Limites e possibilidades da aplicação do processo clínico de cuidar em enfermagem às pessoas com câncer de cavidade bucal: autopercepção da equipe de enfermagem atuante na área de oncologia

Pressupõe-se que o cotidiano do cuidar da integralidade do cliente com câncer de cavidade bucal (CCB) reveste-se de significado especial devido à sensibilidade e responsabilidade dos profissionais de enfermagem; e, do mesmo modo, exige destas pessoas competência e habilidades técnicas e sociais para atuar constantemente com o sofrimento. Portanto, foram elaboradas as questões de pesquisa: quais são os limites e possibilidades da aplicação do processo clínico de cuidar em enfermagem ao cliente com câncer na cavidade bucal? Os objetivos foram: descrever os limites e possibilidades de aplicação do Process Clinical Caritas, formulado por Jean Watson, aos clientes com câncer na cavidade bucal; identificar as características individuais e profissionais dos membros da equipe de enfermagem atuantes na área de oncologia; identificar os aspectos do cuidar componentes do Process Clinical Caritas (PCC) aplicados pela equipe de enfermagem junto aos clientes com CCB, analisando a autopercepção da equipe de enfermagem sobre o seu desenvolvimento de tecnologias de cuidados, comparando-o à aplicação do PCC proposto por Jean Watson. O estudo centra-se na teorização do cuidado transpessoal, visando à compreensão dos aspectos do bem-estar propiciado, inclusive pela autêntica relação interpessoal entre profissional de enfermagem e cliente. Escolheu-se a abordagem de pesquisa quantitativa, aplicando-se o método descritivo e a técnica de autorrelato. A investigação ocorreu no período de agosto a setembro de 2012 em uma Instituição de Saúde Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, especializada em oncologia. Foram sujeitos do estudo 33 membros da equipe de enfermagem, atuantes em serviço de tratamento de CCB. Para implementar a técnica de autorrelato, utilizou-se um formulário, contendo, na primeira parte, as variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais, e na segunda, uma adaptação dos 10 aspectos do PCC. Os dados quantitativos foram tratados mediante estatística descritiva simples, e as respostas sobre a aplicação do PCC foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se que, do total de 33 sujeitos, 88% eram do sexo feminino, 37% na faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos. Predominou a renda individual de 4 a 8 salários mínimos. A maioria da equipe era composta por técnicos de enfermagem. Havia 26 especialistas em oncologia; 78% eram estatutários com carga horária de 40 horas semanais, com exercício predominante de 11 a 15 anos. Referente à aplicação dos 10 aspectos do PCC, foram delimitadas quatro categorias: respeitando as praticas espirituais e a religiosidade; proporcionando ao cliente uma relação de cuidado e conforto; ser presente e tratar o cliente com empatia e respeito; competência e orientação ao autocuidado para o cuidado integral ao cliente. Aplicando o critério de avaliação à prática dos aspectos do PCC, verificou-se que somente três: práticas de amor e gentileza; desenvolvendo relação de ajuda; e ajudar nas necessidades básicas atenderam ao PCC. Conclui-se, que além da realização dos cuidados técnicos ao cliente com CCB, é necessário que a equipe de enfermagem se conscientize da importância do cuidado transpessoal para a reconstituição do equilíbrio corporal físico, mental e espiritual do cliente, visando seu bem-estar, apesar das dificuldades do adoecimento.

Use of telemetric tracking to examine environmental influences on catch/effort indices. A case study of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)in the R. Tywi, S. Wales

A case study of Atlantic Salmon runs into the R. Tyvi (S. Wales) is presented. Radio tracking of over 200 salmon in 1988 and 1989 has demonstrated that flow is an important factor in modifying both run timing and migratory success. Entry of salmon into the river is typically in response to flow events, and periods of low falling flows delay entry and may directly result in reduced runs into the river. Delayed entry may also increase the proportion of the run migrating after the end of both rod and net fishing seasons. The implications of these results for net and rod catch and catch/effort data are discussed, using both statutory reported catch data and data from specific catch/effort studies. Flow is demonstrated to be a dominant factor in determining the within-season distribution of rod catch and catch/effort during low-flow years. Estuarial seine net catch and catch/effort tend to be controlled more by time of return than by flow although low flows may delay runs. Annual reported rod catch is correlated with flow, which controls in season availability, catchability and consequently the amount of fishing effort. Use of catch or catch/effort data should take account of inter-year variations in flow and other environmental factors. Although catch and catch/effort are valuable indicators of fishery performance, they are inadequate to represent changing stock levels.

