SEROVARS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF Salmonella spp. ISOLATED FROM TURKEY AND BROILER CARCASSES IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL BETWEEN 2004 AND 2006

Salmonella spp. causes diseases in fowls, when species-specific serovars (Salmonella Pullorum and S.Gallinarum) are present in flocks, and public health problems, when non-typhoid serovars are isolated, as well as possible bacterial resistance induced by the preventive and therapeutic use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study describes the serovars and bacterial resistance of 280Salmonella spp. strains isolated from turkey and broiler carcasses in Southern Brazil between 2004 and 2006. SalmonellaEnteritidis was the most prevalent serovar (55.7%), followed by Heidelberg (5.0%), Agona (4.3%), Bredeney (3.9%), Hadar (3.2%), and Typhimurium (2.9%). Tennessee and S. Enterica subspecies enterica(O: 4.5) were isolated only in turkeys, and Hadar (18.6%) was the most prevalent serovar in this species. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed in 178 isolates (43 from turkeys and 135 from broilers). All isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin, and were resistant to bacitracin and penicillin. Broiler carcass isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid (48.9%), nitrofurantoin (34.3%), neomycin (9.6%), tetracycline (5.2%), and kanamycin (8.9%); and turkey carcass isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (62.8%), tetracycline (34.9%), and neomycin (30.2%), with a significant difference in turkeys when compared to broiler carcass isolates. These results indicate the need for judicious use of antimicrobials in livestock production, given that the serovars identified are potential causes of food poisoning.

The hemorrhagic syndrome of leptospirosis: an experimental study in guinea pigs

The hemorrhagic syndrome of leptospirosis was studied in guinea pigs. The study correlates hematological, histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations in sixty animals inoculated by the intraperitoneal route with lml of the culture of virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. Leptospirae antigens were detected by immunoperoxidase, chiefly in liver, kidney and heart muscle capillaries. Possible pathogenic mechanisms responsible for hemorrhagic syndrome are discussed with emphasis on toxic and anoxic attacks causing damage to endothelia, platelet depletion and alterations to hemostasia rates: prothrombin time [FT], partial thromboplastin time [PIT] and fibrinogen concentrations. Tide clinical-laboratoiy picture is compatible with the histopathological observation of disseminated intravascular coagulation [D1C] in most of the guinea pigs from day 4 of infection.

Contribuição para o conhecimento da Leptospirose humana na região do Lobito (Angola): aplicação de métodos de diagnóstico serológico e molecular

