Descripción, comparación y ejemplos de uso de las funciones de la toolbox de procesado digital de imágenes de MATLAB®

Matlab, uno de los paquetes de software matemático más utilizados actualmente en el mundo de la docencia y de la investigación, dispone de entre sus muchas herramientas una específica para el procesado digital de imágenes. Esta toolbox de procesado digital de imágenes está formada por un conjunto de funciones adicionales que amplían la capacidad del entorno numérico de Matlab y permiten realizar un gran número de operaciones de procesado digital de imágenes directamente a través del programa principal. Sin embargo, pese a que MATLAB cuenta con un buen apartado de ayuda tanto online como dentro del propio programa principal, la bibliografía disponible en castellano es muy limitada y en el caso particular de la toolbox de procesado digital de imágenes es prácticamente nula y altamente especializada, lo que requiere que los usuarios tengan una sólida formación en matemáticas y en procesado digital de imágenes. Partiendo de una labor de análisis de todas las funciones y posibilidades disponibles en la herramienta del programa, el proyecto clasificará, resumirá y explicará cada una de ellas a nivel de usuario, definiendo todas las variables de entrada y salida posibles, describiendo las tareas más habituales en las que se emplea cada función, comparando resultados y proporcionando ejemplos aclaratorios que ayuden a entender su uso y aplicación. Además, se introducirá al lector en el uso general de Matlab explicando las operaciones esenciales del programa, y se aclararán los conceptos más avanzados de la toolbox para que no sea necesaria una extensa formación previa. De este modo, cualquier alumno o profesor que se quiera iniciar en el procesado digital de imágenes con Matlab dispondrá de un documento que le servirá tanto para consultar y entender el funcionamiento de cualquier función de la toolbox como para implementar las operaciones más recurrentes dentro del procesado digital de imágenes. Matlab, one of the most used numerical computing environments in the world of research and teaching, has among its many tools a specific one for digital image processing. This digital image processing toolbox consists of a set of additional functions that extend the power of the digital environment of Matlab and allow to execute a large number of operations of digital image processing directly through the main program. However, despite the fact that MATLAB has a good help section both online and within the main program, the available bibliography is very limited in Castilian and is negligible and highly specialized in the particular case of the image processing toolbox, being necessary a strong background in mathematics and digital image processing. Starting from an analysis of all the available functions and possibilities in the program tool, the document will classify, summarize and explain each function at user level, defining all input and output variables possible, describing common tasks in which each feature is used, comparing results and providing illustrative examples to help understand its use and application. In addition, the reader will be introduced in the general use of Matlab explaining the essential operations within the program and clarifying the most advanced concepts of the toolbox so that an extensive prior formation will not be necessary. Thus, any student or teacher who wants to start digital image processing with Matlab will have a document that will serve to check and understand the operation of any function of the toolbox and also to implement the most recurrent operations in digital image processing.

Computational methods to create and analyze a digital gene expression atlas of embryo development from microscopy images

