A New Modified Expanding Cavity Model for Characterizing the Spherical Indentation Behaviour of Bulk Metallic Glass with Pile-up

Spherical nanoindentation tests were performed on Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass and pile-ups were observed around the indenter. A new modified expanding cavity model was developed to characterize the indentation deformation behavior of strain-hardening and pressure-dependent materials. By using this model, the representative stress-strain response of this bulk metallic glass to hardness and indentation in the elastic-plastic regime were obtained taking into consideration the effect of pile-up.

Evaluación del efecto antídoto de fluxofenin sobre Digitaria Eriantha y Panicum Coloratum cv. Klein para aplicar herbicidas preemergentes

Resumen: En la región semiárida central, las gramíneas perennes megatérmicas contribuyen a disminuir los riesgos de erosión, a incrementar la receptividad en los sistemas de producción basados en pastizales naturales y a disminuir los costos de producción. Una de las especies de mayor difusión es pasto llorón (Eragrostis curvula). La resistencia a las bajas temperaturas invernales (-17°C), alta producción primaria y resistencia al pastoreo son algunas de las virtudes de esta especie. No obstante, durante el semestre frío y seco (otoño-invierno) el valor nutritivo del forraje diferido es muy bajo. La suplementación con concentrados energéticos –proteicos soluciona este problema, aunque incrementa los costos y complica el manejo. La identificación y evaluación de otras especies con características semejantes a pasto llorón, pero de mayor valor nutritivo sobre todo durante el invierno, fue una línea de trabajo importante en el INTA San Luis. De éste trabajo, surgieron dos especies actualmente en difusión en los sistemas de producción, a saber: Digitaria (Digitaria eriantha) y Mijo perenne (Panicum coloratum). Si bien la adopción de esta tecnología es importante, podría ser aún más elevada. Las dificultades de implantación es una causa relevante, sobre todo en potreros que han sido cultivados con especies anuales durante muchos años. En estos sitios, existe un importante banco de semilla de malezas gramíneas, que dificultan el control sin afectar la digitaria. El desarrollo de herbicidas preemergentes con gran poder residual, como así de compuestos químicos que funcionan como antídotos para proteger las especies que son afectadas por estos herbicidas, podrían resultar valiosos. Se dispone en el mercado de herbicidas de presiembra o preemergentes residuales formulados en base a acetamidas, a saber: i) S-metolaclor y ii) Acetoclor que controlan un amplio espectro de malezas incluidas las malezas problemas mencionadas. También se dispone de una sustancia química que funciona como antídoto-protector (fluxofenin) con el nombre comercial de Concep II y es utilizado para sembrar exitosamente el cultivo de sorgo. Se desconoce si éste compuesto podría proteger a las plántulas de digitaria y panicum. Se hipotetiza que la aplicación en el suelo de los herbicidas mencionados y la posterior siembra de semillas de digitaria y panicum protegidas con antídoto, no afectaría la germinación ni el desarrollo normal de plántulas de ambas especies. El objetivo de éste trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del