Thiol-ene Clickable Hyperscaffolds Bearing Peripheral Allyl Groups

Radical catalyzed thiol-ene reaction has become a useful alternative to the Huisgen-type click reaction as it helps to expand the variability in reaction conditions as well as the range of clickable entities. Thus, direct generation of hyper-branched polymers bearing peripheral allyl groups that could be clicked using a variety of functional thiols would be of immense value. A specifically designed AB(2) type monomer, that carries two allyl benzyl ethers groups and one alcohol functionality, was shown to undergo self-condensation under acid-catalyzed melt-transetherification to yield a hyperbranched polyether that carries numerous allyl end-groups. Importantly, it was shown that the kinetics of polymerization is not dramatically affected by the change of the ether unit from previously studied methyl benzyl ether to an allyl benzyl ether. The peripheral allyl groups were readily clicked quantitatively, using a variety of thiols, to generate an hydrocarbon-soluble octadecyl-derivative, amphiphilic systems using 2-mercaptoethanol and chiral amino acid (N-benzoyl cystine) derivatized hyperbranched structures; thus demonstrating the versatility of this novel class of clickable hyperscaffolds. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 49:1735-1744, 2011

Weak molecular complexes as studied by NMR spectroscopy of oriented molecules

Weak molecular interactions such as those in pyridine-iodine, benzene-iodine and benzene-chloroform systems oriented in thermotropic liquid crystals have been studied from the changes of the order parameters as a result of complex formation. The results indicate the formation of at least two types of charge transfer complexes in pyridine-iodine solutions. The pi-complexes in benzene-chloroform and benzene-iodine mixtures have also been detected. No detectable changes in the inter-proton distances in these systems were observed.

Dielectric Relaxation in CaO-Bi2O3-B2O3 Glasses

Glasses in the system CaO-Bi2O3-B2O3 (in molar ratio) have been prepared using melt-quenching route. Ion transport characteristics were investigated for this glass using electric modulus, ac conductivity and impedance measurements. The ac conductivity was rationalized using Almond-West power law. Dielectric relaxation has been analyzed based on the behavior of electric modulus behavior. The activation energy associated with the electrical relaxation determined from the electric modulus spectra was found to be 1.76 eV, close to that the activation energy for dc conductivity (1.71 eV) indicating that the same species took part in both the processes. The stretched exponent beta (0.5-0.6) is invariant with temperature for the present glasses.

Internal displacement reactions in multicomponent oxides: Part I. Line compounds with narrow homogeneity range

Structure and phase transition of LaO1−xF1+2x, prepared by solid-state reaction of La2O3 and LaF3, was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry for both positive and negative values of the nonstoichiometric parameter x. The electrical conductivity was investigated as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure using AC impedance spectroscopy. Fluoride ion was identified as the migrating species in LaOF by coulometric titration and transport number determined by Tubandt technique and EMF measurements. Activation energy for conduction in LaOF was 58.5 (±0.8) kJ/mol. Conductivity increased with increasing fluorine concentration in the oxyfluoride phase, suggesting that interstitial fluoride ions are more mobile than vacancies. Although the values of ionic conductivity of cubic LaOF are lower, the oxygen partial pressure range for predominantly ionic conduction is larger than that for the commonly used stabilized-zirconia electrolytes. Thermodynamic analysis shows that the oxyfluoride is stable in atmospheres containing diatomic oxygen. However, the oxyfluoride phase can degrade with time at high temperatures in atmospheres containing water vapor, because of the higher stability of HF compared with H2O.

A note on magnetization of high temperature superconductors (YBCO, BSCCO) in mixed state

We present a critical study of the temperature and field dependence magnetization of high temperature superconductors (HTSCs). The controversial field dependence of dM/dInB for YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) (YBCO) and Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8) (BSCCO) is discussed using different models. Moreover, for both the systems the magnetization (M(H)) dependence is compared with field (H) dependence. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fish distribution dynamics in the Aghanashini estuary of Uttara Kannada, west coast of India

Fish diversity (77 species) in the Aghanashini River estuary of the Indian west coast is linked to variable salinity conditions and zones I, II and III for high, medium and low salinity respectively. Zone I, the junction between Arabian Sea and the estuary, had all species in yearly succession due to freshwater conditions in monsoon to high salinity in pre-monsoon. The medium (zone II) and low (zone III) salinity mid and upstream portions had maximum of 67 and 39 fish species respectively. Maintenance of natural salinity regimes in estuary, among other ecological factors, is critical for its fish diversity.