Abstract The creation of atlases, or digital models where information from different subjects can be combined, is a field of increasing interest in biomedical imaging. When a single image does not contain enough information to appropriately describe the organism under study, it is then necessary to acquire images of several individuals, each of them containing complementary data with respect to the rest of the components in the cohort. This approach allows creating digital prototypes, ranging from anatomical atlases of human patients and organs, obtained for instance from Magnetic Resonance Imaging, to gene expression cartographies of embryo development, typically achieved from Light Microscopy. Within such context, in this PhD Thesis we propose, develop and validate new dedicated image processing methodologies that, based on image registration techniques, bring information from multiple individuals into alignment within a single digital atlas model. We also elaborate a dedicated software visualization platform to explore the resulting wealth of multi-dimensional data and novel analysis algo-rithms to automatically mine the generated resource in search of bio¬logical insights. In particular, this work focuses on gene expression data from developing zebrafish embryos imaged at the cellular resolution level with Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy. Disposing of quantitative measurements relating multiple gene expressions to cell position and their evolution in time is a fundamental prerequisite to understand embryogenesis multi-scale processes. However, the number of gene expressions that can be simultaneously stained in one acquisition is limited due to optical and labeling constraints. These limitations motivate the implementation of atlasing strategies that can recreate a virtual gene expression multiplex. The developed computational tools have been tested in two different scenarios. The first one is the early zebrafish embryogenesis where the resulting atlas constitutes a link between the phenotype and the genotype at the cellular level. The second one is the late zebrafish brain where the resulting atlas allows studies relating gene expression to brain regionalization and neurogenesis. The proposed computational frameworks have been adapted to the requirements of both scenarios, such as the integration of partial views of the embryo into a whole embryo model with cellular resolution or the registration of anatom¬ical traits with deformable transformation models non-dependent on any specific labeling. The software implementation of the atlas generation tool (Match-IT) and the visualization platform (Atlas-IT) together with the gene expression atlas resources developed in this Thesis are to be made freely available to the scientific community. Lastly, a novel proof-of-concept experiment integrates for the first time 3D gene expression atlas resources with cell lineages extracted from live embryos, opening up the door to correlate genetic and cellular spatio-temporal dynamics. La creación de atlas, o modelos digitales, donde la información de distintos sujetos puede ser combinada, es un campo de creciente interés en imagen biomédica. Cuando una sola imagen no contiene suficientes datos como para describir apropiadamente el organismo objeto de estudio, se hace necesario adquirir imágenes de varios individuos, cada una de las cuales contiene información complementaria respecto al resto de componentes del grupo. De este modo, es posible crear prototipos digitales, que pueden ir desde atlas anatómicos de órganos y pacientes humanos, adquiridos por ejemplo mediante Resonancia Magnética, hasta cartografías de la expresión genética del desarrollo de embrionario, típicamente adquiridas mediante Microscopía Optica. Dentro de este contexto, en esta Tesis Doctoral se introducen, desarrollan y validan nuevos métodos de procesado de imagen que, basándose en técnicas de registro de imagen, son capaces de alinear imágenes y datos provenientes de múltiples individuos en un solo atlas digital. Además, se ha elaborado una plataforma de visualization específicamente diseñada para explorar la gran cantidad de datos, caracterizados por su multi-dimensionalidad, que resulta de estos métodos. Asimismo, se han propuesto novedosos algoritmos de análisis y minería de datos que permiten inspeccionar automáticamente los atlas generados en busca de conclusiones biológicas significativas. En particular, este trabajo se centra en datos de expresión genética del desarrollo embrionario del pez cebra, adquiridos mediante Microscopía dos fotones con resolución celular. Disponer de medidas cuantitativas que relacionen estas expresiones genéticas con las posiciones celulares y su evolución en el tiempo es un prerrequisito fundamental para comprender los procesos multi-escala característicos de la morfogénesis. Sin embargo, el número de expresiones genéticos que pueden ser simultáneamente etiquetados en una sola adquisición es reducido debido a limitaciones tanto ópticas como del etiquetado. Estas limitaciones requieren la implementación de estrategias de creación de atlas que puedan recrear un multiplexado virtual de expresiones genéticas. Las herramientas computacionales desarrolladas han sido validadas en dos escenarios distintos. El primer escenario es el desarrollo embrionario temprano del pez cebra, donde el atlas resultante permite constituir un vínculo, a nivel celular, entre el fenotipo y el genotipo de este organismo modelo. El segundo escenario corresponde a estadios tardíos del desarrollo del cerebro del pez cebra, donde el atlas resultante permite relacionar expresiones genéticas con la regionalización del cerebro y la formación de neuronas. La plataforma computacional desarrollada ha sido adaptada a los requisitos y retos planteados en ambos escenarios, como la integración, a resolución celular, de vistas parciales dentro de un modelo consistente en un embrión completo, o el alineamiento entre estructuras de referencia anatómica equivalentes, logrado mediante el uso de modelos de transformación deformables que no requieren ningún marcador específico. Está previsto poner a disposición de la comunidad científica tanto la herramienta de generación de atlas (Match-IT), como su plataforma de visualización (Atlas-IT), así como las bases de datos de expresión genética creadas a partir de estas herramientas. Por último, dentro de la presente Tesis Doctoral, se ha incluido una prueba conceptual innovadora que permite integrar los mencionados atlas de expresión genética tridimensionales dentro del linaje celular extraído de una adquisición in vivo de un embrión. Esta prueba conceptual abre la puerta a la posibilidad de correlar, por primera vez, las dinámicas espacio-temporales de genes y células.

