Weighted and two-stage least squares estimation of semiparametric truncated regression models

This paper provides a root-n consistent, asymptotically normal weighted least squares estimator of the coefficients in a truncated regression model. The distribution of the errors is unknown and permits general forms of unknown heteroskedasticity. Also provided is an instrumental variables based two-stage least squares estimator for this model, which can be used when some regressors are endogenous, mismeasured, or otherwise correlated with the errors. A simulation study indicates that the new estimators perform well in finite samples. Our limiting distribution theory includes a new asymptotic trimming result addressing the boundary bias in first-stage density estimation without knowledge of the support boundary. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.

Neuropathic pain activates the endogenous kappa opioid system in mouse spinal cord and induces opioid receptor tolerance.

Release of endogenous dynorphin opioids within the spinal cord after partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL) is known to contribute to the neuropathic pain processes. Using a phosphoselective antibody [kappa opioid receptor (KOR-P)] able to detect the serine 369 phosphorylated form of the KOR, we determined possible sites of dynorphin action within the spinal cord after pSNL. KOR-P immunoreactivity (IR) was markedly increased in the L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn of wild-type C57BL/6 mice (7-21 d) after lesion, but not in mice pretreated with the KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (norBNI). In addition, knock-out mice lacking prodynorphin, KOR, or G-protein receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) did not show significant increases in KOR-P IR after pSNL. KOR-P IR was colocalized in both GABAergic neurons and GFAP-positive astrocytes in both ipsilateral and contralateral spinal dorsal horn. Consistent with sustained opioid release, KOR knock-out mice developed significantly increased tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in both the early (first week) and late (third week) interval after lesion. Similarly, mice pretreated with norBNI showed enhanced hyperalgesia and allodynia during the 3 weeks after pSNL. Because sustained activation of opioid receptors might induce tolerance, we measured the antinociceptive effect of the kappa agonist U50,488 using radiant heat applied to the ipsilateral hindpaw, and we found that agonist potency was significantly decreased 7 d after pSNL. In contrast, neither prodynorphin nor GRK3 knock-out mice showed U50,488 tolerance after pSNL. These findings suggest that pSNL induced a sustained release of endogenous prodynorphin-derived opioid peptides that activated an anti-nociceptive KOR system in mouse spinal cord. Thus, endogenous dynorphin had both pronociceptive and antinociceptive actions after nerve injury and induced GRK3-mediated opioid tolerance.

Modeling endogenous technological change for climate policy analysis

The approach used to model technological change in a climate policy model is a critical determinant of its results in terms of the time path of CO2 prices and costs required to achieve various emission reduction goals. We provide an overview of the different approaches used in the literature, with an emphasis on recent developments regarding endogenous technological change, research and development, and learning. Detailed examination sheds light on the salient features of each approach, including strengths, limitations, and policy implications. Key issues include proper accounting for the opportunity costs of climate-related knowledge generation, treatment of knowledge spillovers and appropriability, and the empirical basis for parameterizing technological relationships. No single approach appears to dominate on all these dimensions, and different approaches may be preferred depending on the purpose of the analysis, be it positive or normative. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nrg1 is an injury-induced cardiomyocyte mitogen for the endogenous heart regeneration program in zebrafish.

Heart regeneration is limited in adult mammals but occurs naturally in adult zebrafish through the activation of cardiomyocyte division. Several components of the cardiac injury microenvironment have been identified, yet no factor on its own is known to stimulate overt myocardial hyperplasia in a mature, uninjured animal. In this study, we find evidence that Neuregulin1 (Nrg1), previously shown to have mitogenic effects on mammalian cardiomyocytes, is sharply induced in perivascular cells after injury to the adult zebrafish heart. Inhibition of Erbb2, an Nrg1 co-receptor, disrupts cardiomyocyte proliferation in response to injury, whereas myocardial Nrg1 overexpression enhances this proliferation. In uninjured zebrafish, the reactivation of Nrg1 expression induces cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, overt muscle hyperplasia, epicardial activation, increased vascularization, and causes cardiomegaly through persistent addition of wall myocardium. Our findings identify Nrg1 as a potent, induced mitogen for the endogenous adult heart regeneration program.

