A influência do amortecimento viscoelástico na estabilidade aeroelástica de painéis aeronáuticos

Since the creation of supersonic vehicles, during the Second World War, the engineers have given special attention to the interaction between the aerodynamic efforts and the structures of the aircrafts due to a highly destructive phenomenon called flutter in aeronautical panel. Flutter in aeronautical panels is a self-excited aeroelastic phenomenon, which can occurs during supersonic flights due to dynamic instability of inertia, elastic and aerodynamic forces of the system. In the flutter condition, when the critical aerodynamic pressure is reached, the vibration amplitudes of the panel become dynamically unstable and increase exponentially with time, affecting significantly the fatigue life of the existing aeronautical components. Thus, in this paper, the interest is to investigate the possibility of reducing the effects of the supersonic aeroelastic instability of rectangular plates by applying passive constrained viscoelastic layers. The rationale for such study is the fact that as the addition of viscoelastic materials provides decreased vibration amplitudes it becomes important to quantify the suppression of plate flutter coalescence modes that can be obtained. Moreover, despite the fact that much research on the suppression of panel flutter has been carried out by using passive, semi-active and active control techniques, very few of them are adapted to deal with the problem of estimating the flutter speeds of viscoelastic systems, since they must conveniently account for the frequency- and temperature-dependent behavior of the viscoelastic material. In this context, two different model of viscoelastic material are developed and applied to the model of sandwich plate by using finite elements. After the presentation of the theoretical foundations of the methodology, the description of a numerical study on the flutter analysis of a three-layer sandwich plate is addressed.

Active Surface Deformation Technology for Management of Marine Biofouling

Biofouling, the accumulation of biomolecules, cells, organisms and their deposits on submerged and implanted surfaces, is a ubiquitous problem across various human endeavors including maritime operations, medicine, food industries and biotechnology. Since several decades, there have been substantial research efforts towards developing various types of antifouling and fouling release approaches to control bioaccumulation on man-made surfaces. In this work we hypothesized, investigated and developed dynamic change of the surface area and topology of elastomers as a general approach for biofouling management. Further, we combined dynamic surface deformation of elastomers with other existing antifouling and fouling-release approaches to develop multifunctional, pro-active biofouling control strategies.

This research work was focused on developing fundamental, new and environment-friendly approaches for biofouling management with emphasis on marine model systems and applications, but which also provided fundamental insights into the control of infectious biofilms on biomedical devices. We used different methods (mechanical stretching, electrical-actuation and pneumatic-actuation) to generate dynamic deformation of elastomer surfaces. Our initial studies showed that dynamic surface deformation methods are effective in detaching laboratory grown bacterial biofilms and barnacles. Further systematic studies revealed that a threshold critical surface strain is required to debond a biofilm from the surface, and this critical strain is dependent on the biofilm mechanical properties including adhesion energy, thickness and modulus. To test the dynamic surface deformation approach in natural environment, we conducted field studies (at Beaufort, NC) in natural seawater using pneumatic-actuation of silicone elastomer. The field studies also confirmed that a critical substrate strain is needed to detach natural biofilm accumulated in seawater. Additionally, the results from the field studies suggested that substrate modulus also affect the critical strain needed to debond biofilms. To sum up, both the laboratory and the field studies proved that dynamic surface deformation approach can effectively detach various biofilms and barnacles, and therefore offers a non-toxic and environmental friendly approach for biofouling management.

Deformable elastomer systems used in our studies are easy to fabricate and can be used as complementary approach for existing commercial strategies for biofouling control. To this end, we aimed towards developed proactive multifunctional surfaces and proposed two different approaches: (i) modification of elastomers with antifouling polymers to produce multifunctional, and (ii) incorporation of silicone-oil additives into the elastomer to enhance fouling-release performance.