Assembling models of embryo development: Image analysis and the construction of digital atlases

Digital atlases of animal development provide a quantitative description of morphogenesis, opening the path toward processes modeling. Prototypic atlases offer a data integration framework where to gather information from cohorts of individuals with phenotypic variability. Relevant information for further theoretical reconstruction includes measurements in time and space for cell behaviors and gene expression. The latter as well as data integration in a prototypic model, rely on image processing strategies. Developing the tools to integrate and analyze biological multidimensional data are highly relevant for assessing chemical toxicity or performing drugs preclinical testing. This article surveys some of the most prominent efforts to assemble these prototypes, categorizes them according to salient criteria and discusses the key questions in the field and the future challenges toward the reconstruction of multiscale dynamics in model organisms.

Android en el Hogar Digital usando UPnP y Redes LonWorks

Este Proyecto Final de Carrera se centra principalmente en el estudio de las tecnologías aplicadas al Hogar Digital (HD) y así poder desarrollar nuevas herramientas aplicadas a este Sector. La primera tecnología estudiada es LonWorks que se escogió porque en la EUITT se cuenta con un entorno domótico donde se aplica esta tecnología, materializado como una maqueta de una instalación LonWorks en un HD. Sobre este entorno se ha desarrollado una nueva forma de gestionar y controlar los elementos de una Red LonWorks mediante la tecnología Universal Plug & Play (UPnP). Los dispositivos LonWorks han sido recubiertos con una capa con la que se consigue tratar los elementos LonWorks como dispositivos UPnP, pudiendo de esta manera trabajar bajo un mismo formato de dispositivo. Este formato está definido por un documento denominado Descripción del Dispositivo UPnP. Por tanto, no es necesario conocer el estado de los dispositivos de la Red LonWorks, sino únicamente trabajar bajo una Red UPnP, creando nuevos dispositivos UPnP, puntos de Control y servicios a partir de los elementos LonWorks. Una vez realizado el recubrimiento del sistema LonWorks con UPnP, se ha definido y desarrollado una aplicación para Android que, permite controlar los elementos de la maqueta del HD desde un Smartphone o una Tablet. El acceso a la Red LonWorks de la maqueta del HD se hace a través de la interfaz Web Services SOAP/XML del dispositivo iLON100. ABSTRACT. This Final Degree Project is mainly focused on the study of the technologies applied to Digital Home and thus be able to develop new tools applied to this area. The first study is LonWorks technology which was chosen because the EUITT has a domotic environment where this technology is applied, materialized as a demonstrator of a LonWorks installation in HD. With this environment has developed a new way to manage and control the elements of a LonWorks network through technology by Universal Plug & Play (UPnP). LonWorks devices are covered with a layer and it is achieved LonWorks elements treat as UPnP devices. In this way the LonWorks elements can work under one device format. This format is defined by a document called UPnP Device Description. Therefore, it isn't necessary to know the state of the LonWorks network devices, but only work under an UPnP network, creating new UPnP devices, control points and services from LonWorks elements. After backfill of LonWorks system with UPnP, have being defined and developed an Android application that allow controlling the elements of the mockup of HD from Smartphone or a Tablet. The LonWorks network Access of the mockup of HD is done through the Web Interface Services SOAP / XML iLON100 device.

Analysis of digital chaotic optical signals

The main objective of this paper is to present some tools to analyze a digital chaotic signal. We have proposed some of them previously, as a new type of phase diagrams with binary signals converted to hexadecimal. Moreover, the main emphasis will be given in this paper to an analysis of the chaotic signal based on the Lempel and Ziv method. This technique has been employed partly by us to a very short stream of data. In this paper we will extend this method to long trains of data (larger than 2000 bit units). The main characteristics of the chaotic signal are obtained with this method being possible to present numerical values to indicate the properties of the chaos.

Time evolution of frequency components In a chaotic digital signal

The type of signals obtained has conditioned chaos analysis tools. Almost in every case, they have analogue characteristics. But in certain cases, a chaotic digital signal is obtained and theses signals need a different approach than conventional analogue ones. The main objective of this paper will be to present some possible approaches to the study of this signals and how information about their characteristics may be obtained in the more straightforward possible way. We have obtained digital chaotic signals from an Optical Logic Cell with some feedback between output and one of the possible control gates. This chaos has been reported in several papers and its characteristics have been employed as a possible method to secure communications and as a way to encryption. In both cases, the influence of some perturbation in the transmission medium gave problems both for the synchronization of chaotic generators at emitter and receiver and for the recovering of information data. A proposed way to analyze the presence of some perturbation is to study the noise contents of transmitted signal and to implement a way to eliminate it. In our present case, the digital signal will be converted to a multilevel one by grouping bits in packets of 8 bits and applying conventional methods of time-frequency analysis to them. The results give information about the change in signals characteristics and hence some information about the noise or perturbations present. Equivalent representations to the phase and to the Feigenbaum diagrams for digital signals are employed in this case.