Indulto e sistema penal: limites, finalidades e propostas

Trata do indulto, modalidade coletiva da graça, procurando estabelecer seus limites e finalidades no âmbito do Estado moderno. Após a delimitação do tema, distinguindo-se a graça das demais modalidades de clemência estatal, e justificação das escolhas terminológicas, passa-se à evolução histórica do instituto e, em seguida, à sucinta exposição sobre a configuração atual nos ordenamentos estrangeiros. Identifica-se, não obstante a concretização da graça na maioria das Constituições modernas, uma tendência de restrição do âmbito de aplicação do instituto, tanto por parte da doutrina quanto pela jurisprudência e produção legislativa. As restrições são impostas com base na suposta necessidade de adequação da graça, cuja origem remete às prerrogativas monárquicas típicas do Estado absolutista, aos princípios fundamentais do Estado Democrático de Direito, especialmente os princípios da separação de poderes e da igualdade. Adentrando o núcleo do trabalho, procura-se estabelecer a relação entre indulto e os princípios do Estado Democrático de Direito, de forma que sejam identificados limites ao exercício da atribuição, com fulcro no texto constitucional. Afere-se, assim, a legitimidade da restrição do indulto a hipóteses caracterizadas pela excepcionalidade e irrepetibilidade, baseada em alegada relação de contradição entre a atribuição de indultar do Poder Executivo e o princípio da separação de poderes, o princípio da igualdade e os eventos regulares do mecanismo sancionatório. Delimitadas as possibilidades de exercício legítimo da atribuição, busca-se, então, fixar os parâmetros que devem pautar o conteúdo dos atos de indulto, com base nas teorias da pena. Adota-se, para tanto, a teoria preventiva positiva, procurando-se identificar hipóteses em que a execução da pena aplicada não contribuiria para a realização de suas finalidades, para elaborar, a partir disso, casos de cabimento do exercício do indulto.

Os contratos que viabilizam o processo de distribuição e os efeitos de sua denúncia unilateral

Trata-se de dissertação elaborada com o escopo de identificar os efeitos da denúncia unilateral exercida no âmbito dos tipos contratuais instrumentalizados ao processo de distribuição de bens e serviços, a partir do exame das diferenças tipológicas entre cada um deles. Aludidos tipos contratuais correspondem ao de agência, de representação comercial autônoma, de concessão comercial e de franquia, cujos contornos ainda são frutos de intenso debate doutrinário. No ordenamento pátrio, enquanto alguns tipos contratuais não sofreram regulamentação legal, outros tais como o de agência, de representação comercial autônoma, de concessão comercial de veículos autores e de franquia são regulados legislativamente, em fenômeno a que não se assiste em nenhum outro ordenamento da família romano-germânica. A construção da disciplina de tais consequências jurídicas transpassa pela delimitação do âmbito de incidência de cada um desses regimes legais, os quais podem atribuir consequências jurídicas próprias. Os tipos de agência e de representação comercial são equivalentes, o que permite tratá-lo de maneira conjunta, enquanto aqueles de concessão comercial e de franquia, a despeito de apresentarem diferenças relevantes, também podem ser examinados em conjunto pela similar estruturação dos interesses, a despeito de apresentarem peculiares leis regulando-os. Após realizado o exame legislativo e tipológico, examinou-se o impacto do princípio da boa-fé objetiva na determinação dos efeitos desencadeados pela resilição unilateral exercida pelo produtor nos contratos por tempo indeterminado, assim como a influência da previsão do parágrafo único do art. 473 do Código Civil na delimitação desses corolários jurídicos no que tange aos tipos contratuais analisados. Realizado essa investigação, constatou-se que, conquanto existam inúmeros fatores que distanciem, de um lado, os tipos de agência e de representação comercial autônoma e, de outro, de concessão comercial e de franquia, os efeitos desencadeados pela denúncia unilateral são semelhantes, próximos àqueles das relações de duração e nas quais existe estreita confiança.