In approach (i), we modified poly(vinylmethylsiloxane) elastomer surfaces with zwitterionic polymers using thiol-ene click chemistry and controlled free radical polymerization. These surfaces exhibited both fouling resistance and triggered fouling-release functionalities. The zwitterionic polymers exhibited fouling resistance over short-term (∼hours) exposure to bacteria and barnacle cyprids. The biofilms that eventually accumulated over prolonged-exposure (∼days) were easily detached by applying mechanical strain to the elastomer substrate. In approach (ii), we incorporated silicone-oil additives in deformable elastomer and studied synergistic effect of silicone-oils and surface strain on barnacle detachment. We hypothesized that incorporation of silicone-oil additive reduces the amount of surface strain needed to detach barnacles. Our experimental results supported the above hypothesis and suggested that surface-action of silicone-oils plays a major role in decreasing the strain needed to detach barnacles. Further, we also examined the effect of change in substrate modulus and showed that stiffer substrates require lower amount of strain to detach barnacles.

In summary, this study shows that (1) dynamic surface deformation can be used as an effective, environmental friendly approach for biofouling control (2) stretchable elastomer surfaces modified with anti-fouling polymers provides a pro-active, dual-mode approach for biofouling control, and (3) incorporation of silicone-oils additives into stretchable elastomers improves the fouling-release performance of dynamic surface deformation technology. Dynamic surface deformation by itself and as a supplementary approach can be utilized biofouling management in biomedical, industrial and marine applications.

Table 1: Densities and snow loads for individual levels in 1967 and 1978

The deformation of a 20 m deep firn pit in the accumulation area of Kesselwandferner was surveyed over aperiod of 11 years. Six or seven surveying markers had been installed at each of 14 levels. The survey shows tImt the shear strain rate is independent of depth and the originally circular pit cross section was changed into an ellipse. In the direction of the glacier flow, the diameter was increased, the strain rate being approximately independent of depth. Transverse to the flow, however, the diameter decreased, the strain rate becoming higher as the depth increased. The vertical strain rates responsible for thinning of firn layers decrease with depth.

Strength of the Iberian intraplate lithosphere: Cenozoic deformations and seismicity

Previous studies about the strength of the lithosphere in the Iberia centre fail to resolve the depth of earthquakes because of the rheological uncertainties. Therefore, new contributions are considered (the crustal structure from a density model) and several parameters (tectonic regime, mantle rheology, strain rate) are checked in this paper to properly examine the role of lithospheric strength in the intraplate seismicity and the Cenozoic evolution. The strength distribution with depth, the integrated strength, the effective elastic thickness and the seismogenic thickness have been calculated by a finite element modelling of the lithosphere across the Central System mountain range and the bordering Duero and Madrid sedimentary basins. Only a dry mantle under strike-slip/extension and a strain rate of 10-15 s-1, or under extension and 10-16 s-1, causes a strong lithosphere. The integrated strength and the elastic thickness are lower in the mountain chain than in the basins. These anisotropies have been maintained since the Cenozoic and determine the mountain uplift and the biharmonic folding of the Iberian lithosphere during the Alpine deformations. The seismogenic thickness bounds the seismic activity in the upper–middle crust, and the decreasing crustal strength from the Duero Basin towards the Madrid Basin is related to a parallel increase in Plio–Quaternary deformations and seismicity. However, elasto–plastic modelling shows that current African–Eurasian convergence is resolved elastically or ductilely, which accounts for the low seismicity recorded in this region.

Free-stretch-blow Investigation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) over a Large Process Window

This paper highlights for the first time a full comprehension of the deformation procedure during the injection stretch blow moulding (ISBM) process of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) containers, namely thin-walled rigid bottles. The processes required to form PET bottles are complicated and extensive; any development in understanding the nature of material deformation can potentially improve the bottle optimisation process. Removing the bottle mould and performing free-stretch-blow (FSB) experiments revealed insight into the bottle forming characteristics at various preform temperatures and blowing rates. Process outputs cavity pressure and stretch-rod force were recorded using at instrumented stretch-rod and preform surface strain mapping was determined using a combination of a unique patterning procedure and high speed stereoscopic digital image correlation. The unprecedented experimental analysis reveals that the deformation behaviour varies considerably with contrasting process input parameters. Investigation into the effect on deformation mode, strain rate and final bottle shape provide a basis for full understanding of the process optimisation and therefore how the process inputs may aid development of the preferred optimised container.

