Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner): can wheat stubble protect cotton plants against attack?

When investigating strategies for Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) control, it is important to understand oviposition behaviour. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was sown into standing wheat (Triticum astivum L.) stubble in a closed arena to investigate the effect of stubble on H. armigera moth behaviour and oviposition. Infrared cameras were used to track moths and determine whether stubble acted as a physical barrier or provided camouflage to cotton plants, thereby reducing oviposition. Searching activity was observed to peak shortly before dawn (03:00 and 04:00 h) and remained high until just after dawn (4 h window). Moths spent more time resting on cotton plants than spiralling above them, and the least time flying across the arena. While female moths spent more time searching for cotton plants growing in wheat stubble, the difference in oviposition was not significant. As similar numbers of eggs were laid on cotton plants with stubble (3.5/plant SE +/- 0.87) and without stubble (2.5/plant SE +/- 0.91), wheat stubble does not appear to provide camouflage to cotton plants. There was no significant difference in the location of eggs deposited on cotton plants with and without stubble, although more eggs were laid on the tops of cotton leaves in wheat stubble. As the spatial and temporal distribution of eggs laid on the cotton plant is a crucial component of population stability, eggs laid on the upper side of leaves on cotton plants may be more prone to fatalities caused by environmental factors such as wind and rain. Therefore, although stubble did not influence the number of eggs laid, it did affect their distribution on the plant, which may result in increased mortality of eggs on cotton plants sown into standing wheat stubble.

Confirmation of QTL mapping and marker validation for partial seedling resistance to crown rot in wheat line '2-49'

We have tested the efficacy of putative microsatellite single sequence repeat (SSR) markers, previously identified in a 2-49 (Gluyas Early/Gala) × Janz doubled haploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) population, as being linked to partial seedling resistance to crown rot disease caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) delineated by these markers have been tested for linkage to resistance in an independent Gluyas Early × Janz doubled haploid population. The presence of a major QTL on chromosome 1DL (QCr.usq-1D1) and a minor QTL on chromosome 2BS (QCr.usq-2B1) was confirmed. However, a putative minor QTL on chromosome 2A was not confirmed. The QTL on 1D was inherited from Gluyas Early, a direct parent of 2-49, whereas the 2B QTL was inherited from Janz. Three other putative QTLs identified in 2-49 × Janz (on 1AL, 4BL, and 7BS) were inherited by 2-49 from Gala and were not able to be confirmed in this study. The screening of SSR markers on a small sample of elite wheat genotypes indicated that not all of the most tightly linked SSR markers flanking the major QTLs on 1D and 1A were polymorphic in all backgrounds, indicating the need for additional flanking markers when backcrossing into some elite pedigrees. Comparison of SSR haplotypes with those of other genotypes exhibiting partial crown rot resistance suggests that additional, novel sources of crown rot resistance are available.

Resistance to root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P-neglectus) in synthetic hexaploid wheats and their durum and Aegilops tauschii parents.

Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei Sher and Allen and P. neglectus (Rensch) Filipijev and Schuurmans Stekhoven) cause substantial yield loss to wheat crops in the northern grain region of Australia. Resistance to P. thornei for use in wheat breeding programs was sought among synthetic hexaploid wheats (2n= 6x = 42, AABBDD) produced through hybridisations of Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn (2n= 4x = 28, AABB) with Aegilops tauschii Coss. (2n= 2x = 14, DD). Resistance was determined for the synthetic hexaploid wheats and their durum and Ae. tauschii parents from the numbers of nematodes in the roots of plants grown for 16 weeks in pots of pasteurised soil inoculated with P. thornei. Fifty-nine (32%) of 186 accessions of synthetic hexaploid wheats had lower numbers of nematodes than Gatcher Selection 50a (GS50a), a partially resistant bread wheat. Greater frequencies of partial resistance were present in the durum parents (72% of 39 lines having lower nematode numbers than GS50a) and in the Ae. tauschii parents (55% of 53 lines). The 59 synthetic hexaploids were re-tested in a second experiment along with their parents. In a third experiment, 11 resistant synthetic hexaploid wheats and their F-1 hybrids with Janz, a susceptible bread wheat, were tested and the F(1)s were found to give nematode counts intermediate between the respective two parents. Synthetic hexaploid wheats with higher levels of resistance resulted from hybridisations where both the durum and Ae. tauschii parents were partially resistant, rather than where only one parent was partially resistant. These results suggest that resistance to P. thornei in synthetic hexaploid wheats is polygenic, with resistances located both in the D genome from Ae. tauschii and in the A and/or B genomes from durum. Five synthetic hexaploid wheats were selected for further study on the basis of (1) a high level of resistance to P. thornei of the synthetic hexaploid wheats and of both their durum and Ae. tauschii parents, (2) being representative of both Australian and CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre) durums, and (3) being representative of the morphological subspecies and varieties of Ae. tauschii. These 5 synthetic hexaploid wheats were also shown to be resistant to P. neglectus, whereas GS50a and 2 P. thornei-resistant derivatives were quite susceptible. Results of P. thornei resistance of F(1)s and F(2)s from a half diallel of these 5 synthetic hexaploid wheats, GS50a, and Janz from another study indicate polygenic additive resistance and better general combining ability for the synthetic hexaploid wheats than for GS50a. Published molecular marker studies on a doubled haploid population between the synthetic hexaploid wheat with best general combining ability (CPI133872) and Janz have shown quantitative trait loci for resistance located in all 3 genomes. Synthetic hexaploid wheats offer a convenient way of introgressing new resistances to P. thornei and P. neglectus from both durum and Ae. tauschii into commercial bread wheats.

Validating economic and environmental sustainability of a short-term summer forage legume in dryland wheat cropping systems in south-west Queensland.

The present study set out to test the hypothesis through field and simulation studies that the incorporation of short-term summer legumes, particularly annual legume lablab (Lablab purpureus cv. Highworth), in a fallow-wheat cropping system will improve the overall economic and environmental benefits in south-west Queensland. Replicated, large plot experiments were established at five commercial properties by using their machineries, and two smaller plot experiments were established at two intensively researched sites (Roma and St George). A detailed study on various other biennial and perennial summer forage legumes in rotation with wheat and influenced by phosphorus (P) supply (10 and 40 kg P/ha) was also carried out at the two research sites. The other legumes were lucerne (Medicago sativa), butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) and burgundy bean (Macroptilium bracteatum). After legumes, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was sown into the legume stubble. The annual lablab produced the highest forage yield, whereas germination, establishment and production of other biennial and perennial legumes were poor, particularly in the red soil at St George. At the commercial sites, only lablab-wheat rotations were experimented, with an increased supply of P in subsurface soil (20 kg P/ha). The lablab grown at the commercial sites yielded between 3 and 6 t/ha forage yield over 2-3 month periods, whereas the following wheat crop with no applied fertiliser yielded between 0.5 to 2.5 t/ha. The wheat following lablab yielded 30% less, on average, than the wheat in a fallow plot, and the profitability of wheat following lablab was slightly higher than that of the wheat following fallow because of greater costs associated with fallow management. The profitability of the lablab-wheat phase was determined after accounting for the input costs and additional costs associated with the management of fallow and in-crop herbicide applications for a fallow-wheat system. The economic and environmental benefits of forage lablab and wheat cropping were also assessed through simulations over a long-term climatic pattern by using economic (PreCAPS) and biophysical (Agricultural Production Systems Simulation, APSIM) decision support models. Analysis of the long-term rainfall pattern (70% in summer and 30% in winter) and simulation studies indicated that ~50% time a wheat crop would not be planted or would fail to produce a profitable crop (grain yield less than 1 t/ha) because of less and unreliable rainfall in winter. Whereas forage lablab in summer would produce a profitable crop, with a forage yield of more than 3 t/ha, ~90% times. Only 14 wheat crops (of 26 growing seasons, i.e. 54%) were profitable, compared with 22 forage lablab (of 25 seasons, i.e. 90%). An opportunistic double-cropping of lablab in summer and wheat in winter is also viable and profitable in 50% of the years. Simulation studies also indicated that an opportunistic lablab-wheat cropping can reduce the potential runoff+drainage by more than 40% in the Roma region, leading to improved economic and environmental benefits.

Diploid and tetraploid progenitors of wheat are valuable sources of resistance to the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei

The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei is widely distributed in Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum) producing regions and can reduce yield by more than 50%, costing the industry AU$50 M/year. Genetic resistance is the most effective form of management but no commercial cultivars are resistant (R) and the best parental lines are only moderately R. The wild relatives of wheat have evolved in P. thornei-infested soil for millennia and may have superior levels of resistance that can be transferred to commercial wheats. To evaluate this hypothesis, a collection of 251 accessions of wheat and related species was tested for resistance to P. thornei under controlled conditions in glasshouse pot experiments over two consecutive years. Diploid accessions were more R than tetraploid accessions which proved more R than hexaploid accessions. Of the diploid accessions, 11 (52%) Aegilops speltoides (S-[B]-genome), 10 (43%) Triticum monococcum (A (m) -genome) and 5 (24%) Triticum urartu (A (u) -genome) accessions were R. One tetraploid accession (Triticum dicoccoides) was R. This establishes for the first time that P. thornei resistance is located on the A-genome and confirms resistance on the B-genome. Since previous research has shown that the moderate levels of P. thornei resistance in hexaploid wheat are dose-dependent, additive and located on the B and D-genomes, it would seem efficient to target A-genome resistance for introduction to hexaploid lines through direct crossing, using durum wheat as a bridging species and/or through the development of amphiploids. This would allow resistances from each genome to be combined to generate a higher level of resistance than is currently available in hexaploid wheat.

Post-head-emergence frost in wheat and barley: defining the problem, assessing the damage, and identifying resistance

Radiant frost is a significant production constraint to wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), particularly in regions where spring-habit cereals are grown through winter, maturing in spring. However, damage to winter-habit cereals in reproductive stages is also reported. Crops are particularly susceptible to frost once awns or spikes emerge from the protection of the flag leaf sheath. Post-head-emergence frost (PHEF) is a problem distinct from other cold-mediated production constraints. To date, useful increased PHEF resistance in cereals has not been identified. Given the renewed interest in reproductive frost damage in cereals, it is timely to review the problem. Here we update the extent and impacts of PHEF and document current management options to combat this challenge. We clarify terminology useful for discussing PHEF in relation to chilling and other freezing stresses. We discuss problems characterizing radiant frost, the environmental conditions leading to PHEF damage, and the effects of frost at different growth stages. PHEF resistant cultivars would be highly desirable, to both reduce the incidence of direct frost damage and to allow the timing of crop maturity to be managed to maximize yield potential. A framework of potential adaptation mechanisms is outlined. Clarification of these critical issues will sharpen research focus, improving opportunities to identify genetic sources for improved PHEF resistance.

Post-head-emergence frost in wheat and barley: defining the problem, assessing the damage, and identifying resistance

Radiant frost is a significant production constraint to wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), particularly in regions where spring-habit cereals are grown through winter, maturing in spring. However, damage to winter-habit cereals in reproductive stages is also reported. Crops are particularly susceptible to frost once awns or spikes emerge from the protection of the flag leaf sheath. Post-head-emergence frost (PHEF) is a problem distinct from other cold-mediated production constraints. To date, useful increased PHEF resistance in cereals has not been identified. Given the renewed interest in reproductive frost damage in cereals, it is timely to review the problem. Here we update the extent and impacts of PHEF and document current management options to combat this challenge. We clarify terminology useful for discussing PHEF in relation to chilling and other freezing stresses. We discuss problems characterizing radiant frost, the environmental conditions leading to PHEF damage, and the effects of frost at different growth stages. PHEF resistant cultivars would be highly desirable, to both reduce the incidence of direct frost damage and to allow the timing of crop maturity to be managed to maximize yield potential. A framework of potential adaptation mechanisms is outlined. Clarification of these critical issues will sharpen research focus, improving opportunities to identify genetic sources for improved PHEF resistance.

吐鲁番洋海墓地植物遗存与古洋海人及环境之间的关系

古民族植物学（Paleoethnobotany）在我国尚属一个比较年轻的学科，其主要研究对象是先民们所栽培或利用过的植物遗存（Plant remains），目的在于揭示古代人们对食物的选择，栽培植物的起源，早期农业的出现以及居址周围的自然与生态环境。吐鲁番地区降水稀少。干燥的环境，使得考古遗址中的植物遗存得以完好的保存。本论文首次对吐鲁番洋海墓地（2500 B. P. ）的包括木材、果实、种子、茎杆、叶片等在内的植物遗存进行了系统的研究，依此分析了当时的植被及环境，并对与当时的土著居民密切相关的植物类群进行了详细研究。 研究表明，吐鲁番洋海墓地植物群包括木材、禾本科粮食作物、杂草及其它植物共18 种。其中我们详细研究了14 种，隶属于7 科14 属，它们分别为禾本科黍属中的黍（Panicum miliaceum），大麦属中的青稞（Hordeum vulgare var. nudum），小麦属中的普通小麦（Triticum aestivum），芦苇属的芦苇（Phragmites australis），虎尾草属的虎尾草（Chloris virgata），小獐毛属的小獐毛（Aeluropus pungens var. pungens），稗属的稗子（Echinochloa crusgali），大麻科大麻属中的大麻（Cannabis sativa），紫草科紫草属中的小花紫草（Lithospermum officinale）， 豆科槐属中的苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides var. alopecuroides），茄科枸杞属中的黑果枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum），松科云杉属中的云杉属未定种（Picea sp.）， 杨柳科杨属的胡杨（Popules euphratica）及柳属未定种（Salix sp.）。研究表明，这些植物遗存渗透到古洋海人生活的方方面面。其中，粮食作物为可能以黍为主，以普通小麦及青稞为辅;用以作装饰的为小花紫草的小坚果;可能与其原始宗教及医药相关的为大麻;与建筑相关的植物有芦苇、黑果枸杞、云杉（Picea sp.）、胡杨及柳（Salix sp.）等;与当地居民意义不大的杂草有稗子、苦豆子、小獐毛、虎尾草等。其中，大麻及小花紫草遗存的出土意味着当时的土著居民对当地的植物已经有了很高的认识水平;黍、青稞及普通小麦的出土意味着他们可能与东西方文化均有接触，为东西方文明的交融起了桥梁作用;所出土的部份植物如小獐毛、小花紫草、柳、苦豆子，尤其是稗子、芦苇及香蒲属植物等都属于喜湿植物。这说明，在当时的洋海墓地周边环境与今天相似，亦为一块植被丰富的绿洲，其中可能有大面积的湿地。

冬小麦春化过程中低温诱导的开花特异mRNA及蛋白质的合成

本实验以冬小麦“农大139”（T. aestivum L. cv. Nongda 139）为材料对春化作用诱导开花的分子机制作了一些探讨，主要结果如下： 1. 应用SDS-PAGE及高分辨双向电泳技术，比较了冬小麦给予春化、脱春化及超期春化处理后的电泳图谱，并结合对春小麦对照样品的分析，结果发现有一些蛋白质和春化作用紧密相关，它们随春化而出现、随脱春化而消失，并在不经低温处理即可以开花的春小麦对照中存在。也就是说，这些开花特异的蛋白质（FSPs）的存在或在诱导下的合成和小麦抽穗开花能力的获得存在一种正相关，因此推测它们在冬小麦由营养生长状态向生殖生长状态转变的过程中起了关键性的作用。 2. 从不同处理的及对照样品中提取mRNA进行体外翻译的结果表明：春化作用过程中低温诱导了mRNA组分的变化，其中一些新产生的mRNA种类与春化诱导的开花能力的获得呈高度相关，即它们是开花特异的（Flower Specific），它们中有的只在春化的特定时期存在并起作用。 3．比较体内分析及体外翻译的结果发现，一些开花特异蛋白质（FSPs）可以同时在体内提取物及体外翻译产物中检测到，因此，春化作用中开花特异蛋白质诱导合成的调节很可能发生在转录水平上。 4．基于以上结果的分析可以推测春化诱导开花是低温导致了开花特异基因表达的结果，超期春化的效应不能被脱春化所逆转则系编码这些开花特异蛋白质的基因在长期低温条件下转变成了组成性表达所致。 有关低温诱导产生的开花特异蛋白质的性质与功能及编码这些蛋白质的基因尚需进一步研究。

CO2倍增对禾本科植物幼苗形态结构的影响

本论文为国家自然科学基金重大项目“中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应模式研究”的部分研究内容。 本文对C02正常浓度(350ppm)和C02倍增(700ppm)条件下，小麦（Triticum, aestivum）、半野生小麦(Triticum aestivum spp．tibeticumShao)、大麦（Hordeum vulgare）、野大麦（Hordeum brevisubulalum）、水稻（Oryza sativa,）、野生稻（Or7za sativa ssp．）、谷子（Setaria italica）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、高粱（Sorghum vulgare）、玉米（Zea mays）、旱雀麦（Bromus tectorum）、旱麦草（Eremopyrum triticeum）等12种禾本科植物幼苗的叶片厚度、叶肉细胞密度、维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数、叶肉细胞中的叶绿体数、表皮细胞密度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔长度、气孔阻抗及平均株高、鲜重、茎秆直径、根的直径、种子的萌发率及叶绿体超微结构等进行了比较研究。 结果表明，C02倍增使不同种类、不同测试项目反应不一。总体上看，CO2浓度倍增，使10种禾本科植物（野大麦、玉米外）的吐片厚度普遍增加。除个别种类外，C4种类的平均株高、鲜重、根直径倍增组比对照组减小;气孔平均密度增加，而C3种类则呈相反趋势o C4种类比C3种类的叶片气孔开度对C02倍增反应更为敏感。在高浓度C02条件下，C4种类的叶绿体超微结构变化较明显，淀粉粒显著增加。野生种类的表皮细胞密度，叶肉细胞密度，维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数及茎秆直径，C02倍增组比对照组减少，栽培种类则显著增加。气孔密度与气孔指数基本呈正相关;而气孔长度与气孔密度则大体上呈负相关。 文中对高浓度C02条件下，供试植物形态结构的变化和规律，及全球大气变化对未来农业可能产生的影响进行了讨论。

小麦SKP1同源基因TSK1的克隆和功能分析

SKP1 (S-phase kinase-associated-protein 1) 家族蛋白是普遍存在于真核生物中的一类小分子量蛋白质，其主要的生物学功能在于参与SCF复合体的形成，从而调控生物体内泛素介导的蛋白质降解，并参与多方面的生物发育过程。SKP1蛋白能够同时和Cullin蛋白以及F-box蛋白结合，形成SCF复合体的核心部分。因此，SKP1正常功能的维持对于SCF复合体功能的实现至关重要。研究显示，植物中尤其是以拟南芥为代表模式植物中已经发现了21个SKP1基因成员，并发现其中的ASK1参与了多个SCF复合体的形成并调控着包括植物雄性减数分裂、生长素、赤霉素、茉莉酸和乙烯等生理和发育进程。但是来自高等植物尤其是小麦和水稻中的SKP1基因还鲜有报道，其功能还不为所知;此外，SKP1基因与ABA的关系还没有任何报道。 　　本文利用筛选小麦减数分裂期小花的cDNA文库结合RT-PCR的方法从小麦中分离到了一个SKP1同源基因，并命名为TSK1 (Triticum aestivum SKP1-Like 1)。序列比较结果显示TSK1与多个植物来源的SKP1基因有较高的同源性，对其推测的编码蛋白序列的分析发现TSK1与包括拟南芥来源的ASK1/ASK2等蛋白的羧基端存在非常高的保守性。 　　在对TSK1表达模式的研究中，本文发现TSK1主要是集中在小麦花序和幼根中表达。利用多种激素对小麦幼苗处理之后，发现TSK1的表达受ABA的抑制，但是当小麦中ABA合成受抑的情况下，TSK1的表达会有所增加，说明TSK1的表达受ABA的调控。RNA原位杂交显示TSK1基因在花顶端分生组织、花药以及幼根等分生较旺盛的组织中有较强的表达，暗示该基因可能参与了与细胞分裂相关的过程。 　　为了研究TSK1可能具有的功能，本文首先在ask1-1突变体背景上超表达TSK1，发现能够部分恢复ask1-1突变体雄性不育的表型，说明TSK1和ASK1在植物减数分裂过程中存在某种保守性。 　　在野生型拟南芥中超表达TSK1造成了拟南芥多个方面的变化，包括萌发和开花推迟，气孔开度减小等。进一步的观察发现，转基因植株的萌发和营养生长都呈现出对ABA的超敏感，后续证据证实这种ABA的超敏感性并不是由于转基因拟南芥中ABA合成途径的改变所造成的，而极有可能是影响了ABA的信号传导过程。RT-PCR的结果显示，转基因植株中多个ABA相关的已知基因表达量的发生了变化。 　　为了提供植物中SKP1家族成员参与调节植物ABA信号传导途径证据，本文对拟南芥ASK1/ask1 ASK12/ask2的杂合双突变体自交后代进行了研究。结果显示，ask1/ask1纯合突变体和ask1/ask1 ASK2/ask2植株表现出对ABA的弱敏感性。该结果从另一个侧面印证了TSK1超表达植株对ABA超敏感表型。 　　此外，TSK1超表达拟南芥也表现出生长素相关表型，也印证了该基因可能与ASK1类似，参与到生长素介导的根发育过程。 　　综上所述，本文认为TSK1参与了植物激素介导的植物发育过程，而且极有可能是形成了目前未知的某种SCF复合体。最重要的是，本文的结果为SCF复合体参与调节植物ABA信号传导途径提供了生理及遗传层面的证据。 　　 　　

植物根系、根区微生物对大气CO2浓度倍增的反应及其生态学意

预测下世纪中叶，大气CO_2浓度将高到目前的两倍（即达到700μ1•1~(-1)）。CO_2倍增对植物地上部的影响已经有了较多的研究，胆是由于方法学上的困难，至今关于倍增CO_2对植物根及根区微生物的研究仍是非常匮乏。本文应用国际上最新的根研究方法，以根系为中心，研究开顶式CO_2C熏蒸培养室中，CO_2倍增条件下根系与地上部，根系与根区微生物[共生的泡囊－丛枝菌根（VAM）真菌，非共生的土壤微生物]的关系。 1. CO_2倍增对根系的影响目前CO_2倍增对根系影响的研究多集中在根生物量的测定，或根／冠比值的测定，而善于其它参数如根长度则很少涉及，而根表面的反应目前还未见文献报道。本实验以幼苗期小麦“青323”（Triticum aestivum）、水稻“中作 29”(Oryza sativa)、大豆“科农4号”（Glycine max）、玉米“农大3138”（Zea mays）、甜高粱“M－81E”（Sorghum saccharatum）为材料，研究CO_2倍增对植物生物量的影响，发现CO_2倍增使C_3植物水稻、大豆的地上部、根系干重均显著增加，使小麦的根系干重显著增加，地上部无显著差异;C_4植物玉米和甜高粱的地上部和根系均没有显著反应。植物干重反应资料表明在光合产物的分配方面，C_3和C_4植物之间存在巨大的差异。 为了解根系获取土壤资源的能力的变化，我们对根系总长度和总表面积进行了分析。用样格交叉法研究根系长度的变化，结果显示，幼苗期的小麦、大豆的根系长度均被显著促进，尤其值得注意的是，尽管玉米根系干重没有显著改变，但是根长度已发生显著变化。同时应用研究根系表面积的最新方法－Na NO_2吸附法，研究发现幼苗期小麦、水稻和大豆的根系表面积在CO_2倍增条件下均显著增加，C_4植物玉米的根表面积亦有显著增加，但甜高粱的根表面积却没有显著反应，这说明即使在C_4植物类型中，根系表面积的反应在不同物种间仍存在很大差异。由于根长度和根表面积增幅大于根干重的增幅，所以推断在CO_2倍增条件下，植物根系细根比例增加，这有利于植物获取更多的养分。由于不同植物之间根系的反应不同，这将改变群落中原有的根系竞争关系，从而影响群落中物种的组成。 2. CO_2倍增对VAM真菌侵染强度和活力的影响本文应用NBT染色法，并结合浸染强度等级和活力等级标准，首次对CO_2倍增条件下，植物VAM真菌的侵染强度和活力的变化进行了检测。对比常规的酸性品红乳酸甘油法和NBT法，发现两者在显示侵染强度时元显著差异，但后者能同时用于侵染活力等级的研究。对幼苗期大豆以及不同生长期的小麦和玉米根系VAM真菌的侵染强度和活力进行观测，结果显示，倍增CO_2对大豆的侵染强度和活力均没有显著效应;使幼苗期玉米的侵染强度显著增加，但侵染活力无显著差异，但随生长期的推移，侵染强度所受的CO_2倍增效应逐渐减小，与14天苗龄（DAP）和35DAP相比，侵染活力在22DAP时所受效应最大;使10DAP小麦的VAM侵染强度和活力均显著增加，而且这种效应在30DAP小麦中的表现与10DAP小麦的相同。说明C_3、C_4植物中，菌根真菌对CO_2倍增反应不同，这也许是C_3、C_4植物对CO_2倍增反应不同的原因之一。倍增CO_2改善了VAM真菌的发育，所以较之于非菌根侵染植物，菌根侵染植物将因为CO_2倍增而获益更多，另一方面不同种植物中，VAM真菌的发育反应不同，这将使植物群落中，根系获取无机营养的竞争能力发生变化，最终影响植物群落的物种丰度和生物多样性以及群落的演替。 3. CO_2倍增对非共生土壤微生物的影响CO_2倍增使生长70天的小麦、垂柳（Salix babylonica）、藜(Chenopodium album)、繁穗苋（Amaranthus cruentus）品种“红苋K112”的地上部和根系的生物量增加。以这些植物所在土壤为材料，用氯仿熏蒸直接提取法研究土壤微生物生物量C（C_(mic)）和生物量N（N_(mic)）的变化，发现CO_2倍增尽管使各类型植物的C_4植物）土壤中C_(mic)的变化趋势不完全相同（小麦和藜所在土壤的C_(mic)下降，垂柳中C_(mic)升高，而在繁穗苋中无显著差异），但N_(mic)在各物种所在土壤中均有不同程度的上升，在繁穗苋中增幅最大。C_(mic):N_(mic)比值在4个物种所在土壤中均明显下降，这意味着CO_2倍增后在植物生长后期，土壤微生物活性提高，分解植物凋落物和土壤中其它有机质的能力加强，从而改善贫瘠土壤中有机质质量。 4.CO_2倍增对植物呼吸和光合作用及C素积累的影响 1）CO_2倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响：以杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides）、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和玉米等10种植物的离体成熟叶片或整株为材料，研究不同测定温度（15～35 ℃）下，CO_2倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响。结果表明：在较低温度（15 ℃、20 ℃）下，CO_2倍增对植物暗呼吸没有显著效应;在较高温度（30 ℃、35 ℃）时，多数被测植物的暗呼吸显著增强。由于植物在不同温度时它们的暗咱吸受CO_2倍增的促进幅度不同，这将导致不同地区（环境温度不同）的植物暗呼吸反应有差异，而且由于不同物种的暗呼吸增幅不同，综合光合效应，它们的生物量的反应也会不同。 2）CO_2倍增对整株植物的CO_2气体交换及植物C素积累的影响：利用自行设计的一套CO_2气体测定装置，首次尝试同步测定CO_2倍增条件下幼苗期小麦地下部和地上部的气体交换在昼夜24小时内的变化及C素的积累。发现CO_2倍增不仅使小麦地上部C素的积累增加，也使地下部释放的C素增加，但整株植物的C素收入仍高于对照两倍多，这从植物与环境的CO_2气体交换角度为CO_2倍增促进植物生物量的增加提供了依据。并首次提出：植物的整体性及植物所在的环境条件（主要是温度和光照强度）决定着植物暗呼吸对CO_2倍增的响应方式：被抑制或无效应。

高亲和力PO4(3-)转运子编码基因的cDNA克隆及特性分析

以简并引物，利用RT -PCR，克隆了普通小麦和黑麦根系的PO 43-转运子( Trans-porter)基因长约1.2kb的部分cDNA序列。对其与GenBank中的已知序列进行同源性比较，结果表明：(1)小麦与拟南芥、番茄等高等植物的氨基酸水平的同源性为60%～78%; (2)与酵母较低为40%左右，而与丝状真菌和细菌的同源性则<27%; (3)小麦与黑麦的同源性为75%。对其表达特性的研究表明：(1)该基因在根系和茎叶组织中均有表达，但在根系组织中转录产物的累积量显著高于茎叶;(2)磷饥饿条件下，茎叶和根系组织中该基因的表达均增强，但根系组织中增强幅度较大，由此认为该基因产物的功能不只是根系从生长环境中吸收PO 43-，而与PO 43-在植物体内的转运密切相关;(3)磷饥饿5天 后的植株重新供给充足的PO 43-，则该基因的表达在24小时内即显著减弱;(4)分根试验中同株的部分根系生长于磷饥饿(OuM)环境中，而另一部分根系生长于PO 43-充足(250uM)的环境中，这两部分根系中该基因转录产物的积累水平并无显著差异。因此认为植物感受磷饥饿胁迫的信号可能来自植物体内部POi-库的耗竭。此外，用磷讥饿条件下的普通小麦根系mRNA构建了cDNA文库，以克隆的部分序列为探针，从cDNA文库中分离了全长序列。

冬小麦抗寒性和光合作用对增强UV-B辐射与温度交互作用的响应

人类活动产生的氯氟烃化合物破坏了大气臭氧层，导致了到达地球表面的UV-B辐射大幅度增加。UV-B辐射增强可以影响到植物的生长、形态与发育等各个方面，因此有关增强UV-B辐射对植物的影响，及其与许多环境因子复合作用的研究都已经广泛开展。但是增强UV-B辐射与温度，特别是与低温的相互作用的研究报道很少。在北半球的晚秋至早春这段时期里，一些越冬生长的植物将面临着UV-B辐射增强和低温的双重胁迫，因此，迫切需要进行UV-B辐射和低温生长环境下植物的响应及其机制的研究。 以人工气候生长室中生长的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)幼苗为试验材料，研究了低剂量（4.2 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE，LUVB）和较高剂量（7.0 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE，HUVB）UV-B辐射处理对20/16℃条件下幼苗抗寒力的交叉适应性及其抗氧化系统的反应;同时还研究了在两种生长温度（25/20℃和10/5℃）条件下，低剂量（4.2 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE，LUVB）和超高剂量（10.3 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE，SHUVB）UV-B辐射处理幼苗的生长速率、光合与荧光参数、叶黄素循环色素、抗氧化系统、以及抗寒性和酚类物质等生理反应，以期阐明不同温度条件下生长的冬小麦对UV-B辐射的生长、光合作用以及抗寒性响应与适应机制。主要结果如下： 1.在LUVB辐射处理下，在20/16℃和25/20℃条件下生长的冬小麦幼苗LT50值都显著降低，HUVB辐射处理对在20/16℃条件下生长的幼苗LT50值也可以显著降低，而SHUVB辐射对25/20℃条件下生长的幼苗LT50值没有显著影响。但是，LUVB和SHUVB辐射处理都导致了10/5℃条件下生长的幼苗LT50值的显著增加。表明适当的UV-B辐射能增强较高温度（20/16℃或25/20℃）条件下冬小麦幼苗的抗寒力，即表现出对冷冻低温的交叉适应性，但低温（10/5℃）生长条件却削弱了UV-B辐射下冬小麦的抗寒能力。 2.在20/16℃条件下接受UV-B辐射预处理的幼苗在-6℃条件下冷冻胁迫6 h再缓慢恢复6 h后，与未进行UV-B辐射处理的对照相比，其叶片过氧化氢酶（CAT）、愈创木酚过氧化物酶（GPX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性，谷胱甘肽氧化还原比例（GSH/GSSG）都显著提高，而由硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（TBARS）代表的膜质过氧化程度显著低于对照。此外，UV-B辐射期间处理幼苗的H2O2含量较对照显著增加，而冷冻恢复以后却明显低于对照。表明UV-B辐射诱导的抗寒力的提高应该与冷冻恢复后植株体内抗氧化系统的上调表达有关，H2O2可能参与了UV-B辐射对低温的交叉适应的信号传导。 3.除25/20℃生长条件下的LUVB处理的小麦幼苗外，UV-B辐射显著降低幼苗的相对生长速率（RGR）、净光合速率（Pn）、光系统II最大量子产量（Fv/Fm）、光系统II实际量子产量（(F΄m−Fs)/F΄m）以及光化学淬灭（qP），但是UV-B辐射并不影响叶片胞间CO2浓度（Ci），而且冬小麦幼苗生长和光合作用的抑制被增加的UV-B辐射剂量和降低的温度加强。UV-B辐射引起的光抑制由非气孔限制所导致，而且主要与PS II光化学效率降低有关。 4.UV-B辐射显著增加了两个温度条件（20/16℃或25/20℃）下生长的冬小麦幼苗叶黄素循环过程中紫黄素（V）的合成，但抑制了V向玉米黄质（Z）的转化，从而造成了对照与LUVB辐射处理幼苗之间的叶片中脱环氧化比例（DEPS）和NPQ无显著性差异，但SHUVB辐射处理幼苗叶片中DEPS和NPQ显著降低。因此，在本试验条件下，增强UV-B辐射处理的冬小麦可能并不通过热耗散形式形成光保护机制，光抑制形成的过剩激发能的耗散可能更多地通过代谢途径来实现。 5.UV-B辐射处理提高了在25/20℃条件下幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和GR等活性，以及抗坏血酸氧化还原比例（AsA/DHA）和GSH/GSSG;但是在10/5℃下，UV-B辐射除了导致SOD和CAT活性升高之外，对APX活性和AsA/DHA并不产生明显影响，但GPX和GSH/GSSG则显著降低。说明UV-B辐射幼苗的抗氧化系统在较高生长温度下显著地增强，而在低温10/5℃下被严重地削弱或降低，即低温阻止了代谢途径的光保护机制的正常运转。 6.多酚物质在UV-B辐射或低温10/5℃条件下都能显著地累积，且在UV-B辐射和低温复合作用下增加尤其显著，表明多酚物质在两个温度生长条件下特别是低温条件下都参与了对UV-B辐射幼苗的保护。 7.在高温条件下仅仅SHUVB处理的幼苗TBARS含量显著增加，而低温10/5℃条件下两个UV-B辐射处理都非常显著地上升，说明与高温生长条件相比较，低温加重了UV-B辐射引起的氧化胁迫，低温10/5℃条件下幼苗多酚的增加以及抗氧化系统的部分增强都没有能阻止UV-B辐射对幼苗的伤害。

活性X-3B红染料污染生态毒理效应及机量研究

染料是一大类合成化学品，在纺织、印刷、信息、军事工业、医学及其他多个领域都得到了广泛的应用。然而，随着染料的不断生产和广泛使用，由它引发的土壤一作物系统染料污染已成为当前人们所关注的重要环境问题之一，有关染料污染的生态毒理效应及其机理的研究已成为污染生态化学研究的前沿领域和重要问题。本论文根据我国当前有机染料污染的趋势和有关研究现状，针对迫切需要对染料污染生态毒理效应进行了解的现实情况，以活性X-3B红为例，探讨了活性X-3B红在单一污染条件下对小麦（Triticum aestivum）、白菜（Brassicachinensis）和水稻（Oryza sativa )等常见作物的种子发芽与根伸长的生态毒性效应及其机理，以及我国三种典型土壤（红壤、褐土和棕壤）中脉酶和脱氢酶对活性X-3B红的耐受性及其机理；在种子和幼苗暴露的单一污染试验的基础上，又进一步地研究了活性X-3B红分别与无机污染物（重金属Cd）和有机污染物（农药甲胺磷）复合污染条件下对小麦、白菜种子发芽、根伸长及幼苗生长的毒性效应。实验结果表明，活性X-3B红染料单一污染条件下对三种作物产生不同的生态毒理效应，三种土壤的脉酶和脱氢酶对其都表现出了一定的耐受性，但耐受能力各异；在活性X一3B红与Cd复合污染的实验中，小麦根伸长对其联合作用较种子萌发更为敏感，在Cd不同的浓度范围内表现出协同或是拮抗复杂的效应；在活性X-3B红与甲胺磷复合污染的条件下，小麦和白菜根伸长和生物量的反应有差异，但除小麦根伸长有协同和拮抗两种效应外，总的来看都表现出微弱或明显的拮抗效应。这些研究，有望促进人们对染料污染生态化学行为进行了解，为合成低生态风险的有机染料提供具有参考价值的基础资料与科学依据。