Características sociodemográficas e ocupacional dos egressos do curso de graduação em enfermagem

Trata-se de um estudo cujo objeto foi a caracterização sociodemográfica e ocupacional dos egressos da Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ENF/UERJ). Objetivos: a) Caracterizar os egressos do curso de graduação em enfermagem da ENF/UERJ com relação às situações sociodemográfica e ocupacional e b) analisar os resultados acerca das caracterizações sociodemográfica e ocupacional dos egressos de enfermagem da ENF/UERJ. Método: Pesquisa quantitativa, transversal e observacional, cujo projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa sob o número 360.021. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de dezembro de 2013 a maio de 2014 e foi realizada com egressos das turmas graduadas entre o primeiro semestre de 2000 e o segundo semestre de 2010. Para coleta de dados foram utilizadas as estratégias presencial e on-line, através de um questionário autoaplicável. Após aplicação do questionário, no formato impresso ou por meio do envio aos e-mails dos egressos, obtiveram-se 147 questionários respondidos. Para análise dos dados, aplicou-se o teste exato de Fisher, considerando valor de p significativo ≤ 0,05. A população foi dividida em dois grupos (G1 e G2), tomando-se por base a divisão equilibrada das 22 turmas pesquisadas (11 turmas no G1 e 11 no G2). Resultados: População com o predomínio do sexo feminino (88,4%), média de idade de 32 anos ( 1), maioria residindo no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (96,6%), com renda familiar ≥ 3 salários mínimos (96,6%) e até três dependentes da renda (81%). A maioria possuía mais de um emprego (53,7%) e cumpria carga horária de trabalho semanal superior a 30 horas (80,3%). Não houve diferença quantitativa entre os grupos em relação às escalas de trabalho diurna e noturna. Sobre as diferenças entre os grupos G1 e G2, verificou-se aumento significativo dos egressos com vínculos laborais não celetista e não estatutário (p = 0,0244) no G2; redução do salário dos enfermeiros que constituíram o G2 (p = 0,0015); e aumento da atuação na área hospitalar dos egressos inseridos no G2 (p = 0,0018) quando comparados à saúde pública, à pesquisa e ao ensino. Conclusão: A área hospitalar ainda é o grande empregador de enfermeiros, apesar de haver uma política governamental para aquecer a área de enfermagem em Atenção Básica. Os efeitos do neoliberalismo e a consequente precarização das condições de trabalho impactaram negativamente nos participantes do estudo. Isso porque houve aumento de vínculos não convencionais entre os grupos, no decorrer do tempo, e, apesar da multiplicidade de vínculos, a renda como enfermeiro, entre os grupos de egressos, foi reduzida. Verificou-se ainda um absentismo significativa nos grupos (24%), em especial por motivo de doença, fato que preocupa, considerando que os egressos investigados eram jovens, em plena fase produtiva e com expectativa de pouca ou nenhuma morbidade.

River Ehen and tributaries SSSI

This is the River Ehen and Tributaries SSSI consultation Protocol for the Environment Agency with English Nature, produced in 1998. The Protocol is intended to provide for consistency of approach, to clarify responsibilities and help to streamline the statutory consultation and consenting procedures in which both organisations are involved. It provides guiding principles on the approach to management issues. Based on the operations likely to damage the special interest (OLDSI) which forms part of the SSSI notification, the protocol identified acceptable management activities which contribute to the special interest of the site and those which may adversely affect that interest. OLDSI includes activities such: land drainage consents, discharge consents, herbicides approvals, fish-stocking consents, fishing licences, abstraction and impoundment licences, consents to construct/test pump boreholes, integrated pollution Control Licences and Waste Management Licences, capital projects, flood defence maintenance works, water resources, fisheries, pollution control, ecology surveys and Recreation works.

National Status and Trends Bioeffects Program: field methods

Environmental quality indicators provide resource managers with information useful to assess coastal condition and scientifically defensible decisions. Since 1984, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), through its National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program, has provided environmental monitoring data on chemical, physical, and biological indicators of coastal environments. The program has two major monitoring components to meet its goals. The Bioeffects Assessments Program evaluates the health of bays, estuaries, and the coastal zone around the nation using the Sediment Quality Triad technique that includes measuring sediment contaminant concentrations, sediment toxicity and benthic community structure. The Mussel Watch Program is responsible for temporal coastal monitoring of contaminant concentrations by quantifying chemicals in bivalve mollusks. The NS&T Program is committed to providing the highest quality data to meet its statutory and scientific responsibilities. Data, metadata and information products are managed within the guidance protocols and standards set forth by NOAA’s Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) and the National Monitoring Network, as recommended by the 2004 Ocean Action Plan. Thus, to meet these data requirements, quality assurance protocols have been an integral part of the NS&T Program since its inception. Documentation of sampling and analytical methods is an essential part of quality assurance practices. A step-by–step summary of the Bioeffects Program’s field standard operation procedures (SOP) are presented in this manual.

