de um SGA.

Oysters return to the Tagus estuary through an ecological model

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of New University of Lisbon for obtaining the degree of Master in Environmental Management Systems

ISO 14001:2015: An Improved Tool for Sustainability

ISO 14001 is an International Standard of worldwide acceptance based on the concept that better environmental performance can be achieved when environmental aspects are systematically identified and managed giving a major contribution to Sustainability, through pollution prevention, improved environmental performance and complying with applicable laws. This paper aims to discuss the Sustainability approach through the use of Environmental Management Standards (EMS), the results achieved by organizations that implement and certify those EMS and a special focus on the current process of ISO 14001:2015 revision and the logic behind it.

Strategic Drivers for Implementing Sustainability Programs in Portuguese Organizations– Let’s Listen to Aristotle: From Triple to Quadruple Bottom Line

This article describes a study that investigated the main strategic drivers that influence the implementation of sustainability/social responsibility programs. An online survey was administered to managers of Portuguese organizations with certified management systems. The findings suggest that the implementation of such programs is mainly correlated to: 1.) the approach to understanding and working toward the satisfaction of the community’s needs (in the broad sense of social responsibility); 2.) how systematically sustainability within the organization is identified and managed (e.g., pollution prevention, improved environmental performance, and compliance with the applicable environmental laws); and 3.) the degree to which the organization tries to understand the needs of the employees and works toward satisfying them. In addition to the survey, five interviews with top managers of the surveyed organizations provided some useful insights. There was no consensus on the meaning of sustainability and social responsibility: some described it as an instrumental approach for obtaining better organizational results, while others regarded it as the right thing to do (i.e., it is values driven). In all cases, however, the managers supported a kind of umbrella construct under which different size corporations use different models (for example, the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI), Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), ISO 14001 environmental management systems), although some managers reported that they simply do not know what to do. All of those surveyed agreed that the lack of a systematic approach could represent a major threat to their organization, making them willing to pay more attention and take more action on the issue of sustainability. An additional suggestion made by managers was to change from a triple bottom line (economic dimension, environmental dimension, social equity dimension) to a quadruple bottom line by adding another dimension: personal and family happiness. This fourth dimension was recognized by the Greek philosopher/thinker Aristotle (384-322 BCE) who thought of happiness as the highest good (virtue) and ultimate goal and purpose of life, achieved through living well, in harmony. Such harmony suggests a balance and a lack of excess—in other words a sustainable existence.

Implementação do Sistema de Gestão Ambiental na Unidade Industrial de Gouveia, da Sumol+Compal

Esta dissertação descreve o levantamento da gestão de uma unidade fabril no âmbito do engarrafamento de águas, para a implementação de um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental (SGA) recorrendo á Norma NP EN ISO 14001:2012 tendo como objetivo proporcionar a melhoria contínua dos processos implementados na empresa bem como todos os benefícios que este referencial pressupõe. Foi realizada, numa primeira fase, uma auditoria diagnóstico com uma visita á fabrica no âmbito da implementação da ISO 14001, e posteriormente realizado todo o trabalho de aplicação ao referencial. Este trabalho consistiu a abordagem a todos os requisitos da norma ISO 14001 com principal foco na fase de Planeamento de um SGA, procurando-se responder essencialmente ao requisito 4.3 da referida norma. Procedeu-se á identificação das atividades da empresa (entradas e saídas), dos aspetos ambientais associados (respetiva significância) e levantamento dos requisitos legais aplicáveis (obrigações). Os restantes requisitos foram abordados e fez-se uma sugestão para o seu cumprimento, para além de que muitos já se encontram em cumprimento por compatibilidade com a norma ISO 9001 da qual a empresa já se encontra certificada. Esta dissertação pretende discutir e apresentar propostas para a implementação do SGA, possíveis vantagens daí decorrentes e as barreiras a ultrapassar (aspetos ambientais significativos) de maneiras a por em prática os requisitos do referencial normativo que venha a ser adotado. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica destas temáticas e, ainda que estas medidas propostas não tenham sido implementadas, assim que implementadas esperam-se ganhos na economia de recursos como também outros benefícios descritos ao longo da dissertação que permita, com implementação do SGA não só enquanto estratégia, ser inovadora e competitiva.