antídoto, de los herbicidas y de la combinación de ambos sobre la germinación, crecimiento y sobrevivencia de plántulas de digitaria y panicum. El trabajo se desarrolló en el Laboratorio de semillas de la EEA San Luis del INTA, próxima a la ciudad de Villa Mercedes (Pcia. de San Luis). Se diseñaron 12 tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones para evaluar el efecto de cuatro dosis de antídoto (0; 20; 40 y 60 cc cada 100 kg de semilla) sin la aplicación de herbicidas (Sin), y la combinación de cada dosis de antídoto con dos herbicidas: SM (S-metolaclor) y A (Acetoclor) con la dosis recomendada comercialmente. Los tratamientos fueron: T1= (0:Sin); T2=(20:Sin); T3=(40:Sin); T4=(60:Sin); T5=(20:SM); T6=(40:SM); T7= (60:SM); T8=(20:A); T9=(40:A); T10=(60:A); T11=(0:SM); T12=(0:A). Se utilizaron 48 bandejas de plástico por especie forrajera de 15x10x3,5 cm, con 150 Se realizó la siembra al voleo con 0,5 gr de semilla en cada bandeja. Se compactó en forma semejante y cada bandeja se colocó en una bolsa de nylon para evitar la deshidratación. Luego se llevaron las 96 bandejas (2 especies forrajeras por 12 tratamientos por 4 repeticiones) a la cámara de cultivo con 30°C con 8 hs de luz y 20 °C con 16 hs de oscuridad. El ensayo tuvo una duración de 57 días. Se hicieron 14 mediciones de altura y n° de plantas. La unidad experimental fue la bandeja. Las variables respuesta (altura de hoja (mm) y el número de plantas) fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y las medias comparadas utilizando el test de LSD. El nivel de significación utilizado en el trabajo es del 5%. Los resultados obtenidos: En Digitaria (Digitaria eriantha): I) El desarrollo y número de plantas fue mayor sin antídoto y sin herbicida, (p≤0,05) II) El tratamiento 6 (40:SM) resultó la mejor combinación para obtener un adecuado crecimiento y número de plántulas, aunque inferior al testigo (p≤0,05). III) Se logra efecto protector para el herbicida S-metolaclor con una dosis de antídoto entre 20cc y 40cc. IV) El antídoto es fitotóxico para la Digitaria Eriantha en dosis de 60cc (p≤0,05). V) El antídoto no protege a la Digitaria Eriantha en ninguna de sus dosis del herbicida Acetoclor En Mijo perenne (Panicum coloratum).: I) La aplicación de antídoto en la menor dosis (20 cc) no afectó el crecimiento ni el número de las plantas. En esta última variable, aún las dosis mayores del antídoto (40 y 60 cc) no tuvieron efectos negativos respecto al testigo (p≤0,05), II) La combinación del herbicida s-metolaclor (SM) con las dosis intermedias (20 y 40cc) de antídoto tuvo un ligero efecto negativo sobre el crecimiento y número de plantas respecto al testigo, aunque con diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) III) La aplicación del herbicida Acetoclor con todas las dosis del antídoto afectó significativamente el crecimiento y el número de plantas (p≤0,05). Se concluye que el tratamiento con antídoto en dosis bajas (20cc) no afecta el desarrollo ni el número de plantas de digitaria y panicum. Esta última especie es menos afectada que digitaria aún con mayores dosis. La mejor combinación de antídoto y herbicida SM, es de 20 cc para digitaria y 60 cc para panicum. El herbicida Acetoclor tuvo efectos negativos en ambas especies. Se recomienda realizar nuevos ensayos en condiciones reales de producción.