Project neptune: Improved operation of water distribution networks

Water service providers (WSPs) in the UK have statutory obligations to supply drinking water to all customers that complies with increasingly stringent water quality regulations and minimum flow and pressure criteria. At the same time, the industry is required by regulators and investors to demonstrate increasing operational efficiency and to meet a wide range of performance criteria that are expected to improve year-on-year. Most WSPs have an ideal for improving the operation of their water supply systems based on increased knowledge and understanding of their assets and a shift to proactive management followed by steadily increasing degrees of system monitoring, automation and optimisation. The fundamental mission is, however, to ensure security of supply, with no interruptions and water quality of the highest standard at the tap. Unfortunately, advanced technologies required to fully understand, manage and automate water supply system operation either do not yet exist, are only partially evolved, or have not yet been reliably proven for live water distribution systems. It is this deficiency that the project NEPTUNE seeks to address by carrying out research into 3 main areas; these are: data and knowledge management; pressure management (including energy management); and the associated complex decision support systems on which to base interventions. The 3-year project started in April of 2007 and has already resulted in a number of research findings under the three main research priority areas (RPA). The paper summarises in greater detail the overall project objectives, the RPA activities and the areas of research innovation that are being undertaken in this major, UK collaborative study. Copyright 2009 ASCE.

Credit and Debt in medieval England, c.1180-c.1350

Schofield, Phillipp, and N. J. Mayhew, eds., Credit and Debt in medieval England, c.1180-c.1350 (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2002), pp.x+164 RAE2008

Stosunki pomiędzy uprawnionym autorsko a organizacjami zbiorowego zarządzania w prawie polskim

Wydział Prawa i Administracji: Katedra Prawa Cywilnego, Ubezpieczeniowego i Handlowego

Sprzeczność z umową (statutem) spółki jako przesłanka uchylenia uchwały zgromadzenia spółki kapitałowej

Artykuł zatytułowany „Sprzeczność z umową (statutem) spółki jako przesłanka uchylenia uchwały zgromadzenia spółki kapitałowej” dotyka jednego z najciekawszych zagadnień prawa handlowego, jakim niewątpliwie jest zaskarżanie uchwał zgromadzeń spółek kapitałowych. W niniejszym artykule autorzy skupili się na przedstawieniu jednej z przesłanek wniesienia powództwa o uchylenie sprzecznej z normami pozaustawowymi uchwały zgromadzenia spółki kapitałowej. W związku z lakonicznym brzmieniem art. 249 i 422 k.s.h. zagadnienie to wywołuje wiele kontrowersji interpretacyjnych, do których autorzy odnoszą się przywołując liczne orzeczenia sądów oraz głosy przedstawicieli doktryny. W szczególności rozważeniu podlega niesamoistny charakter przedmiotowej przesłanki, a także problemy związane z wpływem naruszeń formalnych na treść podejmowanej uchwały. Ponadto, postawione zostaje – aktualne w kontekście najnowszych wypowiedzi doktryny – pytanie o granicę pomiędzy naruszeniem postanowień konstytucji spółki a norm dyspozytywnych powszechnie obowiązującego prawa.

Complying with the NIH Public Access Policy - Copyright Considerations and Options