Finite Element Simulations of stretch-blow moulding with experimental validation over a broad process window

Injection stretch blow moulding is a well-established method of forming thin-walled containers and has been extensively researched for numerous years. This paper is concerned with validating the finite element analysis of the free-stretch-blow process in an effort to progress the development of injection stretch blow moulding of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Extensive data was obtained experimentally over a wide process window accounting for material temperature and air flow rate, while capturing cavity pressure, stretch-rod reaction force and preform surface strain. This data was then used to assess the accuracy of the correlating FE simulation constructed using ABAQUS/Explicit solver and an appropriate viscoelastic material subroutine. Results reveal that the simulation is able to give good quantitative correlation for conditions where the deformation was predominantly equal biaxial whilst qualitative correlation was achievable when the mode of deformation was predominantly sequential biaxial. Overall the simulation was able to pick up the general trends of how the pressure, reaction force, strain rate and strain vary with the variation in preform temperature and air flow rate. The knowledge gained from these analyses provides insight into the mechanisms of bottle formation, subsequently improving the blow moulding simulation and allowing for reduction in future development costs.

Evolution of mylonitic microfabrics (EMM), a computer application for educational purposes

`Evolution of mylonitic microfabrics' (EMM) is an interactive Filemaker Pro 3.0 application that documents a series of see-through deformation experiments on polycrystalline norcamphor. The application comprises computer animations, graphics and text explanations designed to give students and researchers insight into the interaction and dynamic nature of small-scale, mylonitic processes like intracrystalline glide, dynamic recrystallization and strain localization (microshearing). EMM shows how mylonitic steady state is achieved at different strain rates and temperatures. First, rotational mechanisms like glide-induced vorticity, subgrain rotation recrystallization and rigid-body rotation bring grains' crystal lattices into orientations that are favorable for intracrystalline glide. In a second stage, selective elimination of grains whose lattices are poorly oriented for glide involves grain boundary migration. This strengthens the texture. Temperature and strain rate affect both the relative activity of different strain accommodation mechanisms and the rate of microfabric change. Steady-state microfabrics are characterized by stable texture, grain size and shape-preferred orientations of grains and domains. This involves the cyclical generation and elimination of dynamically recrystallized grains and microshear zones.

Desenvolvimento de indicadores enzimáticos inteligentes para monitoramento da qualidade de alimentos

A dificuldade em conhecer o histórico de temperatura de um alimento, desde sua produção até o consumo, torna difícil prever sua verdadeira vida-útil. O uso de indicadores de tempo e temperatura (ITT) pode ser uma alternativa inovadora empregada para garantir a validade de produtos de forma dinâmica. Assim, este trabalho visa desenvolver novos indicadores enzimáticos de tempo e temperatura para monitorar a qualidade de alimentos perecíveis durante o seu processamento e armazenamento, baseados na reação de complexação entre o amido e o iodo (azul), e na posterior atuação de uma enzima amilase sobre esse complexo, para causar uma redução da intensidade da cor azul a uma taxa dependente do tempo e da temperatura de armazenagem. Os sistemas inteligentes propostos possuem versatilidade de atuação em função do tipo e quantidade de amilase empregada. Desta forma, foi utilizada uma amilase termoestável para a formulação de um indicador inteligente de processamento, utilizado para o controle de tratamentos térmicos industriais (pasteurização);e uma amilase termosensível na formulação de um indicador de armazenamento, empregada para o controle das condições de temperatura durante a cadeia de frio de produtos perecíveis. Na elaboração dos ITT de processamento foram realizadas simulações em laboratório e testes em planta fabril, os quais avaliaram diferentes concentrações de amilase termoestável nos protótipos de ITT quando submetidos as condições de tempo e temperatura de pasteurização. Os resultados evidenciaram que a resposta de cor dos indicadores foi visualmente interpretada, como adaptável à medição usando equipamentos, apresentando boa reprodutibilidade em todas as condições estudadas. O ITT contendo 6,5 % de amilase termoestável (penzima/pamido) foi aquele cujo resultado melhor se adequou à utilização na validação de cozimento de presunto. Nesta condição, o protótipo anexado à embalagem primária do produto indicou o processo de pasteurização de forma fácil, precisa e não destrutiva. Já durante o desenvolvimento do ITT de armazenamento foram realizadas simulações em laboratório, testes em planta fabril e ponto de venda, os quais avaliaram o uso de diferentes concentrações de amilase termosensível nos protótipos de ITT quando submetidos a diversas condições de cadeia de frio. Os resultados evidenciaram que devido à possibilidade de definir a vida-útil destes protótipos variando as concentrações de enzima termosensível, os indicadores podem ser facilmente adaptados para controlar as condições de temperatura durante a cadeia de diversos alimentos perecíveis. O protótipo contendo 60 % de amilase termosensível (penzima/pamido) foi aquele cujo resultado melhor se adequou à utilização no controle da cadeia avícola. Assim, o ITT indicou visualmente o histórico de tempo e temperatura de produtos à base de frango de forma fácil e precisa. Os resultados obtidos na avaliação das percepções dos consumidores frente ao emprego de indicadores inteligentes em embalagens alimentícias mostraram que o uso de ITT é uma inovação receptiva, com consequente aceitação e intenção de compra elevada pela população brasileira. Assim, com este trabalho espera-se contribuir efetivamente para que o conceito de embalagens inteligentes possa ser aceito comercialmente e que sejam estabelecidas no Brasil normas que regulamentem seu uso, conferindo benefícios à conservação de grande variedade de alimentos.