The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words

Imagery and concreteness norms and percentage noun usage were obtained on the 1,080 verbal items from the Toronto Word Pool. Imagery was defined as the rated ease with which a word aroused a mental image, and concreteness was defined in relation to level of abstraction. The degree to which a word was functionally a noun was estimated in a sentence generation task. The mean and standard deviation of the imagery and concreteness ratings for each item are reported together with letter and printed frequency counts for the words and indications of sex differences in the ratings. Additional data in the norms include a grammatical function code derived from dictionary definitions, a percent noun judgment, indexes of statistical approximation to English, and an orthographic neighbor ratio. Validity estimates for the imagery and concreteness ratings are derived from comparisons with scale values drawn from the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) noun pool and the Toglia and Battig (1978) norms. © 1982 Psychonomic Society, Inc.

Impact of Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 Blockade on Endogenous Allospecific T Cells to Multiple Minor Histocompatibility Antigen Mismatched Cardiac Allograft.

BACKGROUND: Blocking leukocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 in organ transplant recipients prolongs allograft survival. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of LFA-1 blockade in preventing chronic rejection are not fully elucidated. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is the preeminent cause of late cardiac allograft failure characterized histologically by concentric intimal hyperplasia. METHODS: Anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody was used in a multiple minor antigen-mismatched, BALB.B (H-2B) to C57BL/6 (H-2B), cardiac allograft model. Endogenous donor-specific CD8 T cells were tracked down using major histocompatibility complex multimers against the immunodominant H4, H7, H13, H28, and H60 minor Ags. RESULTS: The LFA-1 blockade prevented acute rejection and preserved palpable beating quality with reduced CD8 T-cell graft infiltration. Interestingly, less CD8 T cell infiltration was secondary to reduction of T-cell expansion rather than less trafficking. The LFA-1 blockade significantly suppressed the clonal expansion of minor histocompatibility antigen-specific CD8 T cells during the expansion and contraction phase. The CAV development was evaluated with morphometric analysis at postoperation day 100. The LFA-1 blockade profoundly attenuated neointimal hyperplasia (61.6 vs 23.8%; P < 0.05), CAV-affected vessel number (55.3 vs 15.9%; P < 0.05), and myocardial fibrosis (grade 3.29 vs 1.8; P < 0.05). Finally, short-term LFA-1 blockade promoted long-term donor-specific regulation, which resulted in attenuated transplant arteriosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, LFA-1 blockade inhibits initial endogenous alloreactive T-cell expansion and induces more regulation. Such a mechanism supports a pulse tolerance induction strategy with anti-LFA-1 rather than long-term treatment.

Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor leads to selective expression of a human endogenous retrovirus in kidney cancer.

A human endogenous retrovirus type E (HERV-E) was recently found to be selectively expressed in most renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Importantly, antigens derived from this provirus are immunogenic, stimulating cytotoxic T cells that kill RCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show HERV-E expression is restricted to the clear cell subtype of RCC (ccRCC) characterized by an inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor-suppressor gene with subsequent stabilization of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs)-1α and -2α. HERV-E expression in ccRCC linearly correlated with HIF-2α levels and could be silenced in tumor cells by either transfection of normal VHL or small interfering RNA inhibition of HIF-2α. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that HIF-2α can serve as transcriptional factor for HERV-E by binding with HIF response element (HRE) localized in the proviral 5' long terminal repeat (LTR). Remarkably, the LTR was found to be hypomethylated only in HERV-E-expressing ccRCC while other tumors and normal tissues possessed a hypermethylated LTR preventing proviral expression. Taken altogether, these findings provide the first evidence that inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene can result in aberrant proviral expression in a human tumor and give insights needed for translational research aimed at boosting human immunity against antigenic components of this HERV-E.

Dust in the wind: How climate variables and volcanic dust affect rates of tooth wear in Central American howling monkeys.

