Caracterização da polpa do coquinho-azedo (Butia capitata var capitata)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a composição química, o teor de vitamina C, o valor pró-vitamina A e o teor de compostos fenólicos totais na polpa do coquinho-azedo (Butia capitata var capitata). Umidade, lipídeos, cinzas e fibras foram determinados por métodos gravimétricos; os minerais foram determinados por espectrometria de emissão atômica com fonte de plasma indutivo; o valor pró-vitamina A foi calculado através do teor de carotenóides; a vitamina C foi determinada por titulação com diclorofenolindofenol; os compostos fenólicos foram determinados pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteou, empregando ácido gálico e ácido tânico como padrões, e pelo método da vanilina, empregando catequina como padrão. A polpa, se comparada com outras frutas normalmente consumidas, apresentou elevado teor de óleo (2,5%), de fibra dietética (7,0%), de pró-vitamina A (146, 2RAE 100g-1), de vitamina C (53mg 100g-1), de compostos fenólicos (210mg de catequina, equivalente 100g-1; 116mg de ácido tânico, equivalente 100g-1) e de potássio (516mg 100g-1). O coquinho-azedo apresentou elevado potencial para enriquecer a alimentação da população local, especialmente como fonte de fibras, pró-vitamina A, vitamina C e potássio, a exemplo do que já vem sendo feito na merenda escolar no norte de Minas Gerais. Estes resultados demonstram o elevado valor de produtos oferecidos pelos pequenos agricultores, respaldando a importância cultural da espécie e valorizando a manutenção da variabilidade no cerrado.

Controle de tortricídeos em macieira com duas formulações de Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kustaki em Fraiburgo-SC

Grapholita molesta e Bonagota cranaodes são duas importantes pragas de pomares de macieira controlada por inseticidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar duas formulações de Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) para o controle desses tortricídeos. Parcelas de macieira 'Fuji' foram pulverizadas com Dipel PM e Dipel SC, nas concentrações de 100 ml por100 L de calda. A eficiência do Btk foi comparada com os inseticidas tebufenozide (Mimic 240 SC - 90 ml por 100 L) e clorpyrifos (Lorsban 480 BR - 150 ml por 100 L). Duas vezes por semana, eram avaliadas as capturas de pragas em armadilha do tipo Delta. As avaliações de danos nos frutos foram realizadas antes e na colheita, sendo classificados os frutos em função do agrupamento em cachopa e a sua localização na planta. Os tratamentos com Btk tiveram mais danos do que os químicos. Houve uma tendência de maiores danos na parte interna, próximo ao tronco das macieiras e o agrupamento dos frutos não influenciou na presença de danos. Ambas as formulações de Dipel foram eficientes quando comparados com Mimic e Lorsban.

Diversity and genetic structure in natural populations of Hancornia speciosa var. speciosa Gomes in northeastern Brazil

Hancornia speciosa Gomes is a fruit tree native from Brazil that belongs to Apocinaceae family, and is popularly known as Mangabeira. Its fruits are widely consumed raw or processed as fruit jam, juices and ice creams, which have made it a target of intense exploitation. The extractive activities and intense human activity on the environment of natural occurrence of H. speciosa has caused genetic erosion in the species and little is known about the ecology or genetic structure of natural populations. The objective of this research was the evaluation of the genetic diversity and genetic structure of H. speciosa var. speciosa. The genetic variability was assessed using 11 allozyme loci with a sample of 164 individuals distributed in six natural populations located in the States of Pernambuco and Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil. The results showed a high level of genetic diversity within the species (e= 0.36) seeing that the most of the genetic variability of H. speciosa var. speciosa is within its natural populations with low difference among populations ( or = 0.081). The inbreeding values within ( = -0.555) and among populations ( =-0.428) were low showing lacking of endogamy and a surplus of heterozygotes. The estimated gene flow ( m ) was high, ranging from 2.20 to 13.18, indicating to be enough to prevent the effects of genetic drift and genetic differentiation among populations. The multivariate analyses indicated that there is a relationship between genetic and geographical distances, which was confirmed by a spatial pattern analysis using Mantel test (r = 0.3598; p = 0.0920) with 1000 random permutations. The high genetic diversity index in these populations indicates potential for in situ genetic conservation.

Síntese e caracterização estrutural de complexos mono e bimetálicos de paládio e platina com ligantes contendo nitrogênio e enxofre

The synthesis of several mono- and bimetallic platinum and palladium complexes are reported. The monometallic complexes are of the type MCl2(PEt3)2L (L=2-aminothiazol; benzothiazol; 2-imidazolidithione; M=Pt; Pd), and the bimetallic complexes (M2Cl4(PEt3) 2L) are derived from them. Infrared spectroscopic characterization of the monometallic complexes shows that the metal centre are coordinated through the N-endocyclic (L=2-aminothiazol; benzothiazol) and through the sulphur when L=2-imidazolidithione. Coordination of a second metal fragment occurs via the sulphur atom (L=2-aminothiazol; benzothiazol) according to infrared studies. 31P{¹H} NMR spectroscopy suggest that the complexes have a cis- configuration since the ¹J Pt-P are around the value found for this type of compound.

