Cool Roofs for improving thermal performance of EU office buildings: an investigation for different climates and building layouts

Cool materials are characterized by having a high solar reflectance r – which is able to reduce heat gains during daytime - and a high thermal emissivity ε that enables them to dissipate the heat absorbed throughout the day during night. Despite the concept of cool roofs - i.e. the application of cool materials to roof surfaces - is well known in US since 1990s, many studies focused on their performance in both residential and commercial sectors under various climatic conditions for US countries, while only a few case studies are analyzed in EU countries. The present work aims at analyzing the thermal benefits due to their application to existing office buildings located in EU countries. Indeed, due to their weight in the existing buildings stock, as well as the very low rate of new buildings construction, the retrofit of office buildings is a topic of great concern worldwide. After an in-depth characterization of the existing buildings stock in the EU, the book gives an insight into roof energy balance due to different technological solutions, showing in which cases and to what extent cool roofs are preferable. A detailed description of the physical properties of cool materials and their availability on the market provides a solid background for the parametric analysis carried out by means of detailed numerical models that aims at evaluating cool roofs performance for various climates and office buildings configurations. With the help of dynamic simulations, the thermal behavior of representative office buildings of the existing EU buildings stock is assessed in terms of thermal comfort and energy needs for air conditioning. The results, which consider several variations of building features that may affect the resulting energy balance, show how cool roofs are an effective strategy for reducing overheating occurrences and thus improving thermal comfort in any climate. On the other hand, potential heating penalties due to a reduction in the incoming heat fluxes through the roof are taken into account, as well as the aging process of cool materials. Finally, an economic analysis of the best performing models shows the boundaries for their economic convenience.

A Survey of Fungal Contamination on Books in Public Libraries with Mechanical and Natural Ventilation

Libraries are very propitious environments for the growth of fungi. The great concentration of organic material available for these microorganisms, and often with the lack of adequate ventilation or climate control, would favour this situation. This study was conducted in 2003 to determine the predominant genera of fungi in public libraries by a survey of fungi contaminating the upper surface of books, with and without air conditioning in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the winter and summer, during the respective periods with high and low levels of airborne fungi in that city. Six libraries were chosen, located on the campus of the University of Sao Paulo, three of them with air conditioning and the other three with natural ventilation. In these six libraries, 31 genera of fungi were identified in total. The genera and frequency of contaminant fungi recovered differed significantly between the libraries with and without air conditioning and in the samples collected in the summer as opposed to the winter. Cladosporium was the most frequent in the libraries with and without air conditioning, and in the winter. Aspergillus was isolated more often in the summer.

A multi-GPU algorithm for large-scale neuronal networks

Large-scale simulations of parts of the brain using detailed neuronal models to improve our understanding of brain functions are becoming a reality with the usage of supercomputers and large clusters. However, the high acquisition and maintenance cost of these computers, including the physical space, air conditioning, and electrical power, limits the number of simulations of this kind that scientists can perform. Modern commodity graphical cards, based on the CUDA platform, contain graphical processing units (GPUs) composed of hundreds of processors that can simultaneously execute thousands of threads and thus constitute a low-cost solution for many high-performance computing applications. In this work, we present a CUDA algorithm that enables the execution, on multiple GPUs, of simulations of large-scale networks composed of biologically realistic Hodgkin-Huxley neurons. The algorithm represents each neuron as a CUDA thread, which solves the set of coupled differential equations that model each neuron. Communication among neurons located in different GPUs is coordinated by the CPU. We obtained speedups of 40 for the simulation of 200k neurons that received random external input and speedups of 9 for a network with 200k neurons and 20M neuronal connections, in a single computer with two graphic boards with two GPUs each, when compared with a modern quad-core CPU. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Students Working in Carpentry Shop at the New York Trade School

This black and white photograph shows students at work benches in part of the carpentry workshop at the New York Trade School. Beyond the benches two students can be seen working on framing in the rear of the classroom.