Estudio in vitro de la resistencia adhesiva en la interfaz de resina entre la base del pad y el resinoso utilizado en cementación indirecta de la técnica lingual

Con el fin de aminorar retrasos por descementación de cualquier accesorio durante el tratamiento de Ortodoncia Lingual, se ha considerado que la fuerza de adhesión es muy importante, especialmente cuando está ubicada en las diferentes interfaces presentes entre el bracket y la resina del PAD; entre la resina del PAD y el cemento resinoso fotopolimerizable y entre este cemento y el esmalte dental. Por lo que este estudio se ha enfocado en determinar la resistencia adhesiva en la interfaz localizada entre la resina de la base del PAD y el cemento resinoso fotopolimerizable utilizando ácido fluorhídrico y óxido de aluminio como tratamiento de superficie previo a la cementación indirecta de la técnica lingual. MATERIALES Y METODOS: El tipo de estudio fue experimental "in vitro", con una muestra de 30 cuerpos de prueba hechos con resina Transbond XT, utilizando para su confección un blíster de brackets, se siguieron tres protocolos diferentes; G1 o grupo control sin ninguna preparación, G2 con aplicación de óxido de aluminio, 50 micrones durante 10 segundos en la superficie del cuerpo de prueba, G3 con aplicación de ácido fluorhídrico al 9% en la superficie del cuerpo de prueba durante 10 minutos. Previo al test de resistencia adhesiva, se realizó los cortes de precisión en cada cuerpo de prueba, obteniendo así 45 tiras de prueba, cada una de las muestras fue adherida a un porta muestra para la prueba de micro tracción, la misma que fue realizada con la máquina universal Mini-Instron modelo 5942, a una velocidad de deformación constante de 0.5 mm/min. Los datos fueron sometidos al test de Normalidad de residuos de Shapiro Wilk (p>0,05) y de LEVENE para el análisis de homogeneidad de las varianzas. La resistencia adhesiva fue comparada entre los grupos por medio del Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) como factor único para el procesamiento de los datos. Para todos los análisis el nivel de significancia fue del 5% (p< 0,05) con un nivel de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Se consideró estadísticamente significativo valores por debajo de 0,05. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: El resultado del test de ANOVA, reveló que el factor de tratamiento de superficie F(2,12)=2,52;p=0,12 no es significante, por lo tanto los diferentes tratamientos de superficie (óxido de aluminio y ácido fluorhídrico) utilizados son equivalentes al grupo control, indicando que no ejercen influencia de manera significativa en los valores de Resistencia Adhesiva (RA) en la preparación de la interfaz localizada entre la resina de la base del PAD y el cemento resinoso fotopolimerizable; concluyendo que se puede utilizar cualquier protocolo de tratamiento de superficie indicado en la presente investigación.

