Photopolymerizable hydrogels for implants: Monte-Carlo modeling and experimental in vitro validation.

Photopolymerization is commonly used in a broad range of bioapplications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and surgical implants, where liquid materials are injected and then hardened by means of illumination to create a solid polymer network. However, photopolymerization using a probe, e.g., needle guiding both the liquid and the curing illumination, has not been thoroughly investigated. We present a Monte Carlo model that takes into account the dynamic absorption and scattering parameters as well as solid-liquid boundaries of the photopolymer to yield the shape and volume of minimally invasively injected, photopolymerized hydrogels. In the first part of the article, our model is validated using a set of well-known poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate hydrogels showing an excellent agreement between simulated and experimental volume-growth-rates. In the second part, in situ experimental results and simulations for photopolymerization in tissue cavities are presented. It was found that a cavity with a volume of 152  mm3 can be photopolymerized from the output of a 0.28-mm2 fiber by adding scattering lipid particles while only a volume of 38  mm3 (25%) was achieved without particles. The proposed model provides a simple and robust method to solve complex photopolymerization problems, where the dimension of the light source is much smaller than the volume of the photopolymerizable hydrogel.

A Monte Carlo-based procedure for independent monitor unit calculation in IMRT treatment plans.

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment plan verification by comparison with measured data requires having access to the linear accelerator and is time consuming. In this paper, we propose a method for monitor unit (MU) calculation and plan comparison for step and shoot IMRT based on the Monte Carlo code EGSnrc/BEAMnrc. The beamlets of an IMRT treatment plan are individually simulated using Monte Carlo and converted into absorbed dose to water per MU. The dose of the whole treatment can be expressed through a linear matrix equation of the MU and dose per MU of every beamlet. Due to the positivity of the absorbed dose and MU values, this equation is solved for the MU values using a non-negative least-squares fit optimization algorithm (NNLS). The Monte Carlo plan is formed by multiplying the Monte Carlo absorbed dose to water per MU with the Monte Carlo/NNLS MU. Several treatment plan localizations calculated with a commercial treatment planning system (TPS) are compared with the proposed method for validation. The Monte Carlo/NNLS MUs are close to the ones calculated by the TPS and lead to a treatment dose distribution which is clinically equivalent to the one calculated by the TPS. This procedure can be used as an IMRT QA and further development could allow this technique to be used for other radiotherapy techniques like tomotherapy or volumetric modulated arc therapy.

Aurelii Augustini,... De civitate dei liber XXII explicit contra paganos ([Reprod.])

[La cité de Dieu (latin). 1467]

Aurelii Augustini,... De civitate dei ([Reprod.])

[La cité de Dieu (latin). 1475]

Coastal salina evaporites of the Triassic-Liassic boundary in the Iberian Peninsula: the Alacón borehole

The evaporite unit (the Lécera Formation), which was formed at the Triassic¿Liassic boundary in the Aragonian Branch of the Iberian Chain, was studied at the 01 Alacón borehole (Alacón village, Teruel province), where it is mainly constituted by a thick (>e and reflect deeper water settings, whereas in the upper part they correspond to shallower water settings. The evaporite sedimentation mainly occurred in a subsiding coastal basin of the salina or lagoon type. In this setting, the subaqueous precipitation of the carbonate and gypsum lithofacies was followed, in each cycle, by the interstitial growth of anhydrite in exposed conditions. As a whole, the evaporite succession reflects an infilling process. The conversion into anhydrite of the selenitic gypsum -probably also of the rest of depositional gypsum lithofaciesstarted under synsedimentary conditions and followed during shallow to moderate burial diagenesis.

[Pérouse. Fontana Maggiore, Palazzo dei Priori]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 336

[Pérouse. Fontana Maggiore, Palazzo dei Priori]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 337

Frutificação precoce de laranjeiras 'Monte Parnaso' com anelagem e pulverizações de ácido giberélico e óleo mineral

Com o objetivo de diminuir a floração muito intensa e aumentar a produção de frutos, laranjeiras de umbigo 'Monte Parnaso' (Citrus sinensis Osb.), com dois anos de idade, foram submetidas à anelagem de casca do tronco, pulverizações foliares com doses de 0, 10, 20 e 30 ppm de ácido giberélico (AG3), combinadas com 0 e 1% de óleo mineral emulsionável. Foram realizados dois experimentos: um com pulverizações repetidas em 22 e 29/07/93, e outro com pulverização em plena floração em 15/09/93. Em ambos os experimentos, 50% das plantas foram submetidas à anelagem da casca do tronco, feita por uma incisão anelar, 5 cm abaixo da formação da copa. A produção diminuiu linearmente com o aumento das dosagens de AG3 pulverizado no final de julho; não houve efeito significativo sobre a frutificação quando o AG3 foi aplicado em plena floração. As pulverizações com 1% de óleo mineral diminuíram o número de frutos produzidos, em até 42%, principalmente nos tratamentos feitos no final de julho. A anelagem da casca do tronco aumentou o número de frutos em aproximadamente 25%, mas diminuiu o peso médio dos frutos.

[Rome. Basilica dei Santi Quattro Coronati]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 540

[Rome. Chiesa dei Santi Cosma e Damiano]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 513

[Rome. San Martino ai Monti ; Basilica dei Santi Quattro Coronati]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 534-535

[Rome. Chiesa della Trinità dei Monti]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 554

[Rome. Chiesa della Trinità dei Monti]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 555