On January 11, 2008, the National Institutes of Health ('NIH') adopted a revised Public Access Policy for peer-reviewed journal articles reporting research supported in whole or in part by NIH funds. Under the revised policy, the grantee shall ensure that a copy of the author's final manuscript, including any revisions made during the peer review process, be electronically submitted to the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central ('PMC') archive and that the person submitting the manuscript will designate a time not later than 12 months after publication at which NIH may make the full text of the manuscript publicly accessible in PMC. NIH adopted this policy to implement a new statutory requirement under which: The Director of the National Institutes of Health shall require that all investigators funded by the NIH submit or have submitted for them to the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication: Provided, That the NIH shall implement the public access policy in a manner consistent with copyright law. This White Paper is written primarily for policymaking staff in universities and other institutional recipients of NIH support responsible for ensuring compliance with the Public Access Policy. The January 11, 2008, Public Access Policy imposes two new compliance mandates. First, the grantee must ensure proper manuscript submission. The version of the article to be submitted is the final version over which the author has control, which must include all revisions made after peer review. The statutory command directs that the manuscript be submitted to PMC 'upon acceptance for publication.' That is, the author's final manuscript should be submitted to PMC at the same time that it is sent to the publisher for final formatting and copy editing. Proper submission is a two-stage process. The electronic manuscript must first be submitted through a process that requires input of additional information concerning the article, the author(s), and the nature of NIH support for the research reported. NIH then formats the manuscript into a uniform, XML-based format used for PMC versions of articles. In the second stage of the submission process, NIH sends a notice to the Principal Investigator requesting that the PMC-formatted version be reviewed and approved. Only after such approval has grantee's manuscript submission obligation been satisfied. Second, the grantee also has a distinct obligation to grant NIH copyright permission to make the manuscript publicly accessible through PMC not later than 12 months after the date of publication. This obligation is connected to manuscript submission because the author, or the person submitting the manuscript on the author's behalf, must have the necessary rights under copyright at the time of submission to give NIH the copyright permission it requires. This White Paper explains and analyzes only the scope of the grantee's copyright-related obligations under the revised Public Access Policy and suggests six options for compliance with that aspect of the grantee's obligation. Time is of the essence for NIH grantees. As a practical matter, the grantee should have a compliance process in place no later than April 7, 2008. More specifically, the new Public Access Policy applies to any article accepted for publication on or after April 7, 2008 if the article arose under (1) an NIH Grant or Cooperative Agreement active in Fiscal Year 2008, (2) direct funding from an NIH Contract signed after April 7, 2008, (3) direct funding from the NIH Intramural Program, or (4) from an NIH employee. In addition, effective May 25, 2008, anyone submitting an application, proposal or progress report to the NIH must include the PMC reference number when citing articles arising from their NIH funded research. (This includes applications submitted to the NIH for the May 25, 2008 and subsequent due dates.) Conceptually, the compliance challenge that the Public Access Policy poses for grantees is easily described. The grantee must depend to some extent upon the author(s) to take the necessary actions to ensure that the grantee is in compliance with the Public Access Policy because the electronic manuscripts and the copyrights in those manuscripts are initially under the control of the author(s). As a result, any compliance option will require an explicit understanding between the author(s) and the grantee about how the manuscript and the copyright in the manuscript are managed. It is useful to conceptually keep separate the grantee's manuscript submission obligation from its copyright permission obligation because the compliance personnel concerned with manuscript management may differ from those responsible for overseeing the author's copyright management. With respect to copyright management, the grantee has the following six options: (1) rely on authors to manage copyright but also to request or to require that these authors take responsibility for amending publication agreements that call for transfer of too many rights to enable the author to grant NIH permission to make the manuscript publicly accessible ('the Public Access License'); (2) take a more active role in assisting authors in negotiating the scope of any copyright transfer to a publisher by (a) providing advice to authors concerning their negotiations or (b) by acting as the author's agent in such negotiations; (3) enter into a side agreement with NIH-funded authors that grants a non-exclusive copyright license to the grantee sufficient to grant NIH the Public Access License; (4) enter into a side agreement with NIH-funded authors that grants a non-exclusive copyright license to the grantee sufficient to grant NIH the Public Access License and also grants a license to the grantee to make certain uses of the article, including posting a copy in the grantee's publicly accessible digital archive or repository and authorizing the article to be used in connection with teaching by university faculty; (5) negotiate a more systematic and comprehensive agreement with the biomedical publishers to ensure either that the publisher has a binding obligation to submit the manuscript and to grant NIH permission to make the manuscript publicly accessible or that the author retains sufficient rights to do so; or (6) instruct NIH-funded authors to submit manuscripts only to journals with binding deposit agreements with NIH or to journals whose copyright agreements permit authors to retain sufficient rights to authorize NIH to make manuscripts publicly accessible.

Breaking ranks: the emergence of representative associations in the Irish armed forces 1989-1992

This study contexualises the relationship between the armed forces and the civil authority in Ireland using and revising the theoretical framework advanced by Huntington. It tracks the evolution of the idea of a representive body for soldiers in the late 1980s, to the setting up of statutory associations under the Defence Amendment Act 1990. The study considers Irish soldiers political agitation and their use of peaceful democratic activities to achieve their aims. It highlights the fundamental policy arguments that were made against the idea of representation for the army and positions those arguments in the study of civil-military relations. Utilising unique access to secret Department of Defence files, it reveals in-depth ideological arguments advanced by the military authories in Ireland against independent representation. This thesis provides an academic study of the establishment of PDFORRA. It answers key questions regarding the change in the position of Irish government who were categorically opposed to the idea of representation in the army. It illustrates the involvement of other agencies such as the European Organisation of Military Associations (Euromil) reveals reciprocal support by the Irish associations to other emerging groups in Spain. Accessing as yet unpublished Department of Defence files, study analyses tension between the military authorities and the government. It highlights for the first time the role of enlisted personnel in the shaping of new state structures and successfully dismmisses Huntingtons theoretical contention that enlisted personnel are of no consequence in the study of civil-military relations. It fills a gap in our understanding, identified by Finer, as to how politicisation of soldiers takes place. This thesis brings a new dimension to the discipline of civil-military relations and creates new knowledge that will enhance our understanding of an area not covered previously.