Urea-Functionalized Self-Assembled Molecular Prism for Heterogeneous Catalysis in Water

Reaction of a ditopic urea ``strut'' (L-1) with cis-(tmen)Pd(NO3)(2) yielded a 3+3] self-assembled molecular triangle (T)L-1 = 1,4-di(4-pyridylureido)benzene; tmen = N,N,N',N'-tetrame-thylethane-1,2-diamine]. Replacing cis-(tmen)Pd(NO3)(2) in the above reaction with an equimolar mixture of Pd(NO3)(2) and a clip-type donor (L-2) yielded a template-free multicomponent 3D trigonal prism (P) decorated with multiple urea moieties L-2 = 3,3'-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)dipyridine]. This prism (P) was characterized by NMR. spectroscopy, and the structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The P was employed as an effective hydrogen-bond-donor catalyst for Michael reactions of a series of water-insoluble nitro-olefins in an aqueous medium. The P showed better catalytic activity compared to the urea based ligand L-1 and the triangle T. Moreover, the confined nanospace of P in addition to large product outlet windows makes this 3D architecture a perfect molecular vessel to catalyze Diels-Alder reactions of 9-hydroxymethylanthracene with N-substituted maleimide in the aqueous medium. The present results demonstrate new observations on catalytic aqueous Diels-Alder and Michael reactions in heterogeneous fashion employing a discrete 3D architecture of Pd(II). The prism was recycled by simple filtration and reused several tithes without significant loss of activity.

Variational Approach to the Lane-Emden Equation

By the semi-inverse method, a variational principle is obtained for the Lane-Emden equation, which gives much numerical convenience when applying finite element methods or Ritz method.

Behaviour of Gaseous Chlorine and Alkali Metals During Biomass Thermal Utilisation

The behaviour of gaseous chlorine and alkali metals of three sorts of biomass (Danish straw, Swedish wood, and sewage sludge) in combustion or gasification is investigated by the chemical equilibrium calculating tool. The ranges of temperature, air-to-fuel ratio, and pressure are varied widely in the calculations (T=400-1800 K, gimel=0-1.8, and P=0.1-2.0 MPa). Results show that the air excess coefficient only has less significant influence on the release of gaseous chlorine and potassium or sodium during combustion. However, in biomass gasification, the influence of the air excess coefficient is very significant. Increasing air excess coefficient enhances the release of HCl(g), KOH(g), or NaOH(g) as well as it reduces the formation of KCl(g), NaCl(g), K(g), or Na(g). In biomass combustion or straw and sludge gasification, increasing pressure enhances the release of HCl(g) and reduces the amount of KCI(g), NaCl(g), KCI(g), or NaOH(g) at high temperatures. However, during wood gasification, the pressure enhances the formation of KOH(g) and KCI(g) and reduces the release of K(g) and HCl(g) at high temperatures. During wood and sewage sludge pyrolysis, nitrogen addition enhances the formation of KCN(g) and NaCN(g) and reduces the release of K(g) and Na(g). Kaolin addition in straw combustion may enhance the formation of potassium aluminosilicate in ash and significantly reduces the release of KCl(g) and KOH(g) and increases the formation of HCl(g).

Evaluación de cuatro tipos de biofertilizantes (Em Bokashi) sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento en el cultivo de maiz (Zea mays L.)