A Leptospirose é um problema emergente na Saúde Pública, devido às suas proporções epidemiológicas e pelo aumento da incidência da doença em países industrializados e em desenvolvimento (Meites et al., 2004). A doença tem uma ampla distribuição geográfica e ocorre com maior frequência nas zonas tropicais, subtropicais e temperadas (Vijayachari et al., 2008). Contudo, em algumas regiões desconhece-se a verdadeira prevalência, sendo reportada através de surtos esporádicos (Pappas et al., 2007). As manifestações clínicas inespecíficas da infecção podem ser subdiagnosticadas nas regiões tropicais, onde as doenças febris são comuns e onde podem ser confundidas com doenças mais conhecidas como a Malária, Hepatite Viral, Dengue e outras. Em Angola, o diagnóstico é realizado apenas através da história do paciente e suspeita clínica, dando origem a diagnósticos pouco precisos. Deste modo, é importante o uso de métodos laboratoriais, especialmente testes serológicos específicos, para a confirmação do diagnóstico clínico (Levett, 2001). O objectivo principal deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de Leptospirose humana em Lobito (Província de Benguela) e identificar os serovares circulantes de Leptospira interrogans sensu lato (s.l.), utilizando técnicas serológicas e moleculares. Entre Abril e Junho de 2011, após o necessário consentimento informado, fez-se um inquérito clínico-epidemiológico a 141 pacientes (64 homens e 77 mulheres) assistidos no Hospital Geral do Lobito, por cefaleias e febre com diagnóstico desconhecido, dos quais se colheram 141 amostras séricas e 36 amostras de urina. A avaliação serológica foi inicialmente feita no laboratório local através da Técnica de Aglutinação Macroscópica sobre Lâmina (MACROLepto) – teste de rastreio - e, posteriormente confirmada pela Técnica de Aglutinação Microscópica (TAM) - teste de referência - realizado no Laboratório de Leptospirose (IHMT, em Lisboa). Para a detecção de DNA de Leptospira utilizou-se a Reacção da Polimerase em Cadeia (PCR) com primers baseados no gene hap 1. Procedeu-se ainda à sequenciação dos produtos da PCR. As principais manifestações clínicas foram: cefaleias (73,8%), febre (65,2%), mialgias (41,1%) e náuseas (33,3%). Dos dados epidemiológicos observou-se que 131 dos pacientes tiveram contacto com os principais reservatórios de leptospiras, os roedores, e 76 ingeriram água não potável. Os resultados serológicos revelaram no teste MACROLepto: 14 (10%) amostras positivas e 18 (13%) não-conclusivas, sendo os serogrupos Icterohaemorrhagiae (Copenhageni), Australis (Bratislava) e Sejroe os mais comuns. Destas amostras, cinco, foram confirmadas pela TAM (presença de aglutininas anti – L. interrogans s.l.). Paralelamente, o DNA de Leptospira foi detectado em 13+/81 (16%) das amostras séricas e numa amostra de urina. A sequenciação identificou os serovares Copenhageni e Lai, ambos pertencentes ao serogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae da espécie genómica L. interrogans. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a maioria dos pacientes, mesmo aqueles que praticavam actividades de menor risco epidemiológico, tiveram contacto com roedores e com águas não potáveis. O estudo também provou que a Leptospirose afectou sobretudo as mulheres adultas, admitindo-se que este achado possa ser comum noutras regiões do País. Por último, ficou demonstrada a existência de Leptospirose na região, o que poderá contribuir para a inclusão da doença na lista de doenças febris em Angola e noutros países tropicais.

Contribuição para o conhecimento da Leptospirose Humana na Região do Lobito (Angola)