Implantació d'un sistema de gestió integrada: ISO 9001:00, ISO 14001:04 i OHSAS 18001:07, en un centre d'estètica i perruqueria

En aquests últims anys, són moltes les empreses que han optat per la utilització de sistemes de gestió normalitzats, per a garantir la rendibilitat i fiabilitat dels resultats de la implantació del sistema de gestió en qüestió. A la dècada dels 90 va ser quan la implantació de sistemes de gestió va començar a ser important en la majoria de sectors econòmics. L’evolució en els sistemes de gestió a trets generals va iniciar-se primerament en l’àmbit de la qualitat, seguidament en la gestió ambiental i en última instància en la prevenció de riscos laborals. Aquests tres tipus de sistemes de gestió, en els últims anys s’han anat integrant, de manera que s’han reduït els recursos i els esforços emprats en la gestió, millorant significativament l’eficàcia i l’eficiència d’aquests sistemes. L’objectiu principal que persegueix aquest projecte, és definir un sistema de gestió que permeti a l’empresa conduir les seves activitats de forma simplificada i ordenada, i que alhora faciliti la informació necessària per a corregir i millorar les activitats. Un altre objectiu que pretén aconseguir aquest projecte, és el de dissenyar un SGI que aprofiti les sinèrgies generades en els diferents àmbits de la pròpia empresa i fomenti les interaccions entre els diferents nivells de l’organització. En conseqüència, millorarà de forma important els fluxos d’informació dins de l’empresa minimitzant els esforços i la pèrdua d’informació. El mètode escollit per a la implantació del SGI, ha estat la Gestió per Processos, la qual es basa en la definició i seguiment dels processos de l’empresa, partint de les necessitats del client i acabant quan aquestes estan satisfetes. En conclusió, a la finalització del present projecte s’obtindrà un SGI, amb tots els processos de l’empresa definits i implantats, que doni compliment a les normes UNEEN-ISO 9001:00, UNE-EN-ISO 14001:04 i OHSAS 18001:07. Aquest SGI, que s’ha realitzat des d’un punt de vista documental i teòric, suposarà una millora de l’eficàcia operativa dels processos i una important millora competitiva de l’empresa.

Vapaaehtoiset ympäristönhallintajärjestelmät Euroopan Unionissa ja Yhdysvalloissa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää minkälaisia ovat Euroopan Unionin Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) ja yhdysvaltalainen Performance track -ympäristönhallintajärjestelmät. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan näihin vapaaehtoisiin ympäristönhallintajärjestelmiin osallistuvien yritysten hyötyjä, kokemuksia sekä tyytyväisyyttä ohjelman antiin ja sitä ylläpitäviin viranomaisiin. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen osa on tehty kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteellaja empiirinen aineisto kerättiin sähköpostikyselynä. EMAS -asetus otettiin käyttöön vuonna 1993. Asetuksessa määritellään ympäristöhallintajärjestelmän osa-alueet yksityiskohtaisesti. Mukana olevien yritysten mielestä järjestelmä on helppo ottaa käyttöön ja suurin osa EMAS -yrityksistä kokee hyötyvänsä osallistumisestaan järjestelmään. Tärkeimmäksi hyödyksi koettiin ympäristöhyödyt sekä parantunut yrityskuva. Yritykset kokivat järjestelmän heikkoutena viranomaisten tuen puutteen. Yhdysvaltain Environmental Protection Agency:n Performance Track -järjestelmä esiteltiin vuonna 2000. Järjestelmän osallistumiskriteerit ovat haastavia. Mukana olevat yritykset kokevat hyötyvänsäjärjestelmästä. Eniten mukana olevat yritykset arvostavat julkisuuskuvan parantumista, ympäristöhyötyjä sekä taloudellisia hyötyjä. Yhdysvalloissa pidettiin myös tärkeänä hyvää suhdetta ympäristöviranomaisiin. Heikkoutena koettiin järjestelmän vähäinen tunnettuus. Euroopassa vapaaehtoisia ympäristönhallintajärjestelmiä käyttävien yritysten tulisi viranomaisten avulla verkostoitua. Yhdysvalloissa tulisi kehittää ympäristöraportin todentamista.