Nd65Al10Fe25-xCox (x=0,5,10) bulk metallic glasses with wide supercooled liquid regions

Bulk metallic glasses of Nd65Al10Fe25-xCox (x=0,5,10) have been prepared in the form of 3 mm diam rods. Results of differential scanning calrimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and x-ray diffraction are presented for these alloys. It is shown that the glass transition and crystallization have been observed by DMTA. The reduced glass transition temperature of these glasses, defined as the ratio between the glass transition temperature T-g and the melting temperature T-l is in the range from 0.55 to 0.62. All these glasses have a large supercooled liquid region (SLR), ranging from 80 to 130 K. The high value of reduced glass transition temperature and wide SLR agree with their good glass formation ability.

Thickness of the near-interface regions and central bulk ohmic resistivity in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ferroelectric thin films

Thickness of the near-interface regions (NIR) and central bulk ohmic resistivity in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ferroelectric thin films were investigated. A method to separate the low-resistive near-interface regions (NIRs) from the high-resistive central bulk region (CBR) in ferroelectric thin films was presented. Results showed that the thickness of the NIRs depended on the electrode materials in use and the CBR resistivity depended on the impurity doping levels.

Effect of Carbon Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Forming Alloys

A kind of novel Ti-based composites was developed by introducing different amounts of carbon element to the Ti-50 Cu-23 Ni-20 Sn-7 bulk metallic glass forming alloys. The thermal stability and microstructural evolution of the composites were investigated. Room temperature compression tests reveal that the composite samples with 1% and 3% (mass fraction) carbon additions have higher fracture strength and obvious plastic strain of 2 195 MPa, 3.1% and 1 913 MPa, 1.3% respectively, compared with those of the corresponding carbon-free Ti-50 Ni-20 Cu-23 Sn-7 alloys. The deformation mechanisms of the composites with improved mechanical properties were also discussed.

Phase Evolution and its Effect on Magnetic Properties of Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 Bulk Metallic Glass

The thermal stability of nanocrystalline clusters, the phase evolution, and their effects on magnetic Propertieswere studied for as-cast Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 alloy using differential scanning calorimetry curves, x-ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transition electron microscopy. Thermomagnetic curves and hysteresis loops of the bulk metallic glass were measured during the annealing process. The high thermostability of the hardmagnetic properties of the samples observed is attributed to the stability of the nanocrystalline clusters upon annealing, while the slight enhancement in the magnetization is due to the precipitation of some Nd-rich metastable phases. The mechanism of thermostability of the nanocrystalline clusters and the formation of the metastable phases are discussed.

Melting and Crystallization of Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 Bulk Metallic Glass under High Pressure

Crystallization, melting and structural evolution upon crystallization in Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 bulk metallic glass (BMG) are in situ investigated by x-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation under high pressure. It is found that the crystallization is pressure promoted, while themelting is inhibited. The crystallization and melting process are also changed under high pressure. The features of the crystallization and melting under high pressure are discussed.

Influence of Coriolis force on bulk flows during horizontal Bridgman growth on a centrifuge: a numerical study

Three-dimensional and time-dependent numerical simulations are performed For melt convection in horizontal Bridgman crystal growth tinder high gravity conditions by means of a centrifuge. The numerical results show that Coriolis Force can cause a stabilizing effect on the fluctuations of the melt flow under a specific relation direction and relation rates of the centrifuge as reported in previous experiments (Ma et al., Materials Processing in High Gravity, Plenum Press, New York, 1994, p. 61). The present simulation provides details of the now features associated with the effect of the Coriolis force. There are also some differences between the present three-dimensional and former two-dimensional numerical solutions particularly in the prediction of the critical conditions and flow patterns.

A bulk acoustic mode single-crystal silicon microresonator with a high-quality factor

This paper details a bulk acoustic mode resonator fabricated in single-crystal silicon with a quality factor of 15 000 in air, and over a million below 10 mTorr at a resonant frequency of 2.18 MHz. The resonator is a square plate that is excited in the square-extensional mode and has been fabricated in a commercial foundry silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MEMS process through MEMSCAP. This paper also presents a simple method of extracting resonator parameters from raw measurements heavily buried in electrical feedthrough. Its accuracy has been demonstrated through a comparison between extracted motional resistance values measured at different voltage biases and those predicted from an analytical model. Finally, a method of substantially cancelling electrical feedthrough through system-level electronic implementation is also introduced. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Ultrasensitive mass balance based on a bulk acoustic mode single-crystal silicon resonator

A single-crystal silicon resonant bulk acoustic mass sensor with a measured resolution of 125 pg cm2 is presented. The mass sensor comprises a micromachined silicon plate that is excited in the square-extensional bulk acoustic resonant mode at a frequency of 2.182 MHz, with a quality factor exceeding 106. The mass sensor has a measured mass to frequency shift sensitivity of 132 Hz cm2 μg. The resonator element is embedded in a feedback loop of an electronic amplifier to implement an oscillator with a short term frequency stability of better than 7 ppb at an operating pressure of 3.8 mTorr. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Binary excitation of a high-Q bulk acoustic microresonator by actuation polarity inversion

We present a technique for independently exciting two resonant modes of vibration in a single-crystal silicon bulk mode microresonator using the same electrode configuration through control of the polarity of the DC actuation voltage. Applications of this technique may include built-in temperature compensation by the simultaneous selective excitation of two closely spaced modes that may have different temperature coefficients of resonant frequency. The technique is simple and requires minimum circuit overhead for implementation. The technique is implemented on square plate resonators with quality factors as high as 3.06 × 106. Copyright © 2008 by ASME.