Estimativa por infravermelho da concentração da unidade estrutural b-O-4 em ligninas de angiospermas tropicais

Five Björkman lignins, codified as AM, LL, GG, PP and AP, were isolated from wood species of Aspidosperma macrocarpum Mart., Lophanthera lactescens Ducke, Gallesia gorazema (Vell.) Miq., Peltogyne paniculata Bth. and Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg., respectively. Analyses of the lignins were carried out by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy using an experimental technique, Diffusely Reflected Infrared Fourier Transformed (DRIFT), admitting in the original spectra a band at 1500 cm-1 as an internal reference. Application of a deconvolution technique made possible to estimate the percentage per mol of b-O-4 unit content around 65.5% to AM, 68.0% to LL, 71.0% to GG. 73.4% to PP and 75.0% to AP, toward AM

Estratégias para a obtenção de compostos farmacologicamente ativos a partir de plantas medicinais: conceitos sobre modificação estrutural para otimização da atividade

In the present paper we discuss, based in our experience, some experimental procedures which may be employed for isolation of active compounds from medicinal plants. We have also emphasized some insights about the way to obtain more active and selective compounds from natural products through structural modifications oriented for analysis of structure-activity relationships.

Metodologias gerais empregadas no isolamento e identificação estrutural de feromônios de insetos

A selection of common procedures which are used for the identification and analysis of volatile biologically active compounds from insects are described.

RMN 2D: Detecção inversa e gradiente de campo na determinação estrutural de compostos orgânicos

A view of the general aspects involving the 2D NMR spectroscopy using inverse detection and field gradient techniques is presented through the analysis of a sesquiterpene.

Triterpenóides pentacíclicos de Mentha villosa: identificação estrutural e atribuição dos deslocamentos químicos dos átomos de hidrogênio e carbono

The structures of seven oleanene and ursene triterpenoids (1-7) isolated from aerial parts of Mentha villosa were identified. In addition, the complete ¹H and 13C resonance assignments of these triterpenoids were accomplished using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic experiments.

Caracterização textural e estrutural de V2O5/TiO2 obtidos via sol-gel: comparação entre secagem convencional e supercrítica

This work describes a modified sol-gel method for the preparation of V2O5/TiO2 catalysts. The samples have been characterized by N2 adsorption at 77K, x-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). The surface area increases with the vanadia loading from 24 m² g-1, for pure TiO2, to 87 m² g-1 for 9wt.% of V2O5. The rutile form is predominant for pure TiO2 but became enriched with anatase phase when vanadia loading is increased. No crystalline V2O5 phase was observed in the catalysts diffractograms. Two species of surface vanadium observed by FT-IR spectroscopy a monomeric vanadyl and polymeric vanadates, the vanadyl/vanadate ratio remains practically constant.

Análise estrutural de ciclodextrinas: um estudo comparativo entre métodos teóricos clássicos e quânticos

In the present work, we analyzed the accuracy of distinct theoretical methods to reproduce the solid state structures of cyclodextrins. The a, b and g-cyclodextrins (CD) were considered and also their hydrates with included water molecules: a-CD.2H2O, b-CD.10H2O and g-CD.12H2O. The geometries were fully optimized using Molecular Mechanics (MM2), semiempirical (AM1 and PM3) and ab initio (HF/3-21G) methods and quantitatively compared with experimental data from X ray diffraction. The results obtained from the classical MM2 method were in best agreement with the experiment. The semiempirical and ab initio structures were also in satisfactory accordance with the experimental data. In general, the PM3 method was found to be more suitable than the AM1 to describe the CD geometries, mainly when the intramolecular hydrogen bonds are considered.

Resina de Protium heptaphyllum: isolamento, caracterização estrutural e avaliação das propriedades térmicas

Three mixtures of triterpenes (maniladiol and breine; alpha and beta-amyrin; lupenone, alpha and beta-amyrinone) were isolated from Protium heptaphyllum March resin. The structural identification was based on NMR and mass spectrometry data. Lupenone, and alpha and beta-amyrinone were not reported before as constituents of this resin. The resin was submitted to methylation and acetylation reactions. The pure and derivatized resins and the mixtures (maniladiol and breine; alpha and beta-amyrin) were analyzed by TG and DSC. The TG curves revealed that the derivatization decreases the thermal stability of the resin. The DSC curves showed peaks that can be assigned to evaporation and phase transitions processes.

Var redo!

Soitinnus: sekakuoro. (SATB)

Elucidação estrutural de substâncias orgânicas com auxílio de computador: evoluções recentes

The development of new tools for chemoinformatics, allied to the use of different algorithms and computer programmes for structure elucidation of organic compounds, is growing fast worldwide. Massive efforts in research and development are currently being pursued both by academia and the so-called chemistry software development companies. The demystification of this environment provoked by the availability of software packages and a vast array of publications exert a positive impact on chemistry. In this work, an overview concerning the more classical approaches as well as new strategies on computer-based tools for structure elucidation of organic compounds is presented. Historical background is also taken into account since these techniques began to develop around four decades ago. Attention will be paid to companies which develop, distribute or commercialize software as well as web-based and open access tools which are currently available to chemists.