A Leptospirose é um problema emergente na Saúde Pública, devido às suas proporções epidemiológicas e pelo aumento da incidência da doença em países industrializados e em desenvolvimento (Meites et al., 2004). A doença tem uma ampla distribuição geográfica e ocorre com maior frequência nas zonas tropicais, subtropicais e temperadas (Vijayachari et al., 2008). Contudo, em algumas regiões desconhece-se a verdadeira prevalência, sendo reportada através de surtos esporádicos (Pappas et al., 2007). As manifestações clínicas inespecíficas da infecção podem ser subdiagnosticadas nas regiões tropicais, onde as doenças febris são comuns e onde podem ser confundidas com doenças mais conhecidas como a Malária, Hepatite Viral, Dengue e outras. Em Angola, o diagnóstico é realizado apenas através da história do paciente e suspeita clínica, dando origem a diagnósticos pouco precisos. Deste modo, é importante o uso de métodos laboratoriais, especialmente testes serológicos específicos, para a confirmação do diagnóstico clínico (Levett, 2001). O objectivo principal deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de Leptospirose humana em Lobito (Província de Benguela) e identificar os serovares circulantes de Leptospira interrogans sensu lato (s.l.), utilizando técnicas serológicas e moleculares. Entre Abril e Junho de 2011, após o necessário consentimento informado, fez-se um inquérito clínico-epidemiológico a 141 pacientes (64 homens e 77 mulheres) assistidos no Hospital Geral do Lobito, por cefaleias e febre com diagnóstico desconhecido, dos quais se colheram 141 amostras séricas e 36 amostras de urina. A avaliação serológica foi inicialmente feita no laboratório local através da Técnica de Aglutinação Macroscópica sobre Lâmina (MACROLepto) – teste de rastreio - e, posteriormente confirmada pela Técnica de Aglutinação Microscópica (TAM) - teste de referência - realizado no Laboratório de Leptospirose (IHMT, em Lisboa). Para a detecção de DNA de Leptospira utilizou-se a Reacção da Polimerase em Cadeia (PCR) com primers baseados no gene hap 1. Procedeu-se ainda à sequenciação dos produtos da PCR. As principais manifestações clínicas foram: cefaleias (73,8%), febre (65,2%), mialgias (41,1%) e náuseas (33,3%). Dos dados epidemiológicos observou-se que 131 dos pacientes tiveram contacto com os principais reservatórios de leptospiras, os roedores, e 76 ingeriram água não potável. Os resultados serológicos revelaram no teste MACROLepto: 14 (10%) amostras positivas e 18 (13%) não-conclusivas, sendo os serogrupos Icterohaemorrhagiae (Copenhageni), Australis (Bratislava) e Sejroe os mais comuns. Destas amostras, cinco, foram confirmadas pela TAM (presença de aglutininas anti – L. interrogans s.l.). Paralelamente, o DNA de Leptospira foi detectado em 13+/81 (16%) das amostras séricas e numa amostra de urina. A sequenciação identificou os serovares Copenhageni e Lai, ambos pertencentes ao serogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae da espécie genómica L. interrogans. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a maioria dos pacientes, mesmo aqueles que praticavam actividades de menor risco epidemiológico, tiveram contacto com roedores e com águas não potáveis. O estudo também provou que a Leptospirose afectou sobretudo as mulheres adultas, admitindo-se que este achado possa ser comum noutras regiões do País. Por último, ficou demonstrada a existência de Leptospirose na região, o que poderá contribuir para a inclusão da doença na lista de doenças febris em Angola e noutros países tropicais.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Listeria monocytogenes human strains isolated from 1970 to 2008 in Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a foodborne illness that affects mainly pregnant women, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. The primary treatment is a combination of ampicillin with an aminoglycoside, in addition to a second-choice drug represented by chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and rifampicin. The aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of strains isolated from human sources in the last four decades. METHODS: Sixty-eight strains were selected from the culture collection of the Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonoses/LABZOO/FIOCRUZ isolated in different regions of Brazil from 1970 to 2008 and primarily isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and blood culture. Susceptibility tests to antimicrobials drugs were evaluated using the criteria established by Soussy using the Kirby-Bauer method and E-Test strips were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). RESULTS: Among the strains tested, serovar L4b (60.3%) was the most prevalent, followed by serovar 1/2a (20.6%), 1/2b (13.2%) and the more uncommon serovars 1/2c, 3b and 4ab (5.9%). All strains were susceptible to ampicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, gentamicin, teicoplanin and vancomycin. Only one strain (1.5%) showed resistance to rifampin, and two (3%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. MICs with values up to 2μg/ml reinforce the need for microbiological surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated low prevalence of strains resistant to the antimicrobial drugs indicated in the treatment of human listeriosis. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance profile is still very important to determine adequate treatment, especially in immunocompromised patients.

Manipulation of host cell functions by Salmonella: the role of the bacterial effector protein SteA

Salmonella enterica serovars are Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that infect a wide variety of animals. Salmonella infections are common in humans, causing usually typhoid fever and gastrointestinal diseases. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), which is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis, has been extensively used to study the molecular pathogenesis of Salmonella, because of the availability of sophisticated genetic tools, and of suitable animal and tissue culture models mimicking different aspects of Salmonella infections.(...)

Geographic analysis on the occurrence of human and canine leptospirosis in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, the primary hosts of which are wild, synanthropic, and household animals. Humans behave as terminal and accidental hosts. The prevalence of leptospirosis depends on carrier animals that disseminate the agent, on the environmental survival of this agent, and on the contact of susceptible individuals. Each serovar has one or more hosts with different adaptation levels. The focuses of leptospirosis are infected, sick, and asymptomatic animals, which are considered to be sources of environmental infection. This study aimed to determine the risk areas for leptospiral infection in stray dogs and patients diagnosed with leptospirosis from 2006 to 2008 in Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty-five stray dogs and 25 patients were studied. Serum from both animals and patients was examined by the microscopic serum agglutination test to study anti-leptospiral antibodies. To determine the risk areas and the spatial distribution of the disease, thematic maps were designed. RESULTS: Forty-one (12.2%) dogs positive for one or more leptospire serovars were observed, the most frequent serovars being Pyrogenes (43.9%), Canícola (21.9%), and Copennhageni (19.5%). Among the humans, 2 (8%) were positive for serovars Pyrogenes and Hardjo Prajitno and for Pyrogenes and Cynopteri. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial analysis showed that the risk for dogs and humans in the City of Maringá to become infected with leptospires exists in both the central and the peripheral areas, a fact that reinforces the relevance of this study and of continuous epidemiological and environmental surveillance actions to control the disease in animals and in humans.