Low loss HF band SOI wine glass bulk mode capacitive square-plate resonator

This paper reports on the design and electrical characterization of a single crystal silicon micromechanical square-plate resonator. The microresonator has been excited in the anti-symmetrical wine glass mode at a resonant frequency of 5.166 MHz and exhibits an impressive quality factor (Q) of 3.7 × 106 at a pressure of 33 mtorr. The device has been fabricated in a commercial foundry process. An associated motional resistance of approximately 50 kΩ using a dc bias voltage of 60 V is measured for a transduction gap of 2 νm due to the ultra-high Q of the resonator. This result corresponds to a frequency-Q product of 1.9 × 1013, the highest reported for a fundamental mode single-crystal silicon resonator and on par with some of the best quartz crystal resonators. The results are indicative of the superior performance of silicon as a mechanical material, and show that the wine glass resonant mode is beneficial for achieving high quality factors allowed by the material limit. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Thin film monitoring with silicon bulk acoustic resonators

Abstract-This paper reports a single-crystal silicon mass sensor based on a square-plate resonant structure excited in the wine glass bulk acoustic mode at a resonant frequency of 2.065 MHz and an impressive quality factor of 4 million at 12 mtorr pressure. Mass loading on the resonator results in a linear downshift in the resonant frequency of this device, wherein the measured sensitivity is found to be 175 Hz cm2/μg. The silicon resonator is embedded in an oscillator feedback loop, which has a short-term frequency stability of 3 mHz (approximately 1.5 ppb) at an operating pressure of 3.2 mtorr, corresponding to an equivalent mass noise floor of 17 pg/cm2. Possible applications of this device include thin film monitoring and gas sensing, with the potential added benefits of scalability and integration with CMOS technology. © 2008 IEEE.

Elastic Behaviour and Microstructural Characteristics of Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 Bulk Metallic Glass Investigated by Ultrasonic Measurement under Pressure

An ultrasonic pulse-echo method was used to measure the transit time of longitudinal and transverse (10 MHz) elastic waves in a Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 bulk metallic glass (BMG). The measurements were carried out under hydrostatic pressure up to 0.5 GPa at room temperature. On the basis of experimental data for the sound velocities and density, the elastic moduli and Debye temperature of the BMG were derived as a function of pressure. Murnaghan's equation of state is obtained. The normal behaviour of the positive pressure dependence of the ultrasonic velocities was observed for this glass. Moreover, the compression curve, the elastic constants, and the Debye temperature of the BMG are calculated on the basis of the similarity between their physical properties in the glassy state and those in corresponding crystalline state. These results confirm qualitatively the theoretical predictions concerning the features of the microstructure and interatomic bonding in the Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 BMG.

Glass Transition and Thermal Stability of Hard Magnetic Bulk NdAlFeCo Metallic Glass

Glass transition and thermal stability of bulk Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 metallic glass were investigated by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The glass transition temperature, not revealed by DSC, is alternatively determined by DMTA via storage modulus E' and loss modulus E" measurement to be 498 K at a heating rate of 0.167 K s (-1). The calculated reduced glass transition temperature (T-g/T-m) is 0.63. The large value of T-g/T-m of this alloy is consistent with its good glass-forming ability. The crystallization process of the metallic glass is concluded as follows: amorphous --> amorphous + metastable FeNdAl phase --> amorphous + primary delta-FeNdAl phase --> primary delta-phase + eutectic delta-phase + Nd3Al + Nd3Co. The appearance of hard magnetism in this alloy is ascribed to the presence of amorphous phase with highly relaxed structure. The hard magnetism disappeared after the eutectic crystallization of the amorphous phase. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.