The role of the community service order and the suspended sentence in Ireland: a judicial perspective

Imprisonment is the most severe penalty utilised by the criminal courts in Ireland. In recent decades the prison population has grown significantly despite expressions both official and public to reduce the use of the sanction. Two other sanctions are available to the Irish sentencer which may be used as a direct and comparable sentence in lieu of a term of imprisonment namely, the community service order and the suspended sentence. The community service order remains under-utilised as an alternative to the custodial sentence. The suspended sentence is used quite liberally but its function may be more closely related to the aim of deterrence rather than avoiding the use of the custodial sentence. Thus the aim of decarceration may not be optimal in practice when either sanction is utilised. The decarcerative effect of either sanction is largely dependent upon the specific purpose which judges invest in the sanction. Judges may also be inhibited in the use of either sanction if they lack confidence that the sentence will be appropriately monitored and executed. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of the community service order and the suspended sentence in Irish sentencing practice. Although community service and the suspended sentence present primarily as alternatives to the custodial sentence, the manner in which the judges utilise or fail to utilise the sanctions may differ significantly from this primary manifestation. Therefore the study proceeds to examine the judges' cognitions and expectations of both sanctions to explore their underlying purposes and to reveal the manner in which the judges use the sanctions in practice. To access this previously undisclosed information a number of methodologies were deployed. An extensive literature review was conducted to delineate the purpose and functionality of both sanctions. Quantitative data was gathered by way of sampling for the suspended sentence and the part-suspended sentence where deficiencies were apparent to show the actual frequency in use of that sanction. Qualitative methodologies were used by way of focus groups and semi-structured interviews of judges at all jurisdictional levels to elucidate the purposes of both sanctions. These methods allowed a deeper investigation of the factors which may promote or inhibit such usage. The relative under-utilisation of the community service order as an alternative to the custodial sentence may in part be explained by a reluctance by some judges to equate it with a real custodial sentence. For most judges who use the sanction, particularly at summary level, community service serves a decarcerative function. The suspended sentence continues to be used extensively. It operates partly as a decarcerative penalty but the purpose of deterrence may in practice overtake its theoretical purpose namely the avoidance of custody. Despite ongoing criticism of executive agencies such as the Probation Service and the Prosecution in the supervision of such penalties both sanctions continue to be used. Engagement between the Criminal Justice actors may facilitate better outcomes in the use of either sanction. The purposes for which both sanctions are deployed find their meaning essentially in the practices of the judges themselves as opposed to any statutory or theoretical claims upon their use or purpose.

An investigation of the utilisation of health impact assessments (HIAs) in Irish public policy making

It is the aim of this thesis to investigate Health Impact Assessment (HIA) use in public policy formulation in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland. The influences affecting the use of HIAs will be examined in this study. Four case studies, where HIA has been conducted, will be used for research analysis. This includes HIAs conducted on traffic and transport in Dublin, Traveller accommodation in Donegal, a draft air quality action plan in Belfast and on a social housing regeneration project in Derry. HIA aims to identify possible intended and unintended consequences that a project, policy or programme will have on the affected population’s health. Although it has been acknowledged as a worthwhile tool to inform decision-makers, the extent to which it is used in policy in Ireland is subject to scrutiny. A theoretical framework, drawing from institutionalist, impact assessment and knowledge utilisation theories and schools of literature, underpin this study. The investigation involves an examination of the unit of analysis which consists of the HIA steering groups. These are made up of local authority decision makers, statutory health practitioners and community representatives. The overarching structure and underlying values which are hypothesized as present in each HIA case are investigated in this research. Chapters 2 and 3 outline the main literature in the area which includes theories from the public health and health promotion paradigm, the policy sciences and impact assessment techniques. Chapter 4 describes the methodology in this research which is a multiple case study design. This is followed by an analysis of the cases and then concludes with practical recommendations for HIA in Ireland and theoretical conclusions of the research.