Desarrollo de herramientas de autoevaluación de prácticas de procesado digital de la señal.

El objetivo de este proyecto es desarrollar un conjunto de herramientas de auto aprendizaje y autoevaluación del laboratorio de la asignatura "Procesado Digital de la Señal", perteneciente al plan de grado de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Sistemas de Telecomunicación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Con ello se pretende de mejorar el rendimiento académico de los alumnos en dicha asignatura y en la materia "Señales y Sistemas" en general. Para la realización de las prácticas se emplea Matlab, de modo que es necesario integrar esta herramienta en el laboratorio con MOODLE, plataforma de e-learning utilizada para la gestión de las asignaturas a nivel docente, para proporcionar material de estudio y programar actividades de aprendizaje y evaluación. Será fundamental el análisis de la integración de Matlab con MOODLE, de modo que en función de los resultados de los alumnos, se les propongan repeticiones de apartados erróneos, revisiones de resultados y otros aspectos, como autoaprendizaje y autoevaluación que permitan la obtención de las competencias y alcanzar los resultados de aprendizaje, y a los profesores que imparten la asignatura, como herramienta para detectar las deficiencias más significativas en la programación y en las metodologías empleadas en la asignatura para corregir las carencias de los alumnos. ABSTRACT: The aim of this project will be the development of self-learning and self- assessment lab tools for the course "Procesado Digital de la Señal" in order to improve student’s performance in that subject and in the matter "Señales y Sistemas " for grades taught at the Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Telecomunicación of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid today. Matlab is used to perform laboratory practices of "Procesado Digital de la Señal “. Matlab is a numerical calculation program. A very powerful tool with a great mathematical processing performance level, so it is necessary to integrate this tool in the laboratory with MOODLE, the current e-learning platform used at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid for the management of teaching subjects to provide material and to program learning and assessment activities for students. It is therefore essential the analysis of the Matlab integration with Moodle. Thus, depending on the results and grades that students get along the way in the various activities evaluators should conduct, they propose, for example, repetitions of erroneous exercises, reviews of some results and other aspects such as self-learning and self-assessment. This would allow students to obtain the skills and learning to achieve the results set as a target. For teachers who teach the subject will also be a preview of the notes as these tools will be used to identify the most significant shortcomings both in programming and in the methodologies used in "Procesado Digital de la Señal " to act accordingly and correcting shortcomings of the enrolled students.

A digital framework to build, visualize and analyze a gene expression atlas with cellular resolution in zebrafish early embryogenesis

A gene expression atlas is an essential resource to quantify and understand the multiscale processes of embryogenesis in time and space. The automated reconstruction of a prototypic 4D atlas for vertebrate early embryos, using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with nuclear counterstain, requires dedicated computational strategies. To this goal, we designed an original methodological framework implemented in a software tool called Match-IT. With only minimal human supervision, our system is able to gather gene expression patterns observed in different analyzed embryos with phenotypic variability and map them onto a series of common 3D templates over time, creating a 4D atlas. This framework was used to construct an atlas composed of 6 gene expression templates from a cohort of zebrafish early embryos spanning 6 developmental stages from 4 to 6.3 hpf (hours post fertilization). They included 53 specimens, 181,415 detected cell nuclei and the segmentation of 98 gene expression patterns observed in 3D for 9 different genes. In addition, an interactive visualization software, Atlas-IT, was developed to inspect, supervise and analyze the atlas. Match-IT and Atlas-IT, including user manuals, representative datasets and video tutorials, are publicly and freely available online. We also propose computational methods and tools for the quantitative assessment of the gene expression templates at the cellular scale, with the identification, visualization and analysis of coexpression patterns, synexpression groups and their dynamics through developmental stages.