Incidence of canine leptospirosis in the metropolitan area of Curitiba, State of Parana, Southern Brazil

Introduction The incidence of canine leptospirosis in Brazil needs to be assessed Methods The same dogs in southern Brazil were sampled over two years to determine the prevalence, incidence and association of canine leptospirosis with various risk factors. Results In 2009, the prevalence was 33 (14.4%) of 228 dogs, with a predominance of serovar Canicola (33.4%). In 2010, 90 dogs were re-evaluated (the remaining dogs were lost to deaths, address changes and donations), and the prevalence was found to be 35 (38.9%) of 90, with the predominant serovar being Icterohaemorrhagiae (51.4%). Moreover, the incidence was 26 of 90 (28.9%), and the disease was statistically associated with age (2009) and street access (2010). Conclusions Our findings revealed instability in the dog population and age to be relevant risk factors for canine leptospirosis.

REGIME DE RADIAÇÃO SOLAR E CARACTERÍSTICAS DA VEGETAÇÃO - MODELOS DE INVERSÃO.

Um tratamento do regime de radiação no interior de florestas em conexão com a inversão de modelos matemáticos para estimar as características da vegetação (densidade de área foliar, LAI, etc.) é apresentado e discutido neste estudo. Medidas de radiação solar (PAR) realizadas no período de janeiro a abril de 1994 na Reserva Florestal Ducke (Manaus, AM) foram utilizadas para testar o algoritmo resultante e a distribuição vertical de área foliar para a vegetação local foi estabelecida.

Seroprevalence for brucellosis and leptospirosis in dogs from Belém and Castanhal, State of Pará, Brazil

Brucellosis and leptospirosis are widely spread bacterial infections and dogs are the most important source of infection and reservoir for diseases. Dogs can disseminate the agents in the environment and transmit them to humans and/or other animals. The objective of this study was assess the occurrence of reactive to antibodies anti-Leptospira spp., Brucella canis and B. abortus in Belém and Castanhal, State of Pará, Amazon, Brazil. A total of 156 samples were randomly collected in the city of Belém and 158 samples in Castanhal. The anti-B. canis antibodies research was performed by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) with and without 2-mercaptoethanol serum treatment (AGID-2ME). To assess the anti-B. abortus antibodies, the technique of Fast Seroagglutination with buffered acidified plate antigen (BAPAT) was used. For anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies research, the Microscopic Agglutination Technique (MAT) was used. No animal reacted to Brucella abortus and one animal was reactive to B. canis at the AGID, but it was negative to the AGID-2ME test. Seventeen percent of dogs (47/274) presented anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies, with prevalence of serovar Canicola. The dogs from Belém and Castanhal are not source of infection for B. abortus and B. canis, however, they are reservoirs for different serovars of Leptospira spp.

Construction of an innocuous Salmonella phage

Dissertação de mestrado em Bioengenharia

Risk prediction of prevalent diabetes in a Swiss population using a weighted genetic score--the CoLaus Study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Several susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes have been discovered recently. Individually, these genes increase the disease risk only minimally. The goals of the present study were to determine, at the population level, the risk of diabetes in individuals who carry risk alleles within several susceptibility genes for the disease and the added value of this genetic information over the clinical predictors. METHODS: We constructed an additive genetic score using the most replicated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 15 type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes, weighting each SNP with its reported effect. We tested this score in the extensively phenotyped population-based cross-sectional CoLaus Study in Lausanne, Switzerland (n = 5,360), involving 356 diabetic individuals. RESULTS: The clinical predictors of prevalent diabetes were age, BMI, family history of diabetes, WHR, and triacylglycerol/HDL-cholesterol ratio. After adjustment for these variables, the risk of diabetes was 2.7 (95% CI 1.8-4.0, p = 0.000006) for individuals with a genetic score within the top quintile, compared with the bottom quintile. Adding the genetic score to the clinical covariates improved the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve slightly (from 0.86 to 0.87), yet significantly (p = 0.002). BMI was similar in these two extreme quintiles. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In this population, a simple weighted 15 SNP-based genetic score provides additional information over clinical predictors of prevalent diabetes. At this stage, however, the clinical benefit of this genetic information is limited.