El presente trabajo experimental se estableció - en terrenos del Programa de Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses (REGEN), adscrito a la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en Managua, kilómetro 12 y medio de la carretera Norte, durante los meses de Noviembre de 1996 a Febrero de 1997. Con la finalidad de evaluar el comportamiento del cultivo del maíz mays L.) variedad NB-6 con diferentes tratamientos del abono orgánico EM Bokashi en comparación con el fertilizante completo 12-24-12 y urea al 46% utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 3 repeticiones. Se valoraron ciertos parámetros tanto en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la planta como en los rendimientos obtenidos. Entre algunas variables evaluadas tenemos la altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, área de la lámina foliar, peso de la mazorca, longitud de fa mazorca y rendimiento, entre otras. Los resultados reflejan que el biofertilizante EM Bokashi influyó significativamente en el crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo, obteniéndose el rendimiento más alto con el tratamiento No.4; compuesto de cascarilla de arroz, gallinaza, estiércol de vaca y EM, cuyo rendimiento fue de 2,101.6 Kg / ha, mientras que con la fertilización química se obtuvieron 2,057.0 Kg 1 ha. Así mismo al realizar un análisis económico se pudo comprobar que con el tratamiento No.4 se obtuvo el mayor beneficio neto con 2,410.78 C$/ha con una rentabilidad de 77% y con el tratamiento No.5 o testigo relativo el cual consistió del completo 12-24-12 y urea al 46% se obtuvieron 2,073.0 C$/ha, con una rentabilidad de 62%. Además se puede afirmar que con el uso del biofertilizante EM Bokashi se reducen los costos de producción, se mejoran los productos agrícolas y se mantienen los niveles productivos del suelo, además se optimiza la tierra y los cultivos, es decir se pueden lograr mayores beneficios.

Cría y liberación del parasitoide Diadegma insulare (Cresson) de la palomilla del repollo (Plutella xylostella L.) dentro de un contexto de MIP

Uno de los principales problemas del cultivo de repollo es Plutella xylostella que se ha convertido en una verdadera amenaza debido a su capacidad de reproducción y desarrollo de resistencia a los insecticidas usados contra ella. En Nicaragua se ha demostrado que los insecticidas comúnmente usados contra P. xylostella ya no son efectivos para su control. La práctica del control biológico de los insectos nocivos consiste en el uso de enemigos naturales, para reducir las poblaciones de las plagas, dichos enemigos naturales, o agentes de control biológico, incluyen patógenos, depredadores y parasitoides. Uno de los principales enemigos naturales de P. xylostella es el parasitoide D. insulare, en este ensayo se estableció una cría de este parasitoide para ser utilizado en liberaciones inoculativa en el cultivo de repollo, los insectos en estado de larvas y pupas fueron colectados en el campo y se trasladaron al laboratorio de cría de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Escuela de Sanidad Vegetal. Los adultos de D. insulare se colocaron en una jaula de cedazo, se les colocó plantas inoculadas con larvas de P. xylostella donde la hembra de D. insulare deposita un huevo por larva, estas lardas fueron expuestas por dos días, para seguir alimentándolas hasta alcanzar el estado de pupa, a continuación estas pupas se colocaron en vasos tapados para su constante observación y contabilización. Los parasitoides obtenidos de la cría en el laboratorio se liberaron en el campo, obteniendo que la mayor incidencia de P. xylostella se encontró en el tratamiento de químico (Thiocyclam) y menores en los tratamientos NIM y NIM + Liberaciones. Los porcentajes de parasitismo de D. insulare alcanzaron hasta 76% en el tratamiento nim+liberaciones superando la parcela tratada con producto químico, esto afirma que dicho producto tiene un efecto negativo en sus poblaciones y se encontró que el tratamiento nim+líberaciones fue económicamente rentable y compatible con prácticas tradicionales del productor Es necesario buscar prácticas que aumenten el parasitismo natural.

Sapientia, 1970, Vol. XXV, nº 97 (número completo)

Contenido: El hecho y la norma / Octavio N. Derisi – El Nuevo Mundo en la filosofía de la historia de Vico / Alberto Caturelli – Los comentarios de Santo Tomás y de Roberto Grosseteste a la “Física” de Aristóteles / Celina A. Lértora Mendoza – Descartes : cuestiones gnoseológicas / Augusto Furlán – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía