Caractérisation de différents mécanismes immunologiques conduisant au dommage glomérulaire chez le greffé rénal avec rejet humoral; les effets des anticorps anti-HLA sur l’expression endothéliale et les niveaux sériques de thrombomoduline chez les patients transplantés

La greffe rénale est le meilleur traitement de l’insuffisance rénale terminale. Par contre, la perte prématurée du greffon est un problème majeur chez les greffés qui est due majoritairement au rejet. La classification de Banff reconnait 2 catégories de rejets : une réaction médiée par les anticorps (ABMR) et/ou une réaction cellulaire (TCMR). L’ABMR est caractérisé par le développement de novo d’anticorps contre le donneur (DSA) en circulation et des dommages histologiques, comme la glomérulopathie du transplant. De novo, les DSA anti-HLA-II sont plus fréquemment associés à la glomérulopathie du transplant que les anti-HLA-I et sont associés à un moins bon pronostic clinique. Toutefois, le mécanisme par lequel les anti-HLA-II sont plus dommageables demeure mal connu. Mon hypothèse est que les anticorps anti-HLA sont suffisants pour perturber l’hémostase de l’endothélium glomérulaire. Plus particulièrement, nous croyons que les anticorps anti-HLA-II, diminuent l’expression de la thrombomoduline (TBM), ce qui pourrait mener aux lésions endothéliales glomérulaires associées à la glomérulopathie du transplant. Pour évaluer cette hypothèse, j’ai utilisé un modèle in vitro d’endothélium glomérulaire humain et du sérum de patients transplantés rénaux. Nous avons observé que l’expression membranaire de la TBM augmentait de manière dosedépendante en présence d‘anti-HLA-I, mais pas anti-HLA-II. Toutefois, lors de la mesure intracellulaire nous avons observé une accumulation cytosolique en réponse à une stimulation par les anti-HLA-II. De plus, nous avons observé une association significative entre la présence de DSA circulants anti-HLA-II dans les patients transplantés rénaux et un faible taux de TBM sérique. Ces résultats indiquent que la liaison des anticorps anti-HLA-I et II produit des effets différents sur l’expression endothéliale de la TBM. Les anticorps anti-HLA-II pourraient être associés à un état prothrombotique qui pourrait expliquer l’occurrence plus élevée de lésions microangiopathiques dans l’allogreffe et la moins bonne condition observée chez les patients ayant ces anticorps.

Índice del perfil del donante renal (KDPI) como factor pronóstico del trasplante

La enfermedad renal crónica ha aumentado a nivel mundial y nacional, mientras que el número de donantes viene en descenso, y los pacientes en lista de espera aumentan. Los donantes cadavéricos son una opción para estos pacientes, y han sido utilizados en últimos años para aumentar los órganos disponibles. La evaluación de la calidad de estos es importante para optimizar su uso. Estudio analítico tipo cohorte retrospectiva, cálculo de KDPI en donantes cadavéricos, seguimiento función renal creatinina sérica 1 mes, 3 meses, 6 meses y un año. Correlación supervivencia del injerto, función renal, KDPI y EPTS. Análisis de supervivencia y regresión logística con variables del donante, receptor y acto quirúrgico.

Determinación del comportamiento del riesgo cardiovascular en paciente postrasplante hepatico en Fundacion Cardioinfantil

El trasplante hepático es una opción terapéutica para enfermedad hepática avanzada cada vez más frecuente en Colombia. La sobrevida del 80% a 5 años conlleva a un aumento del riesgo cardiovascular y de eventos cardiovasculares, por esta razón esta investigación determina el comportamiento del riesgo cardiovascular en los pacientes con trasplante hepático de la Fundación Cardioinfantil, realizado en 3 años de seguimiento . Lo encontrado en esta investigación es que existe un aumento del riesgo cardiovascular a tres años en pacientes post trasplante hepático, estadísticamente significativo, principalmente secundario a hipertensión, diabetes e hipertrigliceridemia. El aumento es mayor a lo descrito en la población general, y similar a otros pacientes trasplantados, en un periodo de 5 años

Impacto de los Niveles de Tacrolimus en el Rechazo al Injerto y la Tasa de Filtración Glomerular en Pacientes con Trasplante Hepático realizado en la FCI-IC entre 2009 y 2014

Introducción: El tacrolimus es el medicamento de elección para evitar el rechazo al injerto hepático. Su dosis se ajusta a partir de los niveles séricos que se toman periódicamente para asegurar rango terapéutico. Además, niveles elevados se asocian con disfunción renal postrasplante. Sin embargo, no hay consenso frente a los niveles adecuados para pacientes con trasplante hepático. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los niveles de tacrolimus y la presencia de rechazo agudo al injerto hepático en pacientes con trasplante hepático realizado en la Fundación Cardioinfantil – Instituto de Cardiología (FCI-IC). Determinar la relación entre los niveles de tacrolimus y la TFG en pacientes con trasplante hepático realizado en la FCI-IC. Métodos: Estudio observacional tipo cohorte histórica en pacientes adultos con trasplante hepático realizado en la FCI-IC entre 2009-2014. Resultados: No se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los niveles de tacrolimus y la presencia de rechazo agudo, en sus diferentes definiciones (OR=1,02, p=0,14 y OR=1,01, p=0,29) incluso al ajustar por otras covariables (OR=1,03, p=0,10 y OR=1,02, p=0,25). No fue posible corroborar el diagnóstico con biopsia porque no todos la tenían. Si bien la relación entre los niveles de tacrolimus y la TFG fue estadísticamente significativa (p≤0,001), tiene bajo impacto clínico, pues la TFG disminuyó menos de un punto por cada incremento en 1 ng/ml en los niveles de tacrolimus. Conclusiones: Se necesitan más estudios para establecer la relación entre la exposición a tacrolimus y estos desenlaces para definir si es seguro disminuir su dosis con el fin de reducir los eventos adversos.

Tratamiento del rechazo mediado por anticuerpos en pacientes trasplantados renales revisión sistemática

Antecedentes: El trasplante renal es la mejor alternativa terapéutica para la enfermedad renal crónica terminal. Los medicamentos inmunosupresores previenen el rechazo. El rechazo mediado por anticuerpos es frecuente y disminuye la función y duración del injerto. Objetivo: Evaluar sistemáticamente la evidencia disponible relacionada con la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento para el rechazo mediado por anticuerpos en pacientes trasplantados renales. Metodologia: Revisión sistemática en bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus y Biblioteca virtual de la salud. Literatura gris google scholar, google academico, www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu, and https://clinicaltrials.gov/. Búsqueda manual referencias artículos pre-seleccionados así como de revisiones previamente publicadas. Se siguieron las recomendacioes guia PRISMA para la identificacion de artículos potenciales, tamizaje y selección teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusion. Extracción datos de acuerdo a las variables, revisión calidad de los artículos elegidos utilizando evaluación riesgo de segos de Cochrane. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 9 ensayos clínicos publicados entre 1980 y 2016, incluyeron 222 pacientes (113 brazo de intervención y 109 en el control), seguimiento promedio 16 meses. Intervenciones evaluadas plasmaféresis, inmunoadsorción y rituximab. Hubo una amplia heterogeneidad en la definición de criterios de inclusión, criterios diagnósticos de rechazo y medidas de evaluación de eficacia de las intervenciones. Tres estudios encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de tratamiento. Conclusiones: La evidencia sobre la eficacia de los tratamientos del rechazo mediado por anticuerpos en injertos renales es de baja calidad. Son necesarios ensayos clínicos controlados para poder definir el tratamiento óptimo de estos pacientes.

Liver transplant outcome: a comparison between high and low MELD score recipients

OBJECTIVE: To compare low and high MELD scores and investigate whether existing renal dysfunction has an effect on transplant outcome. METHODS: Data was prospectively collected among 237 liver transplants (216 patients) between March 2003 and March 2009. Patients with cirrhotic disease submitted to transplantation were divided into three groups: MELD > 30, MELD < 30, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Renal failure was defined as a ± 25% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate as observed 1 week after the transplant. Median MELD scores were 35, 21, and 13 for groups MELD > 30, MELD < 30, and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. RESULTS: Recipients with MELD > 30 had more days in Intensive Care Unit, longer hospital stay, and received more blood product transfusions. Moreover, their renal function improved after liver transplant. All other groups presented with impairment of renal function. Mortality was similar in all groups, but renal function was the most important variable associated with morbidity and length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: High MELD score recipients had an improvement in the glomerular filtration rate after 1 week of liver transplantation.

The burden of parainfluenza virus infection in patients with hematological malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients in the absence of active immunization and approved therapy: The role of infection control

Background. Community respiratory viruses, mainly RSV and influenza, are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with leukemia and HSCT recipients. The data on impact of PIV infections in these patients is lacking. Methods. We reviewed the records of patients with leukemia and HSCT recipients who developed PIV infection from Oct'02–Nov'07 to determine the outcome of such infections. Results. We identified 200 patients with PIV infections including 80(40%) patients with leukemia and 120 (60%) recipients of HSCT. Median age was 55 y (17-84 y). As compared to HSCT recipients, patients with leukemia had higher APACHE II score (14 vs. 10, p<0.0001); were more likely to have ANC<500 (48% vs. 10%, p<0.0001) and ALC<200 (45% vs. 23.5%, p=0.02). PIV type III was the commonest isolate (172/200, 86%). Most patients 141/200 (70%) had upper respiratory infection (URI), and 59/200 (30%) had pneumonia at presentation. Patients in leukemia group were more likely to require hospitalization due to PIV infection (77% vs. 36% p=0.0001) and were more likely to progress to pneumonia (61% vs. 39%, p=0.002). Fifty five patients received aerosolized ribavirin and/or IVIG. There were no significant differences in the duration of symptoms, length of hospitalization, progression to pneumonia or mortality between the treated verses untreated group. The clinical outcome was unknown in 13 (6%) patients. Complete resolution of symptoms was noted in 91% (171/187) patients and 9% (16/187) patients died. Mortality rate was 17% (16/95) among patients who had PIV pneumonia, with no significant difference between leukemia and HSCT group (16% vs. 17%). The cause of death was acute respiratory failure and/or multi-organ failure in (13, 81%) patients. Conclusions. Patients with leukemia and HSCT could be at high risk for serious PIV infections including PIV pneumonia. Treatment with aerosolized ribavirin and/or IVIG may not have significant effect on the outcome of PIV infection.^

Reduced intensity conditioning for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant determines the kinetics of acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Background Preparative myeloablative conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) may control malignancy and facilitate engraftment but also contribute to transplant related mortality, cytokine release, and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens have decreased transplant related mortality but the incidence of acute GVHD, while delayed, remains unchanged. There are currently no in vivo allogeneic models of RIC HSCT, limiting studies into the mechanism behind RIC-associated GVHD. Methods We developed two RIC HSCT models that result in delayed onset GVHD (major histocompatibility complex mismatched (UBI-GFP/BL6 [H-2b]→BALB/c [H-2d]) and major histocompatibility complex matched, minor histocompatibility mismatched (UBI-GFP/BL6 [H-2b]→BALB.B [H-2b])) enabling the effect of RIC on chimerism, dendritic cell (DC) chimerism, and GVHD to be investigated. Results In contrast with myeloablative conditioning, we observed that RIC-associated delayed-onset GVHD is characterized by low production of tumor necrosis factor-α, maintenance of host DC, phenotypic DC activation, increased T-regulatory cell numbers, and a delayed emergence of activated donor DC. Furthermore, changes to the peritransplant milieu in the recipient after RIC lead to the altered activation of DC and the induction of T-regulatory responses. Reduced intensity conditioning recipients suffer less early damage to GVHD target organs. However, as donor cells engraft, activated donor DC and rising levels of tumor necrosis factor-α are associated with a later onset of severe GVHD. Conclusions Delineating the mechanisms underlying delayed onset GVHD in RIC HSCT recipients is vital to improve the prediction of disease onset and allow more targeted interventions for acute GVHD.

Factors associated with mortality in transplant patients with invasive aspergillosis.

BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with mortality in transplant patients with IA. METHODS: Transplant patients from 23 US centers were enrolled from March 2001 to October 2005 as part of the Transplant Associated Infection Surveillance Network. IA cases were identified prospectively in this cohort through March 2006, and data were collected. Factors associated with 12-week all-cause mortality were determined by logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Six-hundred forty-two cases of proven or probable IA were evaluated, of which 317 (49.4%) died by the study endpoint. All-cause mortality was greater in HSCT patients (239 [57.5%] of 415) than in SOT patients (78 [34.4%] of 227; P<.001). Independent poor prognostic factors in HSCT patients were neutropenia, renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, early-onset IA, proven IA, and methylprednisolone use. In contrast, white race was associated with decreased risk of death. Among SOT patients, hepatic insufficiency, malnutrition, and central nervous system disease were poor prognostic indicators, whereas prednisone use was associated with decreased risk of death. Among HSCT or SOT patients who received antifungal therapy, use of an amphotericin B preparation as part of initial therapy was associated with increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: There are multiple variables associated with survival in transplant patients with IA. Understanding these prognostic factors may assist in the development of treatment algorithms and clinical trials.

Association of Caveolin-1 gene polymorphism with kidney transplant fibrosis and allograft failure

Context: Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is an inhibitor of tissue fibrosis.
Objective: To study the association of CAV1 gene variation with kidney transplant outcome, using kidney transplantation as a model of accelerated fibrosis.
Design, Setting, and Patients: Candidate gene association and validation study. Genomic DNA from 785 white kidney transplant donors and their respective recipients (transplantations in Birmingham, England, between 1996 and 2006; median followup, 81 months) were analyzed for common variation in CAV1 using a singlenucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tagging approach. Validation of positive findings was sought in an independent kidney transplant donor-recipient cohort (transplantations in Belfast, Northern Ireland, between 1986 and 2005; n=697; median follow-up, 69 months). Association between genotype and allograft failure was initially assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis, then in an adjusted Cox model.
Main Outcome Measure: Death-censored allograft failure, defined as a return to dialysis or retransplantation.
Results: The presence of donor AA genotype for the CAV1 rs4730751 SNP was associated with increased risk of allograft failure in the Birmingham group (donor AA vs non-AA genotype in adjusted Cox model, hazard ratio [HR], 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-3.16; P=.002). No other tag SNPs showed a significant association. This finding was validated in the Belfast cohort (in adjusted Cox model, HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.07-2.27; P=.02). Overall graft failure rates were as follows: for the Birmingham cohort, donor genotype AA, 22 of 57 (38.6%); genotype CC, 96 of 431 (22.3%); and genotype AC, 66 of 297 (22.2%); and for the Belfast cohort, donor genotype AA, 32 of 48 (67%); genotype CC, 150 of 358 (42%); and genotype AC, 119 of 273 (44%).
Conclusion: Among kidney transplant donors, the CAV1 rs4730751 SNP was significantly associated with allograft failure in 2 independent cohorts.

Comprehensive Investigation of the Caveolin 2 Gene: Resequencing and Association for Kidney Transplant Outcomes

Caveolae are plasma membrane structures formed from a complex of the proteins caveolin-1 and caveolin-2. Caveolae interact with pro-inflammatory cytokines and are dysregulated in fibrotic disease. Although caveolae are present infrequently in healthy kidneys, they are abundant during kidney injury. An association has been identified between a CAV1 gene variant and long term kidney transplant survival. Chronic, gradual decline in transplant function is a persistent problem in kidney transplantation. The aetiology of this is diverse but fibrosis within the transplanted organ is the common end point. This study is the first to investigate the association of CAV2 gene variants with kidney transplant outcomes. Genomic DNA from donors and recipients of 575 kidney transplants performed in Belfast was investigated for common variation in CAV2 using a tag SNP approach. The CAV2 SNP rs13221869 was nominally significant for kidney transplant failure. Validation was sought in an independent group of kidney transplant donors and recipients from Dublin, Ireland using a second genotyping technology. Due to the unexpected absence of rs13221869 from this cohort, the CAV2 gene was resequenced. One novel SNP and a novel insertion/deletion in CAV2 were identified; rs13221869 is located in a repetitive region and was not a true variant in resequenced populations. CAV2 is a plausible candidate gene for association with kidney transplant outcomes given its proximity to CAV1 and its role in attenuating fibrosis. This study does not support an association between CAV2 variation and kidney transplant survival. Further analysis of CAV2 should be undertaken with an awareness of the sequence complexities and genetic variants highlighted by this study. 

Étude de l’immunité antivaricelleuse chez l’enfant transplanté au moyen de moelle osseuse ou de sang de cordon ombilical

L’infection primaire au VZV et la réactivation du VZV latent sont fréquemment observées à la suite d’une GMO ou d’une GSCO, ce qui cause de sérieuses complications chez le patient. Pour prévenir ces infections, une prophylaxie antivirale est administrée systématiquement chez tous les greffés de MO ou de SCO, alors qu’il n’existe aucun consensus sur la durée optimale d’une telle prophylaxie. Pour résoudre ce problème, notre objectif est de développer et valider une méthode ELISpot-VZV-IFN- qui permettra de suivre la reconstitution de l’immunité à médiation cellulaire anti-VZV chez les receveurs de GMO ou de GSCO et ainsi déterminer le moment opportun pour réduire ou interrompe la prophylaxie chez les receveurs de greffes de CSH. Dans un premier temps, des valeurs-seuil de la réponse à médiation cellulaire anti-VZV chez la population pédiatrique saine ont dû être générées. À la lumière de nos résultats, un enfant avec un résultat ELISpot-VZV-IFN- > 190.0 SFU/106 PBMC devrait être protégé contre une possible infection à VZV. Pour valider cette étude, une étude prospective de la reconstitution immunitaire anti-VZV a été effectuée chez 9 enfants greffés de MO ou de SCO. Nos résultats préliminaires ont montré qu’il n’y avait eu aucune reconstitution significative de l’immunité à médiation cellulaire anti-VZV dans les 18 premiers mois post-transplantation chez 8 de ces 9 enfants. Les résultats de ces expériences vont fournir d’importantes informations quant à la reconstitution de l’immunité anti-VZV à la suite d’une GMO ou d’une GSCO et pourraient permettre l’amélioration des soins apportés aux receveurs de GMO ou de GSCO.

Graft versus host disease in a rat small bowel transplant model after T-cell depleted donor specific bone marrow infusion

Baixas doses de irradiação associadas à infusão de células da medula óssea não previnem a ocorrência da reação do enxerto versus hospedeiro após o transplante intestinal. OBJETIVO: Neste estudo foi avaliado a potencial vantagem em estender o regime imunossupressor associado a infusão de células de medula óssea do doador depletadas de células T na prevenção da reação do enxerto versus hospedeiro após o transplante intestinal. MÉTODOS: Transplante heterotópico de intestino delgado foi realizado em ratos Lewis como receptores e da como doadores, distribuídos em cinco grupos de acordo com a duração da imunossupressão, irradiação e do uso de medula óssea normal ou depletada: G1 (n=6), sem irradiação e G2 (n=9), G3 (n=4), G4 (n=5) e G5 (n=6) foram irradiados com 250 rd. Grupos1, 2, 4 e G3 e 5 foram infundidos com 100 x 10(6) células da medula normal e depletada respectivamente. Animais no G1,2,3 foram imunossuprimidos com 1mg/kg/FK506/ IM por cinco dias e G4 e cinco por 15 dias. Anticorpos monoclonais contra células CD3 e colunas magnéticas foram utilizadas para a depleção da medula óssea. Os animais foram examinados para a presença de rejeição, reação do enxerto versus hospedeiro, chimerismo e biópsias intestinais e da pele. RESULTADOS: Rejeição mínima foi observada em todos os grupos; entretanto, a reação do enxerto versus hospedeiro somente nos animais irradiados. Extensão da imunossupressão alterou a gravidade da reação nos animais dos G4 e 5. Rejeição foi a causa mortis no G1 e a reação do enxerto versus hospedeiro nos Grupos 2,3,4 e 5, não controlada com a infusão de medula óssea depletada. O chimerismo total e de células T do doador foi estatisticamente maior nos grupos irradiados em comparação ao G1. CONCLUSÃO: A extensão do regime de imunossupressão associado a baixas doses de irradiação diminui a gravidade da reação do enxerto versus hospedeiro, não abolida pelo uso de medula óssea depletada.

Prophylaxis of fungal infections in transplant patients

We thank the Clinical Directors from the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP for their support: Prof. Jose Otávio Costa Auler Junior, Prof. Tarcísio Eloi Pessoa de Barros Filho and Prof. Eloísa Bonfá

Assessment and management of oral health in liver transplant candidates

Liver transplantation has become a standard treatment for end-stage liver disease and the number of recipients has grown rapidly in the last few years. Dental care during pre-transplant workup is important to reduce potential sources of infection in the drug-induced immunosuppression phase of liver transplantation. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to document the prevalence of oral abnormalities in patients on a liver transplant waiting list presenting to an urban dental school clinic, discuss the appropriate dental treatment according their systemic conditions and compare their oral manifestations with those of healthy individuals. Material and Methods: A pilot study was conducted involving 16 end-stage liver disease individuals (study group- SG) attending the Special Care Dentistry Center of the University of So Paulo and 16 control individuals (control group- CG) with no liver diseases, receiving dental care at the Dental School of the University of So Paulo. These individuals were assessed for their dental status (presence of oral disease or abnormalities), coagulation status, and dental treatment indications. Results: The patients from SG exhibited a greater incidence of oral manifestations compared with CG (p=0.0327) and were diagnosed with at least one oral disease or condition that required treatment. Coagulation abnormalities reflecting an increased risk of bleeding were found in 93.75% of the patients. However, no bleeding complications occurred after dental treatment. Conclusions: The patients with chronic liver diseases evaluated in this study exhibited a higher incidence of oral manifestations compared with the control group and had at least one oral disease or abnormality which required dental treatment prior to liver transplantation. Careful oral examination and evaluation of the patient, including laboratory tests, will ensure correct oral preparation and control of oral disease prior to liver transplantation.