Desulfurization of pyrolysis fuel produced from waste lube oils, tyres and plastics

Sulphur compounds remaining in petroleum fractions from topping, hydroskimming or deep conversion processes are a growing concern for oil refiners since in the lapse of a few years the sulphur specification for motor fuels has dropped from 500 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg in most European countries. This increasingly stringent regulation has forced refineries to greatly improve their hydrodesulfurization units, increasing the desulfurization rates and thus consuming huge amounts of hydrogen.

Análisis técnico y económico de un yacimiento de shale gas en España

El objetivo de este Proyecto Fin de Grado consiste en determinar la posibilidad técnica y económica de la realización de una explotación de “shale gas” o gas de esquisto en España. Para ello se expone el origen geológico y químico de este tipo recursos y se realiza una explicación de los métodos de perforación y extracción, en especial el método de fracturación hidráulica. Se analizan también los marcos legales y legislativos de Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea y España en las normativas referentes a la propiedad del subsuelo, las normativas específicas de explotaciones de recursos mineros y las normativas de protección medioambiental, especialmente en cuanto al tratamiento de aguas. Se demuestra la incidencia de estas explotaciones de “shale gas” en la economía estadounidense, especialmente en la reducción de las importaciones de gas desde el inicio operativo de estos recursos y el incremento de las exportaciones gasistas. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis económico de un yacimiento en España con reservas estimadas utilizando diferentes escenarios, tomando datos reales de explotaciones en yacimientos estadounidenses y extrapolando estos datos al caso español.

Posibilidades de Shale gas y Shale oil en la cuenca de Valdeinfierno, Córdoba

Según la Comisión Europea el gas jugará un papel importante en la política energética de la Unión Europea, puesto que no sólo es el combustible fósil más limpio disponible, sino el más abundante en Europa y en otros continentes. En España con alta tasa de importación de gas, componente vital en el mix energético. La mayoría de los proyectos de shale gas se han llevado a cabo en el norte de España, pero en este proyecto se tiene como objetivo analizar las posibilidades de shale gas y shale oil en Valdeinfierno, Córdoba, sur de España La metodología empleada ha sido evaluar el contenido el kerógeno en las muestras, para ello se ha realizado un encuadre geológico y finalmente un análisis geoquímico en el laboratorio. Los resultados han mostrado, un kerógeno con una baja productividad, insuficiente para el shale gas o shale oil, fundamentalmente debido a bajo grado de maduración, por lo tanto, no sería viable económicamente su extracción.

Animal performance and meat characteristics in steers reared in intensive conditions fed with different vegetable oils

Enhancing the quality of beef meat is an important goal in terms of improving both the nutritional value for the consumer and the commercial value for producers. The aim of this work was to study the effects of different vegetable oil supplements on growth performance, carcass quality and meat quality in beef steers reared under intensive conditions. A total of 240 Blonde D? Aquitaine steers (average BW = 293.7 ± 38.88 kg) were grouped into 24 batches (10 steers/batch) and were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments (eight batches per treatment), each supplemented with either 4% hydrogenated palm oil (PALM) or fatty acids (FAs) from olive oil (OLI) or soybean oil (SOY). No differences in growth performance or carcass quality were observed. For the meat quality analysis, a steer was randomly selected from each batch and the 6th rib on the left half of the carcass was dissected. PALM meat had the highest percentage of 16:0 ( P< 0.05) and the lowest n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio ( P< 0.05), OLI had the highest content of t 11-18:1 ( P< 0.01) and c 9,t 11-18:2 ( P< 0.05) and SOY showed the lowest value of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) ( P< 0.001), the highest percentage of PUFA ( P< 0.01) and a lower index of atherogenicity ( P = 0.07) than PALM. No significant differences in the sensory characteristics of the meat were noted. However, the results of the principal component analysis of meat characteristics enabled meat from those steers that consumed fatty acids from olive oil to be differentiated from that of steers that consumed soybean oil.

Biosynthetic origin of conjugated double bonds: Production of fatty acid components of high-value drying oils in transgenic soybean embryos

Vegetable oils that contain fatty acids with conjugated double bonds, such as tung oil, are valuable drying agents in paints, varnishes, and inks. Although several reaction mechanisms have been proposed, little is known of the biosynthetic origin of conjugated double bonds in plant fatty acids. An expressed sequence tag (EST) approach was undertaken to characterize the enzymatic basis for the formation of the conjugated double bonds of α-eleostearic (18:3Δ9cis,11trans,13trans) and α-parinaric (18:4Δ9cis,11trans,13trans,15cis) acids. Approximately 3,000 ESTs were generated from cDNA libraries prepared from developing seeds of Momordica charantia and Impatiens balsamina, tissues that accumulate large amounts of α-eleostearic and α-parinaric acids, respectively. From ESTs of both species, a class of cDNAs encoding a diverged form of the Δ12-oleic acid desaturase was identified. Expression of full-length cDNAs for the Momordica (MomoFadX) and Impatiens (ImpFadX) enzymes in somatic soybean embryos resulted in the accumulation of α-eleostearic and α-parinaric acids, neither of which is present in untransformed soybean embryos. α-Eleostearic and α-parinaric acids together accounted for as much as 17% (wt/wt) of the total fatty acids of embryos expressing MomoFadX. These results demonstrate the ability to produce fatty acid components of high-value drying oils in transgenic plants. These findings also demonstrate a previously uncharacterized activity for Δ12-oleic acid desaturase-type enzymes that we have termed “conjugase.”

Determination of fat-soluble vitamins in vegetable oils through microwave-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography

In this manuscript, a study of the effect of microwave radiation on the high-performance liquid chromatography separation of tocopherols and vitamin K1 was conducted. The novelty of the application was the use of a relatively low polarity mobile phase in which the dielectric heating effect was minimized to evaluate the nonthermal effect of the microwave radiation over the separation process. Results obtained show that microwave-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography had a shorter analysis time from 31.5 to 13.3 min when the lowest microwave power was used. Moreover, narrower peaks were obtained; hence the separation was more efficient maintaining or even increasing the resolution between the peaks. This result confirms that the increase in mobile phase temperature is not the only variable for improving the separation process but also other nonthermal processes must intervene. Fluorescence detection demonstrated better signal-to-noise compared to photodiode arrayed detection mainly due to the independent effect of microwave pulses on the baseline noise, but photodiode array detection was finally chosen as it allowed a simultaneous detection of nonfluorescent compounds. Finally, a determination of the content of the vitamin E homologs was carried out in different vegetable oils. Results were coherent with those found in the literature.

Time factors of differentially preserved wood in two calcitic concretions in Pennsylvanian black shale from Indiana / Bertram G. Woodland -- and Catherine K. Richardson --.

v.33:no.10(1975)

Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry shale of Ohio / Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering --

v.14:no.5(1961)

The stratigraphy of the Devonian Holland Quarry shale of Ohio / J. Ernest Carman --

v.14:no.1(1960)