Noninvasive Evaluation of Myocardial Systolic Dysfunction in the Early Stage of Kawasaki Disease: A Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography Study

Background: Evaluation of myocardial function by speckle-tracking echocardiography is a new method for the early diagnosis of systolic dysfunction. Objectives: We aimed to determine myocardial speckle-tracking echocardiography indices in Kawasaki Disease (KD) patients and compare them with the same indices in control subjects. Patients and Methods: Thirty-two patients (65.5% males) with KD and 19 control subjects with normal echocardiography participated in this study. After their demographic characteristics and clinical findings were recorded, all the participants underwent transthoracic echocardiography. Strain (S), Strain Rate (SR), Time to Peak Strain (TPS), and Strain Rate (TPSR), longitudinal velocity and view point velocity images in the two, three, and four-chamber views were semi-automatically obtained via speckle-tracking echocardiography. Results: Among the patients, Twenty-four cases (75%) were younger than 4 years. Mean global S and SR was significantly reduced in the KD patients compared to controls (17.03 ± 1.28 vs. 20.22 ± 2.14% and 1.66 ± 0.16 vs. 1.97 ± 0.25 1/second, respectively), while there were no significant differences regarding mean TPS, TPSR, longitudinal velocity and view point velocity. Using repeated measure of analysis of variances, we observed that S and SR decreased from base to apical level in both groups. The change in the pattern of age adjusted mean S and SR across levels was significantly different between the groups (P < 0.001 for both parameters). Conclusions: We showed changes in S and SR assessed in KD patients versus control subjects in the acute phase of KD. However, we suggest that further studies be undertaken to compare S and SR in the acute phase and thereafter in KD patients.

Development, mechanical characterization and qualification in liquid lead of stainless steels for structural applications in the future fission and fusion nuclear reactors

The research activity carried out in the Brasimone Research Center of ENEA concerns the development and mechanical characterization of steels conceived as structural materials for future fission reactors (Heavy Liquid Metal IV Generation reactors: MYRRHA and ALFRED) and for the future fusion reactor DEMO. Within this framework, two parallel lines of research have been carried out: (i) characterization in liquid lead of steels and weldings for the components of the IV Generation fission reactors (GIV) by means of creep and SSRT (Slow Strain Rate Tensile) tests; (ii) development and screening on mechanical properties of RAFM (Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic) steels to be employed as structural materials of the future DEMO fusion reactor. The doctoral work represents therefore a comprehensive report of the research carried out on nuclear materials both from the point of view of the qualification of existing (commercial) materials for their application in the typical environmental conditions of 4th generation fission reactors operating with lead as coolant, and from the point of view of the metallurgical study (with annexed microstructural and mechanical characterization of the selected compositions / Thermo Mechanical Treatment (TMT) options) of new compositional variants to be proposed for the “Breeding Blanket” of the future DEMO Fusion Reactor.

Ecocardiografia 3D real-time: principi fisici, tecnologia e applicazioni fetali per diagnosi prenatale

La diagnosi clinica, definita come un giudizio clinico espresso da un esperto sulla salute di un individuo, dopo aver effettuato degli esami obiettivi attraverso la strumentazione adeguata allo specifico caso clinico, rappresenta un elemento fondamentale nel paradigma Prevenzione – Diagnosi – Cura – Riabilitazione, che ha come fine ultimo la salute del paziente. In questo elaborato viene presentata una tecnica di imaging che permette di fare diagnosi in uno degli organi più importanti e delicati del corpo umano, cioè il cuore, sia degli adulti, sia dei feti: l’ecocardiografia 3D Real-Time. L’elaborato si sviluppa in tre capitoli, come di seguito presentato. - Capitolo 1: si descrive la tecnologia su cui si fonda l’ecocardiografia volumetrica Real-Time attraverso le varie fasi di realizzazione dello scanner, il quale consente sia l’acquisizione sia la visualizzazione dei volumi in tempo reale; - Capitolo 2: il sistema di imaging presentato nel capitolo precedente, viene contestualizzato in un organo specifico, ovvero il cuore, illustrandone le caratteristiche, le differenze rispetto a tecniche ritenute meno performanti nella valutazione di patologie cardiache, oltre che alcune particolari evoluzioni, quali Strain Rate Imaging e Tissue Doppler Imaging; - Capitolo 3: si descrive in cosa consiste l’ecocardiografia 3D Real-Time fetale, qual è la sua finalità e quali potrebbero essere alcune applicazioni cliniche tramite cui fare una diagnosi prenatale; inoltre, si evidenzia l’importanza dell’ecocardiografia per studiare le modifiche a cui è soggetto l’apparato cardiovascolare di una donna durante i mesi di gestazione e, quindi, sottoporla alle cure opportune.