System Integration of PV/T Collectors in Solar Cooling Systems

The demand for cooling and air-conditioning of building is increasingly ever growing. This increase is mostly due to population and economic growth in developing countries, and also desire for a higher quality of thermal comfort. Increase in the use of conventional cooling systems results in larger carbon footprint and more greenhouse gases considering their higher electricity consumption, and it occasionally creates peaks in electricity demand from power supply grid. Solar energy as a renewable energy source is an alternative to drive the cooling machines since the cooling load is generally high when solar radiation is high. This thesis examines the performance of PV/T solar collector manufactured by Solarus company in a solar cooling system for an office building in Dubai, New Delhi, Los Angeles and Cape Town. The study is carried out by analyzing climate data and the requirements for thermal comfort in office buildings. Cooling systems strongly depend on weather conditions and local climate. Cooling load of buildings depend on many parameters such as ambient temperature, indoor comfort temperature, solar gain to the building and internal gains including; number of occupant and electrical devices. The simulations were carried out by selecting a suitable thermally driven chiller and modeling it with PV/T solar collector in Polysun software. Fractional primary energy saving and solar fraction were introduced as key figures of the project to evaluate the performance of cooling system. Several parametric studies and simulations were determined according to PV/T aperture area and hot water storage tank volume. The fractional primary energy saving analysis revealed that thermally driven chillers, particularly adsorption chillers are not suitable to be utilizing in small size of solar cooling systems in hot and tropic climates such as Dubai and New Delhi. Adsorption chillers require more thermal energy to meet the cooling load in hot and dry climates. The adsorption chillers operate in their full capacity and in higher coefficient of performance when they run in a moderate climate since they can properly reject the exhaust heat. The simulation results also indicated that PV/T solar collector have higher efficiency in warmer climates, however it requires a larger size of PV/T collectors to supply the thermally driven chillers for providing cooling in hot climates. Therefore using an electrical chiller as backup gives much better results in terms of primary energy savings, since PV/T electrical production also can be used for backup electrical chiller in a net metering mechanism.

Demonstration of Solar Heating and Cooling System using Sorption Integrated Solar Thermal Collectors

Producing cost-competitive small and medium-sized solar cooling systems is currently a significant challenge. Due to system complexity, extensive engineering, design and equipment costs; the installation costs of solar thermal cooling systems are prohibitively high. In efforts to overcome these limitations, a novel sorption heat pump module has been developed and directly integrated into a solar thermal collector. The module comprises a fully encapsulated sorption tube containing hygroscopic salt sorbent and water as a refrigerant, sealed under vacuum with no moving parts. A 5.6m2 aperture area outdoor laboratory-scale system of sorption module integrated solar collectors was installed in Stockholm, Sweden and evaluated under constant re-cooling and chilled fluid return temperatures in order to assess collector performance. Measured average solar cooling COP was 0.19 with average cooling powers between 120 and 200 Wm-2 collector aperture area. It was observed that average collector cooling power is constant at daily insolation levels above 3.6 kWhm-2 with the cooling energy produced being proportional to solar insolation. For full evaluation of an integrated sorption collector solar heating and cooling system, under the umbrella of a European Union project for technological innovation, a 180 m2 large-scale demonstration system has been installed in Karlstad, Sweden. Results from the installation commissioned in summer 2014 with non-optimised control strategies showed average electrical COP of 10.6 and average cooling powers between 140 and 250 Wm-2 collector aperture area. Optimisation of control strategies, heat transfer fluid flows through the collectors and electrical COP will be carried out in autumn 2014.

Graduate of the Sheet Metal Department, Thomas Carlough

A 1946 graduate of the Sheet Metal Department, Thomas Carlough is pictured at work at the Triangle Sheet Metal Works, Inc. Original caption reads, "Thomas Carlough - Sheet Metal 1946. The Sheet Metal Draftsman lays out the duct work etc, for the ventilation and Air Conditioning of buildings." Black and white photograph with caption adhered to reverse.

Automotive Classroom at the New York Trade School

Black and white photograph of an empty classroom of the Automotive Department at the New York Trade School.