Soluciones de control para el Hogar Digital Accesible

En este proyecto, se pretende obtener la solución óptima para el control del hogar digital accesible. Para ello, comenzaremos explicando el funcionamiento básico de un sistema dómotico, enumeraremos los diversos dispositivos que se utilizan en este tipo de automatizaciones, y comentaremos las diferentes posibilidades con respecto a la arquitectura del sistema. Para elegir la opción más adecuada, se realizará un pequeño estudio a acerca de cada una de las tecnologías existentes, protocolos cerrados, y abiertos, así como tecnologías inalámbricas o de bus. Se realizará un estudio con mayor profundidad del estándar KNX, ya que será una de las tecnologías elegidas finalmente para la realización del proyecto. Una vez elegido el estándar, hemos de centrarnos en las necesidades del recinto, para así poder empezar a definir cada uno de los elementos que incluiremos en nuestra instalación, sensores, actuadores, elementos de intercomunicación, procesadores y dispositivos de control. El siguiente paso consistiría en la programación de la vivienda, para ello hemos de tener previamente estructurados y definidos tanto el número de circuitos eléctricos, como la función que estos desempeñan dentro del recinto inteligente, es decir, accionamiento, regulación etc, para así poder asignar cada circuito a la salida correspondiente de su propio actuador. La vivienda se programará a través de ETS, software asociado a la marca KNX. Mediante este protocolo controlaremos, iluminación, motores, climatización y seguridad. Debido a los recursos limitados que ofrece KNX con respecto a la programación lógica de eventos y secuencias de acciones, y la necesidad de visualizar la interfaz gráfica de la vivienda se ha integrado un procesador. Considerando el deseo de integrar el control de un televisor en la vivienda, futuras ampliaciones y otros aspectos, el procesador integrado será de Crestron Electronics, marca correspondiente a un protocolo cerrado de automatización de sistemas, que cuenta con grandes avances en el control multimedia. Por tanto, la segunda parte de la programación se realizará mediante otros dos softwares diferentes, pertenecientes a la marca, Simple Windows se encargará de la programación lógica del sistema, mientras que Vision Tools creará la visualización. Por último, obtendremos las conclusiones necesarias, adjuntaremos un diagrama de conexionado, presupuesto de la instalación, planos y un pequeño manual de usuario. ABSTRACT. The aim of this project is to optimize the environment control of the Accesible Digital Home unit located in ETSIST - UPM, through different essays, valuing the domestic possibilities and the current interfaces. The tests will be carried out comparing different protocols and the possibilities of optimization that they offer to a Digital Home. Aspects such as: ease the communications with other systems, reliability, costs, long term maintenance of the installation, etc. After conducting trials protocol or most appropriate technology for the automation of the enclosure shall be elected. One Chosen the standard, we have to focus on the needs of the enclosure, so, to begin defining each of the elements included in our installation, sensors, actuators, elements intercom, processors and control devices. The next step is the programing of housing, for that we have previously structured and defined both the number of electrical circuits, as the role they play in the intelligent enclosure, that is, switching, dimming etc., in order to assign each circuit to the corresponding output of its own actuator. The house will be scheduled through ETS, software associated with the brand KNX. Through this protocol we will control, lighting, motors, air conditioning and security. Due to the limited resources available in KNX with respect logic programming of events and sequences of actions, and the need to display the graphical interface housing has been integrated processor belonging to the closed protocol or Crestron electronics brand. Finally, when we get the necessary conclusions, enclose a diagram of wiring, installation budget, planes and a small manual.

Trees as Tools in Environmental Improvement; An Analysis of the Contribution of Vegetation to Energy and Water Conservation in the Front Range of Colorado

The Denver metropolitan area is facing rapid population growth that increases the stress on already limited resources. Research and advanced computer modeling show that trees, especially those in urban areas, have significant environmental benefits. These benefits include air quality improvements, energy savings, greenhouse gas reduction, and possible water conservation. This Capstone Project applies statistical methods to analyze a small data set of residential homes and their energy and water consumption, as a function of their individual landscape. Results indicate that tree shade can influence water conservation, and that irrigation methods can be an influential factor as well. The Capstone is a preliminary analysis for future study to be performed by the Institute for Environmental Solutions in 2007.