Simulation of the influence of rate- and state-dependent friction on the macroscopic behavior of complex fault zones with the lattice solid model

In order to understand the earthquake nucleation process, we need to understand the effective frictional behavior of faults with complex geometry and fault gouge zones. One important aspect of this is the interaction between the friction law governing the behavior of the fault on the microscopic level and the resulting macroscopic behavior of the fault zone. Numerical simulations offer a possibility to investigate the behavior of faults on many different scales and thus provide a means to gain insight into fault zone dynamics on scales which are not accessible to laboratory experiments. Numerical experiments have been performed to investigate the influence of the geometric configuration of faults with a rate- and state-dependent friction at the particle contacts on the effective frictional behavior of these faults. The numerical experiments are designed to be similar to laboratory experiments by DIETERICH and KILGORE (1994) in which a slide-hold-slide cycle was performed between two blocks of material and the resulting peak friction was plotted vs. holding time. Simulations with a flat fault without a fault gouge have been performed to verify the implementation. These have shown close agreement with comparable laboratory experiments. The simulations performed with a fault containing fault gouge have demonstrated a strong dependence of the critical slip distance D-c on the roughness of the fault surfaces and are in qualitative agreement with laboratory experiments.

Predicting the mechanical behavior of amorphous polymeric materials under strain through multi-scale simulation

Polymeric materials have become the reference material for high reliability and performance applications. However, their performance in service conditions is difficult to predict, due in large part to their inherent complex morphology, which leads to non-linear and anisotropic behavior, highly dependent on the thermomechanical environment under which it is processed. In this work, a multiscale approach is proposed to investigate the mechanical properties of polymeric-based material under strain. To achieve a better understanding of phenomena occurring at the smaller scales, the coupling of a finite element method (FEM) and molecular dynamics (MD) modeling, in an iterative procedure, was employed, enabling the prediction of the macroscopic constitutive response. As the mechanical response can be related to the local microstructure, which in turn depends on the nano-scale structure, this multiscale approach computes the stress-strain relationship at every analysis point of the macro-structure by detailed modeling of the underlying micro- and meso-scale deformation phenomena. The proposed multiscale approach can enable prediction of properties at the macroscale while taking into consideration phenomena that occur at the mesoscale, thus offering an increased potential accuracy compared to traditional methods.

Melanic color-dependent anti-predator behavior strategies in barn owl nestlings

The arms race between predators and prey has led to morphological and behavioral adaptations. Different antipredator strategies can coexist within a population if each strategy is the result of a trade-off with competing demands. Antipredator behavior can be associated with morphological traits, like color patterns, either because in the context of sexual selection, coloration signals the ability to avoid predators or because coloration is a naturally selected trait useful in avoiding predators. Because in the barn owl (Tyto alba), heritable eumelanic plumage coloration is associated with the glucocorticoid-dependent response to stress, we tested whether antipredator behavior is also related to this trait. Compared with small-spotted nestlings, individuals displaying larger black spots hissed more intensely in the presence of humans, feigned death longer, had a lower breathing rate under stress, and were more docile when handled. Cross-fostering experiments showed that the covariation between the spot size and the duration of feigning death was inherited from the biological mother, whereas covariation between spot size and docility was inherited from the biological father. Our results confirm that melanin-based coloration is associated with suites of behavioral traits, which are under both genetic and environmental influence. Coloration can thus evolve as a direct or indirect response to predation, but it can also be a signal of antipredator strategies to potential mates.