Análise da confiabilidade de produtos baseada em dados de utilização da garantia

Empresas de manufatura alocam uma grande quantidade de recursos no projeto de produtos confiáveis. Quando adequadamente projetados, tais produtos apresentam um número mínimo de falhas operacionais durante seu período de garantia e, de forma geral, durante sua vida útil. Falhas incorridas durante o período de garantia do produto implicam em custos indesejáveis. Assim, a incidência dessas falhas, bem como sua natureza, são normalmente registradas pelas empresas, na busca de informações que permitam aprimorar o projeto de produtos. Modelos de confiabilidade apropriados para estudos de engenharia são freqüentemente desenvolvidos a partir da análise de informações de desempenho em campo dos produtos de interesse. Esta dissertação propõe e exemplifica uma metodologia de análise de confiabilidade de produtos manufaturados, utilizando as informações disponíveis de volume produzido em um período de tempo e dados de tempos-até-falha obtidos da utilização da garantia do produto analisado. Como aplicação, foi realizada a modelagem da distribuição de confiabilidade de um modelo de aparelho condicionador de ar individual. Além da definição do modelo de distribuição da confiabilidade do produto e seus parâmetros, foram identificados os componentes críticos do sistema, os quais apresentam maior impacto sobre a confiabilidade do produto, quando ocorre melhoria de suas distribuições individuais de confiabilidade O trabalho apresenta, também, uma introdução sobre a teoria e princípio de funcionamento de unidades condicionadoras de ar, bem como uma revisão sobre os conceitos teóricos de confiabilidade, estimativas de parâmetros de modelos de distribuições, métodos de modelagens de distribuições e avaliação de confiabilidade utilizados na metodologia proposta.

Modelo de mensuração de mercado para bens duráveis: o caso de condicionadores de ar para uso residencial

Trata de uma proposta de mensuração de mercado de bens duráveis em nível municipal. O processo de modelagem assume que: a função deve ser determinada a partir do análise do estágio do produto em seu processo de difusão n o mercado, cada município é uma unidade representada p o r variáveis obtidas através d e dados secundários e os dados secundários a serem coletados podem determinados através d o conhecimento d o comportamento de compra do produto. No modelo, os resíduos sã o tratados como ferramenta estratégica mercadológica. É apresentada uma aplicação do modelo para condicionadores de ar

O processo de decisão do cliente de alta renda na aquisição de imóveis residenciais na cidade de São Paulo

O trabalho investiga, de modo exploratório, o processo de decisão de compra de um imóvel residencial pelo público de alta renda na cidade de São Paulo. Para tal, este estudo parte da literatura para indicar a importância do posicionamento estratégico de foco no cliente e da compreensão do seu processo de tomada de decisão de compra, como fonte de vantagem competitiva. Segue então uma etapa de campo na qual são realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com doze indivíduos do publico alvo que compraram apartamento em período não superior a três anos, em busca de evidências de como se dá o seu processo de decisão de compra e dos atributos por eles valorizados, responsáveis pelo sucesso ou insucesso de um novo empreendimento imobiliário. Através das entrevistas, pudemos perceber que: o reconhecimento do problema se deu primordialmente através de estados de desconforto função de alterações no ciclo de vida da família; os atributos mais relevantes foram: localização, condições de financiamento e programa interno do apartamento; a busca por informações se deu principalmente através de visitas à região de interesse; a família teve grande influência na compra; a avaliação de alternativas foi feita em função do grau de importância dado aos diferentes atributos; e, uma vez identificada à necessidade, procurou-se satisfazê-Ia de forma imediata. Como pontos de insatisfação foram referidos: área de garagem pequena, entrega do apartamento sem as áreas comuns equipadas e decoradas, pouca preocupação com segurança na etapa de projeto e falta de tubulação de ar condicionado. Com base nos resultados encontrados, este trabalho conclui que existe oportunidade para empresas do ramo de incorporação imobiliária que ainda não possuem foco no cliente, de estabelecer um canal de comunicação direto com os clientes para compreensão das suas necessidades e desejos, e utilizar tais informações para ganhar vantagem competitiva.