Intelligent Decision-Making System Frameworks for a Digital Plan of Work: A Theoretical Investigation for the Construction Industry

The construction industry is characterised by fragmentation and suffers from lack of collaboration, often adopting adversarial working practices to achieve deliverables. For the UK Government and construction industry, BIM is a game changer aiming to rectify this fragmentation and promote collaboration. However it has become clear that there is an essential need to have better controls and definitions of both data deliverables and data classification. Traditional methods and techniques for collating and inputting data have shown to be time consuming and provide little to improve or add value to the overall task of improving deliverables. Hence arose the need in the industry to develop a Digital Plan of Work (DPoW) toolkit that would aid the decision making process, providing the required control over the project workflows and data deliverables, and enabling better collaboration through transparency of need and delivery. The specification for the existing Digital Plan of Work (DPoW) was to be, an industry standard method of describing geometric, requirements and data deliveries at key stages of the project cycle, with the addition of a structured and standardised information classification system. However surveys and interviews conducted within this research indicate that the current DPoW resembles a digitised version of the pre-existing plans of work and does not push towards the data enriched decision-making abilities that advancements in technology now offer. A Digital Framework is not simply the digitisation of current or historic standard methods and procedures, it is a new intelligent driven digital system that uses new tools, processes, procedures and work flows to eradicate waste and increase efficiency. In addition to reporting on conducted surveys above, this research paper will present a theoretical investigation into usage of Intelligent Decision Support Systems within a digital plan of work framework. Furthermore this paper will present findings on the suitability to utilise advancements in intelligent decision-making system frameworks and Artificial Intelligence for a UK BIM Framework. This should form the foundations of decision-making for projects implemented at BIM level 2. The gap identified in this paper is that the current digital toolkit does not incorporate the intelligent characteristics available in other industries through advancements in technology and collation of vast amounts of data that a digital plan of work framework could have access to and begin to develop, learn and adapt for decision-making through the live interaction of project stakeholders.

Towards Automation in Digital Investigations : Seeking Efficiency in Digital Forensics in Mobile and Cloud Environments

Cybercrime and related malicious activity in our increasingly digital world has become more prevalent and sophisticated, evading traditional security mechanisms. Digital forensics has been proposed to help investigate, understand and eventually mitigate such attacks. The practice of digital forensics, however, is still fraught with various challenges. Some of the most prominent of these challenges include the increasing amounts of data and the diversity of digital evidence sources appearing in digital investigations. Mobile devices and cloud infrastructures are an interesting specimen, as they inherently exhibit these challenging circumstances and are becoming more prevalent in digital investigations today. Additionally they embody further characteristics such as large volumes of data from multiple sources, dynamic sharing of resources, limited individual device capabilities and the presence of sensitive data. These combined set of circumstances make digital investigations in mobile and cloud environments particularly challenging. This is not aided by the fact that digital forensics today still involves manual, time consuming tasks within the processes of identifying evidence, performing evidence acquisition and correlating multiple diverse sources of evidence in the analysis phase. Furthermore, industry standard tools developed are largely evidence-oriented, have limited support for evidence integration and only automate certain precursory tasks, such as indexing and text searching. In this study, efficiency, in the form of reducing the time and human labour effort expended, is sought after in digital investigations in highly networked environments through the automation of certain activities in the digital forensic process. To this end requirements are outlined and an architecture designed for an automated system that performs digital forensics in highly networked mobile and cloud environments. Part of the remote evidence acquisition activity of this architecture is built and tested on several mobile devices in terms of speed and reliability. A method for integrating multiple diverse evidence sources in an automated manner, supporting correlation and automated reasoning is developed and tested. Finally the proposed architecture is reviewed and enhancements proposed in order to further automate the architecture by introducing decentralization particularly within the storage and processing functionality. This decentralization also improves machine to machine communication supporting several digital investigation processes enabled by the architecture through harnessing the properties of various peer-to-peer overlays. Remote evidence acquisition helps to improve the efficiency (time and effort involved) in digital investigations by removing the need for proximity to the evidence. Experiments show that a single TCP connection client-server paradigm does not offer the required scalability and reliability for remote evidence acquisition and that a multi-TCP connection paradigm is required. The automated integration, correlation and reasoning on multiple diverse evidence sources demonstrated in the experiments improves speed and reduces the human effort needed in the analysis phase by removing the need for time-consuming manual correlation. Finally, informed by published scientific literature, the proposed enhancements for further decentralizing the Live Evidence Information Aggregator (LEIA) architecture offer a platform for increased machine-to-machine communication thereby enabling automation and reducing the need for manual human intervention.