Prognostic importance of hyponatremia in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

Rapport de synthèse Enjeux et contexte: L'hyponatrémie est un trouble électrolytique fréquent et associé à un pronostic défavorable dans de nombreuses affections card iovascu lai res (1-5), pour lesquelles il est un marqueur de l'activation neurohumorale (6). Sa valeur pronostique chez les patients se présentant avec une emboîie pulmonaire était jusque là inconnue ; elle fait l'objet de la présente étude.Objectifs: Examiner chez les patients hospitalisés pour une embolie pulmonaire, les associations entre hyponatrémie et mortalité ainsi qu'avec le taux de réhospitalisation. Méthodes: Nous avons étudié les données de 13728 patients avec un diagnostic principal d'embolie pulmonaire provenant de 185 hôpitaux en Pennsylvanie (janvier 2000 à novembre 2002.) Nous avons utilisé un modèle de régression logistique afin d'établir l'association indépendante entre le niveau de sodium lors de la présentation aux urgences et la mortalité ainsi que le taux de ^hospitalisation durant 30 jours. Nous avons ajusté pour les caractéristiques du patient (race, assurance, sévérité de la maladie, usage de la thrombolyse) et de l'hôpital (région, taille, avec ou sans médecins en formation.)Résultats principaux: Une hyponatrémie (sodium £ 135 mmol/l) était présente chez 2907 patients (21.1%). Les patients avec un sodium >135, 130-135, et <130 mmol/l avaient une mortalité cumulée à 30 jours de 8.0%, 13.6%, et 28.5% (P <0.001), et un taux de réadmission de 11.8%, 15.6%, et 19.3% (P <0.001), respectivement. Comparés aux patients avec un sodium >135 mmol/l, les odd ratios ajustés concernant la mortalité étaient significativement plus important pour les patients avec un sodium compris entre 130 et 135 mmol/l (OR 1.53, 95% Cl: 1.33-1.76) ou <130 mmol/l (OR 3.26, 95% Cl: 2.48-4.29). Les odd ratios ajustés concernant la réhospitalisation étaient également augmentés pour les patients présentant un sodium entre 130 et 135 mmol/l (OR 1.28, 95% Cl: 1.12-1.46) ou <130 mmol/l (OR 1.44, 95% Cl: 1.02-2.02). Conclusions et perspectives: L'hyponatrémie est fréquente chez les patients se présentant avec une embolie pulmonaire, de plus elle est un prédicateur indépendant de la mortalité à court terme, ainsi que du taux de réhospitalisation. La natrémie est une information généralement disponible lors de l'établissement d'un pronostic. Bien que cette association soit compatible avec une activation neurohumorale, nous ne pouvons pas attester des mécanismes impliqués, du fait que notre étude ne donne pas d'informations sur d'autres étapes de la physiologie de cette association.

Some environmental and biological factors influencing the activity of entomopathogenic Bacillus on mosquito larvae in Brazil

The influence of environmental and biological factors on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis and B. sphaericus as mosquito larvicides are reviewed. The importance of strain dependence, cultivating media/methods, mosquito species/specificity, formulations and their relation to mosquito feeding habits, as well as temperature, solar exposure, larval density and concomitant presence of other aquatic organisms are addressed with reference to the present status of knowledge in Brazil.

Analysis of Mycobacterium avium Complex Serovars Isolated from AIDS Patients from Southeast Brazil

The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of Mycobacterium avium serovars isolated from AIDS patients in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Ninety single site or multiple site isolates from 75 patients were examined. The most frequent serovars found were 8 (39.2%), 4 (21.4%) and 1 (10.7%). The frequency of mixed infections with serovar 8 or 4 was 37.8%. Among the 90 strains examined, M. intracellulare serovars (7 strains) and M. scrofulaceum (4 strains) were found in 11 isolates (12%) indicating that M. avium (88%) was the major opportunistic species in the M. avium complex isolates in Brazilian AIDS patients