OBJECTIVES: Two factors have been considered important contributors to tooth wear: dietary abrasives in plant foods themselves and mineral particles adhering to ingested food. Each factor limits the functional life of teeth. Cross-population studies of wear rates in a single species living in different habitats may point to the relative contributions of each factor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examine macroscopic dental wear in populations of Alouatta palliata (Gray, 1849) from Costa Rica (115 specimens), Panama (19), and Nicaragua (56). The sites differ in mean annual precipitation, with the Panamanian sites receiving more than twice the precipitation of those in Costa Rica or Nicaragua (∼3,500 mm vs. ∼1,500 mm). Additionally, many of the Nicaraguan specimens were collected downwind of active plinian volcanoes. Molar wear is expressed as the ratio of exposed dentin area to tooth area; premolar wear was scored using a ranking system. RESULTS: Despite substantial variation in environmental variables and the added presence of ash in some environments, molar wear rates do not differ significantly among the populations. Premolar wear, however, is greater in individuals collected downwind from active volcanoes compared with those living in environments that did not experience ash-fall. DISCUSSION: Volcanic ash seems to be an important contributor to anterior tooth wear but less so in molar wear. That wear is not found uniformly across the tooth row may be related to malformation in the premolars due to fluorosis. A surge of fluoride accompanying the volcanic ash may differentially affect the premolars as the molars fully mineralize early in the life of Alouatta.

Examination of Endogenous Rotund Expression and Function in Developing Drosophila Olfactory System Using CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Protein Tagging.

The zinc-finger protein Rotund (Rn) plays a critical role in controlling the development of the fly olfactory system. However, little is known about its molecular function in vivo. Here, we added protein tags to the rn locus using CRISPR-Cas9 technology in Drosophila to investigate its subcellular localization and the genes that it regulates . We previously used a reporter construct to show that rn is expressed in a subset of olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) precursors and it is required for the diversification of ORN fates. Here, we show that tagged endogenous Rn protein is functional based on the analysis of ORN phenotypes. Using this method, we also mapped the expression pattern of the endogenous isoform-specific tags in vivo with increased precision. Comparison of the Rn expression pattern from this study with previously published results using GAL4 reporters showed that Rn is mainly present in early steps in antennal disc patterning, but not in pupal stages when ORNs are born. Finally, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we showed a direct binding of Rotund to a previously identified regulatory element upstream of the bric-a-brac gene locus in the developing antennal disc.

Integración vertical en las empresas yerbateras y tealeras argentinas : variables que afectan el comportamiento de las firmas en sus decisiones de integración vertical

El sector de la yerba mate y el té en la Argentina tiene una larga historia en las provincias de Misiones y Corrientes. Esta historia siempre tiene como protagonista a la gran cantidad de productores, la industria y las autoridades políticas. Hace años entre estos actores se observa un fenómeno que es la integración vertical hacia la producción primaria por parte de las industrias. Dicho fenómeno genera preocupación en los eslabones inferiores y a la vez genera una interesante área para estudiar el comportamiento de la organización vertical de las empresas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar las variables que explican la integración vertical de las empresas. Para esto se realizó un análisis de los aportes teóricos de los costos de transacción, costos de agencia e incertidumbre como principales fuentes que explicarían este fenómeno. En base a datos de 82 encuestas realizadas a empresas se estimaron modelos econométricos mediante el modelo Tobit, con el fin de cuantificar los efectos de las variables. Los resultados comprobaron que las empresas realizan una comparación entre costos de agencia vs. costos de transacción; costos de producción interna vs. precio pagado por comprar; incertidumbre de producción interna vs. la externa. Además, los factores de incertidumbre en las ventas y abastecimiento juegan otro rol importante en el nivel de integración. Se esperaba que la incertidumbre en las ventas disminuyera la integración de las empresas y generara una integración parcial, lográndose resultados opuestos. Esto último deja una interesante área de investigación posterior: el efecto del riesgo en la integración parcial de las empresas. Finalmente la integración actual de las empresas y la tendencia a aumentarla, deja en claro las diferencias en la eficiencia entre el sector primario y la industria en el desarrollo de la actividad agrícola en común

Sistemas de producción de yacaré y helicícola : variables socio - económicas asociadas a su aprovechamiento sustentable