Determinação computacional da influência de parâmetros físicos no comportamento termoenergético de uma edificação

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a influência que alguns parâmetros físicos têm no desempenho termoenergético de uma edificação com um sistema de condicionamento de ar do tipo expansão direta, e visa auxiliar na busca por soluções que aumentem a eficiência energética das construções brasileiras. Para tal foi utilizado o programa simulador EnergyPlus, onde são estudados casos em que se alteram os seguintes parâmetros físicos: localização geográfica, tipo de vidro utilizado nas fachadas, área envidraçada das fachadas, e a orientação da edificação em relação ao eixo norte verdadeiro. São usados dados de dias de projeto de verão e inverno segundo a ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) para obter cargas térmicas de refrigeração e aquecimento, e arquivos climáticos para obter os seguintes consumos elétricos anuais: do sistema de condicionamento de ar, das lâmpadas e total. Visando reduzir o consumo elétrico das lâmpadas da edificação e assim promover um uso racional da energia elétrica, é modelado um sistema de controle automático da potência das lâmpadas, o qual é comparado com o tradicional sistema liga/desliga das lâmpadas. Também é feita uma análise econômica comparativa entre estes dois tipos de controle de potência das lâmpadas, onde se verifica se há vantagem econômica em aliar a utilização de películas nos vidros das fachadas da edificação O estresse térmico em vidros, caracterizado pelo surgimento de trincas ou até mesmo ruptura devido ao aparecimento de consideráveis diferenças de temperatura em seu interior, é avaliado observando a evolução da temperatura média das faces externa e interna dos vidros ao longo de um dia de projeto de verão. Os resultados mostram que as orientações e os tipos de vidro alteram sensivelmente tanto a potência requerida pelo sistema de condicionamento de ar quanto os consumos elétricos anuais do sistema de condicionamento de ar, das lâmpadas e total; o sistema de controle automático da potência das lâmpadas revela um grande potencial de redução do consumo elétrico anual das lâmpadas e um pequeno potencial de redução da potência requerida pelo sistema de condicionamento de ar; a análise econômica mostra que a utilização de película nos vidros é economicamente viável em boa parte dos casos avaliados; e a comparação da temperatura da face interna dos vidros estudados mostra diferenças significativas.

High performance green buildings

This work aims to study and analyze strategies and measures to improve energy performance in residential and service buildings, in order to minimize energy losses and energy consumption. Due to the high energy dependence of European Union (EU), including Portugal and Slovenia, and high percentage of energy consumption in the building sector, there was a need to adopt strategies at European level with ambitious goals. This came to force EU - Member States to take measures to achieve the proposed targets for energy consumption reduction. To this end, EU - Member States have adapted the laws to their needs and formed specialized agencies and qualified experts on energy certification, which somehow evaluate buildings according to their performance. In this study, the external characteristics of the building in order to meet its thermal needs and from there to survey the existing and possible constructive solutions to be used at the envelope will be examined, in order to increase comfort and reduce the need of use technical means of air conditioning. The possibility of passive heating and ventilation systems also will be discussed. These techniques are developed in parallel with the deployment and design of the building. In this manner, to reduce the energy consumption, various techniques and technologies exploit natural resources. Thus, appear the more sustainable and efficient buildings, so-called Green Buildings have been appeared. The study ends with the identification of measures used in several buildings, proving the economic return in the medium to long term, as well as the satisfaction of their users.

Simulação computacional como ferramenta de auxílio ao projeto: aplicação em edifícios naturalmente ventilados no clima de Natal/RN

Natural air ventilation is the most import passive strategy to provide thermal comfort in hot and humid climates and a significant low energy strategy. However, the natural ventilated building requires more attention with the architectural design than a conventional building with air conditioning systems, and the results are less reliable. Therefore, this thesis focuses on softwares and methods to predict the natural ventilation performance from the point of view of the architect, with limited resource and knowledge of fluid mechanics. A typical prefabricated building was modelled due to its simplified geometry, low cost and occurrence at the local campus. Firstly, the study emphasized the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, to simulate the air flow outside and inside the building. A series of approaches were developed to make the simulations possible, compromising the results fidelity. Secondly, the results of CFD simulations were used as the input of an energy tool, to simulate the thermal performance under different rates of air renew. Thirdly, the results of temperature were assessed in terms of thermal comfort. Complementary simulations were carried out to detail the analyses. The results show the potentialities of these tools. However the discussions concerning the simplifications of the approaches, the limitations of the tools and the level of knowledge of the average architect are the major contribution of this study