Creating an authentic aural experience in the digital songlines game engine: Part of a contextualised cultural heritage knowledge toolkit

Digital Songlines is an Australasian CRC for Interaction Design (ACID) project that is developing protocols, methodologies and toolkits to facilitate the collection, education and sharing of indigenous cultural heritage knowledge. The project explores the areas of effective recording, content management and virtual reality delivery capabilities that are culturally sensitive and involve the indigenous custodians, leaders and communities in remote areas of the Australian ‘outback’. It investigates how players in a serious gaming sense can experience Indigenous virtual heritage in a high fidelity fashion with culturally appropriate interface tools. This paper describes a 3D ambient audio quilt designed and implemented specifically for the Digital Songlines software, which is built using the Torque Game Engine. The audio quilt developed provides dynamic ambient fauna and flora sound effects to represent the varying audio environment of the landscape. This provides an authentic contextualised interesting aural experience that can be different each time a location is entered. This paper reports on completed and ongoing research in this area.

Design Strategies and Modelling of Low-Power Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Converters

Oggi, i dispositivi portatili sono diventati la forza trainante del mercato consumer e nuove sfide stanno emergendo per aumentarne le prestazioni, pur mantenendo un ragionevole tempo di vita della batteria. Il dominio digitale è la miglior soluzione per realizzare funzioni di elaborazione del segnale, grazie alla scalabilità della tecnologia CMOS, che spinge verso l'integrazione a livello sub-micrometrico. Infatti, la riduzione della tensione di alimentazione introduce limitazioni severe per raggiungere un range dinamico accettabile nel dominio analogico. Minori costi, minore consumo di potenza, maggiore resa e una maggiore riconfigurabilità sono i principali vantaggi dell'elaborazione dei segnali nel dominio digitale. Da più di un decennio, diverse funzioni puramente analogiche sono state spostate nel dominio digitale. Ciò significa che i convertitori analogico-digitali (ADC) stanno diventando i componenti chiave in molti sistemi elettronici. Essi sono, infatti, il ponte tra il mondo digitale e analogico e, di conseguenza, la loro efficienza e la precisione spesso determinano le prestazioni globali del sistema. I convertitori Sigma-Delta sono il blocco chiave come interfaccia in circuiti a segnale-misto ad elevata risoluzione e basso consumo di potenza. I tools di modellazione e simulazione sono strumenti efficaci ed essenziali nel flusso di progettazione. Sebbene le simulazioni a livello transistor danno risultati più precisi ed accurati, questo metodo è estremamente lungo a causa della natura a sovracampionamento di questo tipo di convertitore. Per questo motivo i modelli comportamentali di alto livello del modulatore sono essenziali per il progettista per realizzare simulazioni veloci che consentono di identificare le specifiche necessarie al convertitore per ottenere le prestazioni richieste. Obiettivo di questa tesi è la modellazione del comportamento del modulatore Sigma-Delta, tenendo conto di diverse non idealità come le dinamiche dell'integratore e il suo rumore termico. Risultati di simulazioni a livello transistor e dati sperimentali dimostrano che il modello proposto è preciso ed accurato rispetto alle simulazioni comportamentali.

A COMUNICAÇÃO PODE SALVAR VIDAS: ALERTAS ANTECIPADOS DE EMERGÊNCIAS CLIMÁTICAS PELA TELEVISÃO DIGITAL INTERATIVA BRASILEIRA

Alertas Antecipados de Emergência são elementos importantes na redução de riscos de desastres, evitando a perda de vidas e reduzindo seu impacto econômico e material. Dentre os meios de comunicação mais eficazes para geração de alertas antecipados, a televisão digital com sua capacidade de emissão de um para muitos e ainda com suas possibilidades de gerar informações reativas com dados enviados pelo mesmo sinal de TV é, no momento, o estado da arte para ajudar a população em situações de risco, comprovado através de estudos comparativos entre os sistemas de alerta de emergência existentes hoje em todo o mundo. Neste trabalho são comparados os sistemas japonês e norte-americano, sendo que os referenciais teóricos apresentados focalizam o processo comunicacional de uma informação de emergência, a partir de diversas teorias que fundamentam o processo de comunicação em situações de crise, com os quais chegou-se à conclusão de que a tecnologia de televisão Digital Brasileira, juntamente com a infraestrutura essencial para detecção de riscos e confiabilidade para a geração de alertas antecipados já existente, dispõe de todo o ferramental necessário para a criação de um sistema nacional. Por fim são apresentadas as indicações iniciais para a criação de um modelo para uma comunicação eficaz e efetiva de informações de emergência destinado à população brasileira.