El uso comercial de fauna silvestre genera debates éticos y pragmáticos. Los debates pragmáticos discuten si ese aprovechamiento puede favorecer o dificultar la conservación de las especies y los ambientes donde habitan. Los abordajes conceptuales tradicionales analizan el eslabonamiento productivo a partir de los flujos de capital y producto enfatizando escasamente en los actores sociales intervinientes, lo que resulta insuficiente para evaluar su trayectoria en términos de sustentabilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un modelo conceptual que identifique variables sociales y económicas y su influencia en el aprovechamiento sustentable desde la perspectiva de los actores sociales involucrados en el uso comercial de fauna silvestre. Con herramientas metodológicas propias de la etnografía, los sistemas blandos y las redes sociales se analizaron el: 1) el sistema argentino de producción de yacaré, y 2) el sistema argentino helicícola. Se conceptualizaron ambos sistemas definiendo estructuras, efectos umbral, estados de equilibrio y metas. La contrastación de sistemas aparentemente diferentes permitió identificar cinco categorías clave: 1) demanda internacional de los productos, 2) las relaciones sociales entre actores participantes, 3) la estructura productiva, 4) el marco regulatorio y 5) el estado de conservación de las poblaciones silvestres. El modelo conceptual desarrollado articula las condiciones objetivas y subjetivas sobre las que interactúan los actores sociales involucrados, reconociendo el carácter co-evolutivo entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza. Esta herramienta de diagnóstico y planificación es un aporte original que permite visualizar la magnitud de la intervención en la naturalez, según los intereses sociales que subyacen y evaluar el impacto de dicha intervención sobre la conservación de las especies utilizadas.

Efecto de variables ambientales sobre la productividad primaria neta aérea y la concentración de proteína bruta de gramíneas en sistemas silvopastoriles de ñire (Nothofagus antarctica) : creación de un modelo de simulación

Nothofagus antarctica (ñire) ocupa una importante superficie de los bosques de Patagonia Sur, siendo ampliamente usado como sistemas silvopastoriles con ganadería ovina y bovina. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos el uso de estos bosques se realiza sin un manejo que permita optimizar la sustentabilidad del sistema. En esta tesis se estudió el efecto de distintas variables ambientales (temperatura, humedad del suelo, radiación) sobre la productividad y concentración de Proteína bruta (PB) de gramíneas en distintas situaciones de calidad forestal y coberturas de copas de bosques de ñire, así como también procesos asociados: descomposición y dinámica de nutrientes (mineralización-inmovilización) de residuos del estrato arbóreo y graminoso y mineralización de nitrógeno del suelo. La productividad de materia seca (MS) aérea de gramíneas (rango entre 135 a 1863 kg MS ha-1) estuvo positivamente asociada a la calidad forestal de los sitios, mientras que el efecto de las coberturas de copa dependió de la interacción con otras variables ambientales. Los valores de PB variaron principalmente según la cobertura de copa encontrándose los mayores valores en lugares más sombreados (transmisividades menor al 70 por ciento). La descomposición, tanto en hojas de ñire como en gramíneas, varió según el nivel de radiación, siendo mayores en los lugares con menor cobertura. Por otro lado, la dinámica de nutrientes no fue afectada por la CS o alguna variable estudiada. La mineralización de nitrógeno del suelo fue mayormente afectada por la humedad del suelo y el efecto de la cobertura de copa según la calidad del sitio forestal. Finalmente con los datos obtenidos e información de bibliografía se generó un modelo de simulación de productividad de MS y concentración de PB de gramíneas creciendo en bosques de ñire. El modelo generado después de ser sometido a diferentes pruebas se considera aceptable para ser usado como una herramienta de manejo sustentable en estos sistemas, aportando además nuevos conocimientos sobre las causales en la variación productiva y de calidad de los pastizales en bosques de ñire.

Worksheet for astronomical variables (VARAST 1.0)

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Relación entre variables agroclimáticas y rendimientos de trigo en la región pampeana

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Worksheet for astronomical variables (VARAST 1.0)

p.171-177